DOCSLIB.ORG

Allometric Scaling of Pollinating Insects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Allometric Scaling of Pollinating Insects bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/397604; this version posted August 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Title: Pollinator size and its consequences: Predictive allometry for pollinating insects 2 Running title: Allometric scaling of pollinating insects 3 Word count: 7412 4 5 Liam K. Kendall1,2*, Romina Rader1, Vesna Gagic2, Daniel P. Cariveau3, Matthias Albrecht4, 6 Katherine C. R. Baldock5, Breno M. Freitas6, Mark Hall1, Andrea Holzschuh7, Francisco P. 7 Molina12, Joanne M. Morten5, Janaely S. Pereira6, Zachary M. Portman3, Stuart P. M. Roberts8, 8 Juanita Rodriguez9, Laura Russo10, Louis Sutter4, Nicolas J. Vereecken11 and Ignasi 9 Bartomeus12 10 11 1. School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia 12 2. CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia 13 3. Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA 14 4. Agroscope, Agroecology and Environment, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland 15 5. School of Biological Sciences & Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK 16 6. Departamento de Zootecnia – CCA, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60.356-000, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil 17 7. Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany 18 8. Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, 19 Reading, RG6 6AR UK 20 9. Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 21 10. Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland 22 11. Agroecology Lab,11 Interfaculty School of Bioengineers. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, 23 B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium 24 12. Dpto. Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain 25 26 *Corresponding author: L. K. Kendall, Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/397604; this version posted August 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 27 Abstract 28 1. Body size is an integral functional trait that underlies pollination-related ecological 29 processes, yet it is often impractical to measure directly. Allometric scaling laws have 30 been used to overcome this problem. However, most existing models rely upon small 31 sample sizes, geographically restricted sampling and have limited applicability for 32 non-bee taxa. Predictive allometric models that consider biogeography, phylogenetic 33 relatedness and intraspecific variation are urgently required to ensure greater 34 accuracy. 35 2. Here, we measured body size, as dry weight, and intertegular distance (ITD) of 391 36 bee species (4035 specimens) and 103 hoverfly species (399 specimens) across four 37 biogeographic regions: Australia, Europe, North America and South America. We 38 updated existing models within a Bayesian mixed-model framework to test the power 39 of ITD to predict interspecific variation in pollinator dry weight in interaction with 40 different co-variates: phylogeny or taxonomy, sexual dimorphism and biogeographic 41 region. In addition, we used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to assess 42 intraspecific dry weight – ITD relationships for 10 bee and five hoverfly species. 43 3. Including co-variates led to more robust interspecific body size predictions for both 44 bees (Bayesian R2: 0.946; ΔR2 0.047) and hoverflies (Bayesian R2: 0.821; ΔR2 0.058) 45 relative to models with ITD alone. In contrast, at the intraspecific level, our results 46 demonstrate that ITD is an inconsistent predictor of body size for bees (R2: 0.02 – 47 0.66) and hoverflies (R2: -0.11 – 0.44). 48 4. Therefore, predictive allometry is more suitable for interspecific comparative analyses 49 than assessing intraspecific variation. Collectively, these models form the basis of the 50 dynamic R package, 'pollimetry’, which provides a comprehensive resource for 51 allometric research concerning insect pollinators worldwide. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/397604; this version posted August 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 52 53 Keywords: Apoidea, biogeography, body size, dry weight, pollimetry, pollination, R package, 54 Syrphidae 55 56 Introduction 57 Body size is an important functional trait that influences ecological patterns across all levels of 58 biological organisation. In insects, adult body size variation is the outcome of natural selection 59 affecting physiological and biochemical processes during ontogeny (Chown & Gaston 2010). 