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Common Lichens of Auckland City, by Bruce W. Hayward and Glenys C

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Common Lichens of Auckland City, by Bruce W. Hayward and Glenys C TANE 29, 1983 COMMON LICHENS OF AUCKLAND CITY by Bruce W. Hayward* and Glenys C. Hayward! * New Zealand Geological Survey, P. O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt t 35 Trafalgar Street, Lower Hutt SUMMARY Lichens are a major, although much neglected, part of the flora of Auckland city and suburbs. They grow in profusion on soil, clay banks, rocks of the volcanic cones, trees in gardens and parks and especially on man-made features such as fences, tile roofs, brick chimneys, concrete walls and tarsealed roads. The lichens most frequently encountered in Auckland are Xanthoparmelia scabrosa, Dirinaria picta, Parmotrema perlatum, Ramalina linearis and Xanthoria parietina. These and most of the other common lichens of the city and suburbs are described and illustrated. INTRODUCTION Lichens are a prominent part of the flora of Auckland city and suburbs, not only on soil and clay banks, on rocks of the numerous, small, volcanic cones, on the bark of trees found in most gardens and parks, but particularly on man-made structures such as wooden fences, power poles, brick chimneys, tile roofs, tarsealed roads, stone curbs and even rarely glass windows, corrugated iron and discarded clothing. Despite their abundance there has been no previous work on the city's lichens. Lichens are a unique group of plants. Each is composed of a microscopic green or blue-green alga living in a symbiotic association with a filamentous fungus. Together they form a new plant body, the lichen thallus, which is quite unlike an alga or fungus growing alone. Lichens are often confused with mosses, liverworts and fungi. They are not differentiated into leaves and stems like mosses and liverworts and lack their sporophyte capsules. Free-living fungi lack the green or blue-green internal layer of algae, that is so obvious in lichens when they are wet. Lichen identification Here we have attempted to discriminate the chosen lichens using features visible to the naked eye or with no more than a 10 X hand lens. It should be appreciated however, that the identification of many lichen genera and species require more complicated chemical or microscopical techniques, not described here. 201 Fig. 1. Common fruticose (a-d) and foliose (e-h) lichens of Auckland. a. Cladonia leptoclada (4); b. Ramalina linearis (5), 8 cm across; c. Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (7); d. Usnea sp. (8); e. Dirinaria picta (9), 6 cm diameter; f. Leptogium sp. (12); g. Neofuscelia verrucella (13); h. Parmotrema perlatum (16). Scales with 1 mm divisions; coin 17 mm diameter. 202 Fig. 2. Common foliose (a-d) and crustose (e-h) lichens of Auckland. a. Pseudocyphellaria aurata (18), wet; b. Pseudoparmelia caperata (22); c. Xanthoparmelia australasica (24); d. Xanthoria parietina (26); e. Lecidea sp. (27); f. Lecanora atra (28); g. Phaeographis australiensis (31); h. Thelotrema lepadinum (32). Scales with 1 mm divisions; coin 17 mm diameter. 203 The colour of the dry thallus is often a significant feature. When it is wet the upper cortex (Fig. 3) often becomes transparent and the colour fruticose foliose crustose Fig. 3. Cross-sections through the thalli of the three main types of lichen growth form, showing the basic differences in arrangement of the layers, a = algae confined to this layer; c = cortex; m = medulla. of the alga (green or blue-green) shows through vividly, obscuring the colour. GLOSSARY OF MORPHOLOGICAL TERMS USED apothecia - globose, disc- or cup-shaped fruiting bodies (1-20 mm in diameter); generally occur on the upper surface or margins of thallus (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Cross-sections through the thallus and apothecia of hypothetical lichens showing the differences between cyphellae and pseudocyphellae and between lecideine and lecanorine apothecia. cephalodia - wart-like structures usually containing blue-green algae and growing on the surface of thalli with green algae, cilia - hair-like structures on the margins or upper surface of lobes, apothecia or isidia. 204 cortex - outermost layer of lichen thallus (Fig. 3), composed of fungal threads. cyphallae - circular holes in the lower cortex of the foliose lichen Sticta; holes have raised rims and thin internal linings (Fig. 4). isidia - finger-like, cylindrical or flattened outgrowths of the upper cortex; usually less than 2 mm long; may break off to become vegetative propagules. lecanorine apothecia - apothecia surrounded by a thalline margin (Fig. 4). lecideine apothecia - apothecia lacking a thalline margin (Fig. 4). lobe - rounded or strap-shaped portion of a foliose thallus, medulla - innermost layer of thallus (Fig. 3), composed of interwoven fungal threads. phyllocladia - tiny granular or finger-like structures on branches of Stereocaulon, pseudocyphellae - circular holes in the cortex through which fungal threads of the medulla protrude (Fig. 4). rhizines - strands of fungal threads on the lower surface of many foliose thalli; often attach lichen to substrate (Fig. 4). soralia - small compact masses of soredia on surface or margins of thallus. soredia - minute clump of algal cells and fungal threads, without a cortex, that erupts on the thallus surface as a powder; may be released as a vegetative propagule. squamule - small, scale-like thallus segment, with an upper cortex but no lower cortex. thallus - entire lichen, other than its fruiting bodies, tomentum - a thin mat of felty hairs on the lower surface of some foliose lichens. FRUTICOSE LICHENS Lichens with an erect or hanging growth form. They appear shrubby, finger-like, strap-like or thread-like and consist of a series of branching and non-branching stems. 