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Climate Change in the Pacific Stepping up Responses in the Face of Rising Impacts Contents Climate Change in the Pacific Stepping Up Responses in the Face of Rising Impacts Contents 1 Foreword 2 Issues, Impacts, and Responses 4 Projected Impacts of Climate Change 12 ADB in Action 14 Climate Change Solutions at the Regional and Country Levels Regional Responses Country-Specific Responses Way Forward For more information about the Pacific Climate Change Program, contact: Akm Mahfuzuddin Ahmed Robert Dobias Climate Change Focal Point Senior Adviser, Climate Change Program Coordination Unit Pacific Department Regional and Sustainable Development Department [email protected] [email protected] Photo credits: 8-9, 25, Miquel Armengol; 30, 33, Luis Enrique Ascui; 24, Warwick Biggs; Front cover, Jahzeel Cruz; 32, Peter Forster; 6, 28, 29, Robert Guild; ii, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12–13, 14–15, 16–17, 19, 21–22, 27, Prof. John E. Hay; 20, Cher Havrilov; 31, Stefan Lins; 23, Gabrielle Elga Reyes; 7, 10, 26, Eric Sales The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. Accounts presented here are anecdotal and do not represent comprehensive impacts of projects or programs. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this publication, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. FOREWORD he Pacific developing member countries climate proofing and other adaptation measures of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in priority sectors and projects. face dire and immediate consequences— from sea-level rise and more frequent This booklet identifies significant challenges andT stronger storms to the changing distribution for the Pacific, but it also highlights how of disease vectors—as a result of climate partnerships and innovative forms of financing change. These consequences are markedly and investment can help countries reduce their disproportionate to their contribution to global vulnerability to climate change and pursue a greenhouse gas emissions and threaten to more food and energy secure future. It describes compromise their prosperity, stability, and security. how ADB is supporting the efforts of member countries to incorporate resilience building In response, ADB’s Pacific Department has measures in their development plans, and been conducting regional adaptation projects become better prepared to cope with extremes since 2003. In 2009, ADB, in consultation with and variability. It also highlights the potential of the national governments and other regional regional initiatives such as the Pilot Programme stakeholders in the Pacific, prepared a Pacific for Climate Resilience of the Climate Investment Climate Change Implementation Plan, a Funds and the Pacific Islands Forum to coordinate comprehensive adaptation and mitigation agenda and finance climate responses. in key sectors calling for the dramatic scaling up of climate change adaptation efforts, coordinated This booklet was produced by the Pacific and harmonized responses by development Department with support from the Regional and partners, and institutional capacity development. Sustainable Development Department and the Department of External Relations. I express my ADB’s Pacific region has conducted a full appreciation to our developing member country assessment of its ongoing portfolio, and is the partners in the Pacific, who are working closely first of ADB’s five regions to develop a plan with ADB to respond to climate change and to “climate-proof” all vulnerable investment development challenges. projects. Needs for 2010–2012 are estimated at $232 million, to provide both technical assistance We will continue to strengthen these for policy development, planning and capacity partnerships and pursue policy and financial Foreword building, and investment design; as well as commitments needed to meet urgent project grants and concessional lending for development needs in the Pacific. 1 Robert Wihtol Director General Pacific Department Issues, Impacts, and Responses he Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest damage to infrastructure, water resources, and Climate Change in the Pacific geographical feature, covering a third of human health, will result in significant economic the earth’s surface. Spread across its vast losses, and might cause large-scale migration, 2 expanse is a diverse array of countries both internally and across national boundaries. withT widely varying topographies, cultures, and economies, but who all share the same critical In consultation with the 14 Pacific developing challenges and vulnerabilities. They face dire member countries, ADB has developed the Pacific and immediate consequences from the impacts Climate Change Implementation Plan and a of climate change—from sea-level rise and supporting action program, the Pacific Climate stronger storms to the changing distribution Change Program (PCCP). Both programs are of disease vectors—that are markedly geared toward improving development partner disproportionate to their miniscule contributions response and making funding readily accessible to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. for Pacific developing member countries to take Their geographic isolation, small and scattered measures to respond to climate change. ADB is populations, fragile environments, and limited one of the few donors in the region providing a resources severely restrict their capacity to adapt combination of technical assistance, grants, and to climate change’s impacts. Climate change can loans, and that acts as an implementing agency of prevent Pacific developing member countries the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which funds from attaining their Millennium Development activities that promote global environmental Goals and poses a threat to peace, prosperity, and benefits while strengthening local environmental security. The adverse effects on food production management. ADB also provides access to the and land and marine resource use, as well as Climate Investment Funds (CIF). A Pacific regional program supported by ADB, is one of the first to • expanding the use of clean and be developed under the Pilot Program for Climate renewable energy; Resilience of the Strategic Climate Fund, which • encouraging sustainable transport and is one of two funds within the design of the CIF. urban development; ADB’s unique position allows it to analyze major • promoting climate-resilient development, problems at all levels, identify solutions based on especially in the agriculture and water- particular conditions of vital sectors, and package dependent sectors; the necessary technical and financial assistance. • strengthening policies, governance, and capacities; and Consistent with ADB’s Strategy 2020 to • managing land use and forests for incorporate environmental sustainability in the carbon sequestration. fight against poverty, climate change efforts are guided by five strategic priorities: Issues, Impacts, and Responses and Impacts, Issues, 3 • Aerial view of part of South Tarawa , the capital island of Kiribati Projected Impacts of Climate Change Climate Change in the Pacific 4 The countries of the Pacific are already experiencing serious disruptive changes consistent with the anticipated consequences of global climate change. • A home in Aitutaki, Cook Islands, damaged during Cyclone Pat, February 2010 Sea-Level Rise The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change coastal communities wherein water quality and (IPCC) has recently highlighted that the survival of availability directly affects the people’s livelihoods. Pacific countries is at extreme risk from sea-level rise. More than 50% of the region’s population However, in many other respects, both low and live within 1.5 km of the shoreline and many high islands are equally vulnerable to sea-level islands are less than a few meters above sea level. rise, due to the concentration of human activity Thus, an increase of as little as half a meter, along in coastal areas and the difficulty in relocating to with increased storm surges, would completely the interior of high islands. Population relocations inundate many critical areas and threaten their sparked by high sea levels are already a reality, populations. In general, the impacts of sea-level and with land in limited and dwindling supply, rise differ between low (e.g., atoll) and high (e.g., the issue could quickly reach critical proportions volcanic) islands. This is especially the case for in many countries. The possibility of rising sea saltwater contamination of both groundwater and levels has already caused many people to consider soils, generally making low islands much more migrating, either to properties on higher ground, vulnerable. Sea-level rise increases the possibilities or to other islands or countries. This in turn may of seawater intrusion into underground water compound existing political and social stresses aquifers, as already experienced by many already prevalent
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