60 For example, body size impacts metabolic and growth rates (Angilletta et al. 2004; Ehnes et al. 61 2011), life history (e.g. life span and reproductive rate; Speakman 2005; Teder et al. 2008) and 62 ecological attributes, such as species abundance, trophic interactions, geographic range size 63 and dispersal ability (Brown et al. 2004; White et al. 2007; Stevens et al. 2012; Velghe & 64 Gregory-Eaves 2013; DeLong et al. 2015). In addition, body size can drive key ecosystem 65 functions and services such as decomposition, carbon cycling, predation, primary productivity 66 and pollination (Woodward & Hildrew 2002; Greenleaf et al. 2007; Rudolf & Rasmussen 2013; 67 Garibaldi et al. 2015; Schramski et al. 2015). 68 69 Body size is most commonly measured as specimen dry weight. As such, obtaining direct 70 measurements can be impractical and time consuming. Direct measurements often require 71 destructive methods, which is unfavourable for museum specimens and threatened species 72 (Rogers et al. 1977; Henschel & Seely 1997). Additionally, species with poor life-history 73 information, such as rare species with few specimens, may lead to inaccurate measurements of 74 intraspecific variation. Allometric scaling laws can be used to overcome these problems. These 75 laws refer to how traits, which can be morphological, physiological or chemical, co-vary with 76 an organism’s body size, often with important ecological and evolutionary implications (Gould 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/397604; this version posted August 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 77 1966). When these scaling laws are utilised to estimate body size or a hypothesised allometric 78 characteristic indirectly using a co-varying morphological trait, therefore circumventing the 79 use of destructive and/or time-consuming methods, we define this as ‘predictive allometry’. 80 81 Predictive allometry has emerged across many biological disciplines. The most commonly used 82 co-varying trait used to predict body size is body length, which has been used extensively in 83 fish (e.g. Karachle & Stergiou 2012), mammals (e.g. Trites & Pauly 1998) and both aquatic 84 (e.g. Burgherr & Meyer 1997) and terrestrial invertebrates (e.g. Rogers et al. 1977; Sabo et al. 85 2002). These models often show considerable predictive power (R2 > 0.9), which has led to the 86 proliferation of multiple models for a wide range of taxa (e.g. there are 26 body length – body 87 size models for Diptera – See Supporting Information). However, when compared, these 88 models show considerably different allometric scaling coefficients both within- and between 89 insect orders (Schoener 1980; Sample et al. 1993; Ganihar 1997; Brady & Noske 2006). 90 Previously, these differences have been attributed to biogeographic factors, such as latitude 91 (Martin et al. 2014) and/or methodological influences such as sampling biases (e.g. the range 92 of sampled body sizes, Sage 1982). Importantly, they have also notably failed to incorporate 93 sexual size dimorphism which is common in invertebrates (Shreeves & Field 2008). 94 95 The allometry of functional traits have been shown to influence plant-pollinator interactions, 96 specifically in bees. For example, smaller body size can be associated with preferential activity 97 periods related to available light (Streinzer et al. 2016), whereas larger body size is associated 98 with greater pollen load capacity (e.g. within Melipona quadrifasciata colonies, see Ramalho 99 et al. 1998) as well as greater interspecific foraging distances (e.g. Greenleaf et al. 2007). 100 Importantly, body size can both influence and constrain plant-pollinator interactions and trait 101 matching both within and between pollinator groups (Stang et al. 2009; Bartomeus et al. 2016). 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/397604; this version posted August 22, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 102 Therefore, allometric traits central to pollination-related ecological processes both appear and 103 interact at the intra- and interspecific levels. Despite their ubiquity, few predictive models for 104 body size exist for pollinating insects below the ordinal level, with one notable exception. Cane 105 (1987) pioneered a predictive model for bee body size as a function of the intertegular distance 106 (ITD) (the distance between the wing-attachment points on either side of the thorax (See Fig. 107 S1). Importantly, Cane’s allometric model identified the ITD as an important body size proxy 108 and has since been used to establish other ecologically important allometric relationships, 109 primarily at the interspecific level (e.g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5.4 Insect Visitors to Marianthus Aquilonaris and Surrounding Flora