1. Cladia aggregata (Fig. 5a) Of variable tufted or shrubby form; characterised by densely branching, often tangled, sparsely fissured stems; straw-coloured and brittle when dry, yellow-green and flaccid when wet; small black apothecia on tips of some branches. The most common soil-inhabiting lichen of the Auckland area; particularly abundant beneath teatree scrub and on clay banks; also on rotting logs, tree stumps and damp sides of rocks. 205 Another lichen found on soil beneath teatree scrub in the Auckland area is the distinctive, white, coral lichen Cladia retipora. Cladonia This large genus, with over 40 species recorded from the Auckland region, is usually found on soil. It begins growing as a primary thallus of squamules, from which develop simple or branched, erect, hollow stems. If fertile, the stems carry apothecia (brown or red) on their apices. Mature specimens of several species (e. g. C. capitellata C. leptoclada) usually lack squamules. Three of the most common and distinctive species in the area are: 2. Cladonia capitellata (Fig. 5b) Simple or sparsely branched stems, crowded together; infertile; 3-5 cm high. 3. Cladonia chlorophaea (Fig. 5c) A pixie-cup lichen with unbranched stems and a large, sorediate, trumpet-like cup on each. 4. Cladonia leptoclada (Fig. Ia) "reindeer lichen" Densely branched with slender, entangled, sharply pointed branches. Used as trees in model railways. Ramalina An erect or pendulous lichen with flattened stems, usually sparsely branched, and with flat, disc-like, lecanorine apothecia on the margins or surface of the stems. Three species are often encountered in the Auckland area: R. myrioclada (very narrow stems, terete in part; on coastal rocks and trees); R. peruviana (stubby with sorediate stems); and the most common R. linearis: 5. Ramalina linearis (Fig. Ib) Extremely variable form, split into many artificial species in the past. Stems may be long or short (2-10 cm length), narrow or broad (0. 2-2 cm wide), rigid and wrinkled or smooth and flaccid. In the city this is one of the commonest lichens on the branches of citrus and deciduous trees; also often found on native trees, wooden structures, rocks, tile roofs and brick chimneys. 6. Stereocaulon ramulosum (Fig. 5d) An erect tufted lichen with solid stems (circular in cross-section) covered in phyllocladia, and with occasional globular, wrinkled, purplish cephalodia; variable size (1. 5-20 cm high) with branched stems forming dense tufts or a loose, tall form, depending on the habitat; brown to 206 black, globular, lecideine apothecia usually occur on the ends of main stems (Galloway 1980a). Found commonly on rocks or soil, often forming a dense cover over weathered rock in road-cuts. A second species occurring less commonly in the Auckland area is S. vesuvianum (short, simple or sparingly branched; on hard rocks). 7. Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (Fig. lc) A conspicuous, tufted lichen (1-3 cm tall), with pale orange to grey, flattened stems (white or yellow-white undersides) and yellow-orange, disc-like, lecanorine apothecia with ciliate margins. Frequently seen in Auckland on the branches of citrus, apple, pear and deciduous ornamental trees. 8. Usnea spp. (Fig. Id) "old man's beard lichen" Short, erect, tufted, to long, pendulous lichens. Stems (circular in cross-section) sparsely or copiously branched; straw-yellow to yellow- green or reddening; stout or slender; smooth, rough, sorediate or isidiate; each stem with a tough, central, internal cord. Lecideine apothecia terminal, but often absent. This large genus is not well studied and species differentiation is still problematical. In Auckland, Usnea commonly occurs on the bark of trees, on wooden fences and more rarely on tile roofs, brick chimneys and rocks. FOLIOSE LICHENS Lichens with flat, leaf-like forms, smooth or wrinkled and often with intricately dissected lobes; loosely or firmly attached to the substrate by rhizines. 9. Dirinaria picta (Fig. le) Thallus subcircular (4-8 cm diameter), whitish-grey (when dry), lower surface black, lacking rhizines, closely attached to substrate; narrow, radiating lobes (1-1. 5 mm broad), contiguous at thallus centre, more or less discrete at periphery with rounded or spathulate ends. Surface covered with numerous, discrete, light grey, globose soralia (1 mm diameter); black, lecanorine apothecia. One of the most common lichens in Auckland, occurring abundantly on the bark of most kinds of tree, as well as on stone walls, brick chimneys and fences, wooden fences and tile roofs.
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