    REPORT: Insect visitors to Marianthus aquilonaris and surrounding flora Nov 2-4, 2019 Kit Prendergast, Native bee scientist BSc First Class Honours, PhD researcher and Forrest Scholar On behalf of Botanica Consulting 1 REPORT: Insect visitors to Marianthus aquilonaris and surrounding flora Nov 2-4 2019 Kit Prendergast, Native bee scientist Background Marianthus aquilonaris (Fig. 1) was declared as Rare Flora under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 in 2002 under the name Marianthus sp. Bremer, and is ranked as Critically Endangered (CR) under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2001) criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) due to its extent of occurrence being less than 100 km2, its area of occupancy being less than 10 km2, a continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals and there being less than 250 mature individuals known at the time of ranking (Appendix A). However, it no longer meets these criteria as more plants have been found, and a recommendation has been proposed to be made by DBCA to the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) to change its conservation status to CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) (Appendix A), but this recommendation has not gone ahead (DEC, 2010). Despite its listing as CR under the Western Australian Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, the species is not currently listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main threats to the species are mining/exploration, track maintenance and inappropriate fire regimes (DEC, 2010). Fig. 1. Marianthus aquilonaris, showing flower, buds and leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids
    Pollination Ecology and Evolution of Epacrids by Karen A. Johnson BSc (Hons) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania February 2012 ii Declaration of originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Karen A. Johnson Statement of authority of access This thesis may be made available for copying. Copying of any part of this thesis is prohibited for two years from the date this statement was signed; after that time limited copying is permitted in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Karen A. Johnson iii iv Abstract Relationships between plants and their pollinators are thought to have played a major role in the morphological diversification of angiosperms. The epacrids (subfamily Styphelioideae) comprise more than 550 species of woody plants ranging from small prostrate shrubs to temperate rainforest emergents. Their range extends from SE Asia through Oceania to Tierra del Fuego with their highest diversity in Australia. The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the relationships between epacrid floral features and potential pollinators, and assess the evolutionary status of any pollination syndromes. The main hypotheses were that flower characteristics relate to pollinators in predictable ways; and that there is convergent evolution in the development of pollination syndromes.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Suctorial Proboscis in Pollen Wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae)
    Arthropod Structure & Development 31 (2002) 103–120 www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Evolution of the suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae) Harald W. Krenna,*, Volker Maussb, John Planta aInstitut fu¨r Zoologie, Universita¨t Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria bStaatliches Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Abt. Entomologie, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany Received 7 May 2002; accepted 17 July 2002 Abstract The morphology and functional anatomy of the mouthparts of pollen wasps (Masarinae, Hymenoptera) are examined by dissection, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by field observations of flower visiting behavior. This paper focuses on the evolution of the long suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps, which is formed by the glossa, in context with nectar feeding from narrow and deep corolla of flowers. Morphological innovations are described for flower visiting insects, in particular for Masarinae, that are crucial for the production of a long proboscis such as the formation of a closed, air-tight food tube, specializations in the apical intake region, modification of the basal articulation of the glossa, and novel means of retraction, extension and storage of the elongated parts. A cladistic analysis provides a framework to reconstruct the general pathways of proboscis evolution in pollen wasps. The elongation of the proboscis in context with nectar and pollen feeding is discussed for aculeate Hymenoptera. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mouthparts; Flower visiting; Functional anatomy; Morphological innovation; Evolution; Cladistics; Hymenoptera 1. Introduction Some have very long proboscides; however, in contrast to bees, the proboscis is formed only by the glossa and, in Evolution of elongate suctorial mouthparts have some species, it is looped back into the prementum when in occurred separately in several lineages of Hymenoptera in repose (Bradley, 1922; Schremmer, 1961; Richards, 1962; association with uptake of floral nectar.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Colletidae): Emerging Patterns from the Southern End of the World Eduardo A
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2011) ORIGINAL Biogeography and diversification of ARTICLE colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world Eduardo A. B. Almeida1,2*, Marcio R. Pie3, Sea´n G. Brady4 and Bryan N. Danforth2 1Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de ABSTRACT Filosofia, Cieˆncias e Letras, Universidade de Aim The evolutionary history of bees is presumed to extend back in time to the Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeira˜o Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil, 2Department of Entomology, Comstock Early Cretaceous. Among all major clades of bees, Colletidae has been a prime Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, example of an ancient group whose Gondwanan origin probably precedes the USA, 3Departamento de Zoologia, complete break-up of Africa, Antarctica, Australia and South America, because Universidade Federal do Parana´, Curitiba, PR modern lineages of this family occur primarily in southern continents. In this paper, 81531-990, Brazil, 4Department of we aim to study the temporal and spatial diversification of colletid bees to better Entomology, National Museum of Natural understand the processes that have resulted in the present southern disjunctions. History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Location Southern continents. DC 20560, USA Methods We assembled a dataset comprising four nuclear genes of a broad sample of Colletidae. We used Bayesian inference analyses to estimate the phylogenetic tree topology and divergence times. Biogeographical relationships were investigated using event-based analytical methods: a Bayesian approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis, a likelihood-based dispersal–extinction– cladogenesis model and a Bayesian model. We also used lineage through time analyses to explore the tempo of radiations of Colletidae and their context in the biogeographical history of these bees.
    [Show full text]
  • A Supermatrix Approach to Apoid Phylogeny and Biogeography Shannon M Hedtke1*, Sébastien Patiny2 and Bryan N Danforth1
    Hedtke et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:138 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/138 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The bee tree of life: a supermatrix approach to apoid phylogeny and biogeography Shannon M Hedtke1*, Sébastien Patiny2 and Bryan N Danforth1 Abstract Background: Bees are the primary pollinators of angiosperms throughout the world. There are more than 16,000 described species, with broad variation in life history traits such as nesting habitat, diet, and social behavior. Despite their importance as pollinators, the evolution of bee biodiversity is understudied: relationships among the seven families of bees remain controversial, and no empirical global-level reconstruction of historical biogeography has been attempted. Morphological studies have generally suggested that the phylogeny of bees is rooted near the family Colletidae, whereas many molecular studies have suggested a root node near (or within) Melittidae. Previous molecular studies have focused on a relatively small sample of taxa (~150 species) and genes (seven at most). Public databases contain an enormous amount of DNA sequence data that has not been comprehensively analysed in the context of bee evolution. Results: We downloaded, aligned, concatenated, and analysed all available protein-coding nuclear gene DNA sequence data in GenBank as of October, 2011. Our matrix consists of 20 genes, with over 17,000 aligned nucleotide sites, for over 1,300 bee and apoid wasp species, representing over two-thirds of bee genera. Whereas the matrix is large in terms of number of genes and taxa, there is a significant amount of missing data: only ~15% of the matrix is populated with data.
    [Show full text]
  • Melissa 6, January 1993
    The Melittologist's Newsletter Ronald J. McGinley. Bryon N. Danforth. Maureen J. Mello Deportment of Entomology • Smithsonian Institution. NHB-105 • Washington. DC 20560 NUMBER-6 January, 1993 CONTENTS COLLECTING NEWS COLLECTING NEWS .:....:Repo=.:..:..rt=on~Th.:..:.=ird=-=-PC=A..::.;M:.:...E=xp=ed=it=io:..o..n-------=-1 Report on Third PCAM Expedition Update on NSF Mexican Bee Inventory 4 Robert W. Brooks ..;::.LC~;.,;;;....;;...:...:...;....;...;;;..o,__;_;.c..="-'-'-;.;..;....;;;~.....:.;..;.""""""_,;;...;....________,;. Snow Entomological Museum .:...P.:...roposo.a:...::..;:;..,:=..ed;::....;...P_:;C"'-AM~,;::S,;::u.;...;rvc...;;e.L.y-'-A"'"-rea.:o..=s'------------'-4 University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045 Collecting on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands & Puerto Rico 5 The third NSF funded PCAM (Programa Cooperativo so- RESEARCH NEWS bre Ia Apifauna Mexicana) expedition took place from March 23 to April3, 1992. The major goals of this trip were ...:..T.o..:he;::....;...P.:::a::.::ra::.::s;:;;it:..::ic;....;;B::...:e:..:e:....::L=.:e:.:.ia;:;L'{XJd:..::..::..::u;,;;:.s....:::s.:..:.in.:..o~gc::u.:.::/a:o.:n;,;;:.s_____~7 to do springtime collecting in the Chihuahuan Desert and Decline in Bombus terrestris Populations in Turkey 7 Coahuilan Inland Chaparral habitats of northern Mexico. We =:...:::=.:.::....:::..:...==.:.:..:::::..:::.::...:.=.:..:..:=~:....=..~==~..:.:.:.....:..=.:=L-.--=- also did some collecting in coniferous forest (pinyon-juni- NASA Sponsored Solitary Bee Research 8 per), mixed oak-pine forest, and riparian habitats in the Si- ;:...;N:..::.o=tes;.,;;;....;o;,;,n:....:Nc..:.e.::..;st;:.;,i;,:,;n_g....:::b""-y....:.M=-'-e.;;,agil,;;a.;_:;c=h:..:..:ili=d-=B;....;;e....:::e..::.s______.....:::.8 erra Madre Oriental. Hymenoptera Database System Update 9 Participants in this expedition were Ricardo Ayala (Insti- '-'M:.Liss.:..:..:..;;;in..:....:g..;:JB<:..;ee:..::.::.::;.:..,;Pa:::..rt=s=?=::...;:_"'-L..;=c.:.:...c::.....::....::=:..,_----__;:_9 tuto de Biologia, Chamela, Jalisco); John L.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 8. No. 2 (Autumn 2000)
    The CARLISLE NATURALIST The Carlisle Naturalist From the Editor Volume 8 Number 2 Autumn 2000 My apologies for the late appearance of this issue of the Carlisle Naturalist, once again brought on by the backlog of work caused by the development of a temporary Published twice-yearly (Spring/Autumn) by Carlisle Natural History Society exhibition. On this occasion the subject is the minerals of Cumbria. The show, “Mineral Magic”, is on display until 21st January in the Special Exhibitions Gallery at ISSN 1362-6728 Tullie House. If you have not already visited the exhibition it is worth seeing for the fine collection of colourful and spectacular crystals mined in Cumbria. Since this ‘Autumn’ issue is now so late, I can take the opportunity to wish all members of the Society a very Happy New Year. Winter Amusement Are you wondering what you can do to contribute to the furtherance of natural history knowledge this winter? Well, here is a suggestion for those of you with at least a stereo microscope. In the world of microfungi there are a number of species that parasitise other fungi. Some research is going on in the UK and in mainland Europe on a strange, undescribed, species in the genus Unguiculariopsis. This fungus grows on minute pyrenomycetes that develop on Rabbit and Hare dung. All you need is somewhere to incubate Rabbit ‘pills’ in a damp atmosphere. I have some Petri dishes available if anyone is interested in this project. Leave the ‘pills’ in a light location, and not too warm, damping them occasionally and just watch them, say, weekly.
    [Show full text]
  • (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) in Serbia
    ZooKeys 1053: 43–105 (2021) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1053.67288 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Contribution to the knowledge of the bee fauna (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) in Serbia Sonja Mudri-Stojnić1, Andrijana Andrić2, Zlata Markov-Ristić1, Aleksandar Đukić3, Ante Vujić1 1 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 3 Scientific Research Society of Biology and Ecology Students “Josif Pančić”, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Corresponding author: Sonja Mudri-Stojnić ([email protected]) Academic editor: Thorleif Dörfel | Received 13 April 2021 | Accepted 1 June 2021 | Published 2 August 2021 http://zoobank.org/88717A86-19ED-4E8A-8F1E-9BF0EE60959B Citation: Mudri-Stojnić S, Andrić A, Markov-Ristić Z, Đukić A, Vujić A (2021) Contribution to the knowledge of the bee fauna (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) in Serbia. ZooKeys 1053: 43–105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.67288 Abstract The current work represents summarised data on the bee fauna in Serbia from previous publications, collections, and field data in the period from 1890 to 2020. A total of 706 species from all six of the globally widespread bee families is recorded; of the total number of recorded species, 314 have been con- firmed by determination, while 392 species are from published data. Fourteen species, collected in the last three years, are the first published records of these taxa from Serbia:Andrena barbareae (Panzer, 1805), A.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Pheromone Mimicry in the Early Spider Orchid (Ophrys Sphegodes): Patterns of Hydrocarbons As the Key Mechanism for Pollination by Sexual Deception
    J Comp Physiol A (2000) 186: 567±574 Ó Springer-Verlag 2000 ORIGINAL PAPER F. P. Schiestl á M. Ayasse á H. F. Paulus á C. LoÈ fstedt B. S. Hansson á F. Ibarra á W. Francke Sex pheromone mimicry in the early spider orchid (Ophrys sphegodes): patterns of hydrocarbons as the key mechanism for pollination by sexual deception Accepted: 30 March 2000 Abstract We investigated the female-produced sex bees' sex pheromone as well as the pseudocopulation- pheromone of the solitary bee Andrena nigroaenea and behavior releasing orchid-odor bouquet. compared it with ¯oral scent of the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys sphegodes which is pollinated by Andrena Key words Andrena nigroaenea á Sex pheromone á nigroaenea males. We identi®ed physiologically and be- Chemical mimicry á Orchid pollination á haviorally active compounds by gas chromatography Wax compounds with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatog- raphy-mass spectrometry, and behavioral tests in the ®eld. Dummies scented with cuticle extracts of virgin Introduction females or of O. sphegodes labellum extracts elicited signi®cantly more male reactions than odorless dum- Nearly all species of the Mediterranean orchid genus mies. Therefore, copulation behavior eliciting semio- Ophrys are pollinated by means of sexual deception chemicals are located on the surface of the females' (Pouyanne 1917; Kullenberg 1961; Paulus and Gack cuticle and the surface of the ¯owers. Within bee and 1990). Their ¯owers mimic females of the pollinator orchid samples, n-alkanes and n-alkenes, aldehydes, species, usually solitary bees and wasps, of which only the esters, all-trans-farnesol and all-trans-farnesyl hexano- males are attracted and try to copulate with the ¯ower ate triggered electroantennographic responses in male labellum (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Global Change on Insect Pollinators: Multiple Drivers Lead To
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Effects of global change on insect pollinators: multiple drivers lead to novel communities 1,2 Nicole E Rafferty Global change drivers, in particular climate change, exotic Among the many insect taxa that serve as pollinators, species introduction, and habitat alteration, affect insect bees, flies, butterflies, and moths have received the most pollinators in numerous ways. In response, insect pollinators study in the context of global change. Within these taxa, show shifts in range and phenology, interactions with plants bees are key pollinators of both crop plants and wild and other taxa are altered, and in some cases pollination plants [8], and studies on bees have dominated the services have diminished. Recent studies show some literature on plant–pollinator interactions under global pollinators are tracking climate change by moving latitudinally change. Because bees rely heavily on floral resources both and elevationally, while others are not. Shifts in insect pollinator for their own sustenance and to provision their offspring, phenology generally keep pace with advances in flowering, their fitness is strongly determined not only by the direct although there are exceptions. Recent data demonstrate effects of global change but also by the influence of global competition between exotic and native bees, along with rapid change drivers on flowering plants. positive effects of exotic plant removal on pollinator richness. Genetic analyses tie bee fitness to habitat quality. Across Here, I consider the effects of several global change drivers, novel communities are a common outcome that drivers on insect pollinators, with an emphasis on what deserves more study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera) of the Botanic Garden in Graz, an Annotated List 19-68 Mitteilungen Des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines Für Steiermark Bd
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Mitteilungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Steiermark Jahr/Year: 2016 Band/Volume: 146 Autor(en)/Author(s): Teppner Herwig, Ebmer Andreas Werner, Gusenleitner Fritz Josef [Friedrich], Schwarz Maximilian Artikel/Article: The bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera) of the Botanic Garden in Graz, an annotated list 19-68 Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark Bd. 146 S. 19–68 Graz 2016 The bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera) of the Botanic Garden in Graz, an annotated list Herwig Teppner1, Andreas W. Ebmer2, Fritz Gusenleitner3 and Maximilian Schwarz4 With 65 Figures Accepted: 28. October 2016 Summary: During studies in floral ecology 151 bee (Apidae) species from 25 genera were recorded in the Botanic Garden of the Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz since 1981. The garden covers an area of c. 3.6 ha (buildings included). The voucher specimens are listed by date, gender and plant species visited. For a part of the bee species additional notes are presented. The most elaborated notes concern Hylaeus styriacus, three species of Andrena subg. Taeniandrena (opening of floral buds for pollen harvest,slicing calyx or corolla for reaching nectar), Andrena rufula, Andrena susterai, Megachile nigriventris on Glau­ cium, behaviour of Megachile willughbiella, Eucera nigrescens (collecting on Symphytum officinale), Xylocopa violacea (vibratory pollen collection, Xylocopa-blossoms, nectar robbing), Bombus haematurus, Nomada trapeziformis, behaviour of Lasioglossum females, honeydew and bumblebees as well as the flowers ofViscum , Forsythia and Lysimachia. Andrena gelriae and Lasioglossum setulosum are first records for Styria. This inventory is put in a broader context by the addition of publications with enumerations of bees for 23 other botanic gardens of Central Europe, of which few are briefly discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Yorkshire Union
    December 2019 Volume 144 Number 1102 Yorkshire Union Yorkshire Union The Naturalist Vol. 144 No. 1102 December 2019 Contents Page YNU visit to Fountains Abbey, 6th May 2016 - a reconstruction of a 161 YNU event on 6 May 1905 Jill Warwick The Lady’s-Slipper Orchid in 1930: a family secret revealed 165 Paul Redshaw The mite records (Acari: Astigmata, Prostigmata) of Barry Nattress: 171 an appreciation and update Anne S. Baker Biological records of Otters from taxidermy specimens and hunting 181 trophies Colin A. Howes The state of the Watsonian Yorkshire database for the 187 aculeate Hymenoptera, Part 3 – the twentieth and twenty-first centuries from the 1970s until 2018 Michael Archer Correction: Spurn Odonata records 195 D. Branch The Mole on Thorne Moors, Yorkshire 196 Ian McDonald Notable range shifts of some Orthoptera in Yorkshire 198 Phillip Whelpdale Yorkshire Ichneumons: Part 10 201 W.A. Ely YNU Excursion Reports 2019 Stockton Hermitage (VC62) 216 Edlington Pit Wood (VC63) 219 High Batts (VC64) 223 Semerwater (VC65) 27th July 230 North Duffield Carrs, Lower Derwent Valley (VC61) 234 YNU Calendar 2020 240 An asterisk* indicates a peer-reviewed paper Front cover: Lady’s Slipper Orchid Cypripedium calceolus photographed in 1962 by John Armitage FRPS. (Source: Natural England Archives, with permission) Back cover: Re-enactors Charlie Fletcher, Jill Warwick, Joy Fletcher, Simon Warwick, Sharon Flint and Peter Flint on their visit to Fountains Abbey (see p161). YNU visit to Fountains Abbey, 6th May 2016 - a reconstruction of a YNU event on 6 May 1905 Jill Warwick Email: [email protected] A re-enactment of a visit by members of the YNU to Fountains Abbey, following the valley of the River Skell through Ripon and into Studley Park, was the idea of the then President, Simon Warwick, a local Ripon resident.
    [Show full text]