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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society J Uly 2012 Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Bulletin of the American Meteorological >ŝďƌĂƌŝĞƐ͗WůĞĂƐĞĮůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵůůĞƟŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶDĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ, Vol. 93, Issue 7 July 2012 July 93 Vol. 7 No. Supplement STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Associate Editors Howard J. Diamond Martin O. Jeffries Ted A. Scambos A. Johannes Dolman Michele L. Newlin Wassila M. Thiaw Ryan L. Fogt James A. Renwick Peter W. Thorne Margarita C. Gregg Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Scott J. Weaver Bradley D. Hall Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Kate M. Willett AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY Copies of this report can be downloaded from doi: 10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 and http://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ This report was printed on 85%–100% post-consumer recycled paper. Cover credits: Front: ©Jakob Dall Photography — Wajir, Kenya, July 2011 Back: ©Jonathan Wood/Getty Images — Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, January 2011 HOW TO CITE THIS DOCUMENT Citing the complete report: Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2012: State of the Climate in 2011. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S1–S264. Citing a chapter (example): Gregg, M. C., and M. L. Newlin, Eds., 2012: Global oceans [in “State of the Climate in 2011”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S57–S92. Citing a section (example): Johnson, G. C., and J. M. Lyman, 2012: [Global oceans] Sea surface salinity [in “State of the Climate in 2011”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), S68–S69. EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (ALPHABETICAL BY NAME) Achberger, C., Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothen- Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range burg, Gothenburg, Sweden Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS University of Wisconsin Madi- Bernhard, Germar, Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, son, Madison, Wisconsin California Ahmed, Farid H., Direction de la Météo Nationale Comori- Berrisford, Paul, NCAS Climate, European Centre for Medium enne, Comores Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Albanil-Encarnación, Adelina, National Meteorological Ser- Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, vice of Mexico, Mexico United Kingdom Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremer- Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica haven, Germany Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fair- Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre banks, Fairbanks, Alaska (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Bidegain, Mario, Unidad de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universi- Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil dad de la República, Uruguay Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and Bieniek, P., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fair- School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa banks, Fairbanks, Alaska Rica Birkett, Charon, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Research Center, University of Maryland at College Park, Nairobi, Kenya College Park, Maryland Antoine, M. David, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Ville- Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorologi- franche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France cal Service, DWD), Offenbach, Germany; and WMO RA VI Antonov, John, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Regional Climate Centre on Climate Monitoring, Offenbach, Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Germany Arévalo, Juan, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, de Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela Florida Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- Blunden, Jessica, ERT Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic ter, Asheville, North Carolina Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Ashik, I., Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Boudet-Rouco, Dagne, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Russia Havana, Cuba Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Box, Jason E., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State Centre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya University, Columbus, Ohio Baccini, Alessandro, The Woods Hole Research Center, Fal- Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data mouth, Massachusetts Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Baez, Julian, DMH-DINAC/CTA-UCA, Asunción, Paraguay Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Research Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Division, Geneva, Switzerland Asheville, North Carolina Brackenridge, G. Robert, CSDMS, INSTAAR, University of Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida Brohan, PhiliP, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Bue- Kingdom nos Aires, Argentina Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio BarrioPedro, D. E., Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de State University, Columbus, Ohio Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Brown, Laura, Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Bates, John J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Asheville, North Carolina University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Duetscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach am Main, Germany Montreal, Quebec, Canada Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Oregon Bruhwiler, Lori, NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, Camp Boulder, Colorado Springs, Maryland STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 JULY 2012 | Si Bulygina, O. N., Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty Information, Obninsk, Russia of Earth and Life Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amster- Burrows, John, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany dam, Netherlands Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University Dorigo, Wouter A., Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Sensing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tumen, Russia Columbia University, Palisades, New York Duguay, Claude, Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change CaPPellen, John, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Denmark University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Carmack, E., Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Co- Dutton, Ellsworth, NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, lumbia, Canada Boulder, Colorado Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Dutton, Geoff S., Cooperative Institute for Research in Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, University of Colorado South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Elkins, James W., NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Christiansen, Hanne H., Geology Department, University Boulder, Colorado Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Norway; and Department of Geo- EPstein, H. E., Department of Environmental Sciences, Univer- sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway sity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Christy, John, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Famiglietti, James S., UC Center for Hydrologic Modeling, Alabama Earth System Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chung, D., Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of California, Irvine, California Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Fanton d’Andon, Odile Hembise, ACRI-ST, France Ciais, P., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, Laboratory, Seattle, Washington France Fekete, Balázs M., CUNY Environmental CrossRoads Initiative, Coehlo, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE, Center for Weather Fore- The City College of New York at CUNY, New York casts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brasil Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United ter, Asheville, North Carolina Kingdom Fernández-Prieto, D., European Space Agency, ESRIN, Fra- Comiso, J., Cryospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space scati, Italy Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Fields, Erik, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Bar- Cretaux, Jean-Francois, Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique bara, California et Océanographie Spatiales, Toulouse, France Fioletov, Vitali, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Asheville, North Carolina Athens, Ohio Cunningham, Stuart A., National Oceanography Centre, Folland, Chris, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Southampton, United Kingdom Kingdom De Jeu, Richard A. M., Earth and Climate Cluster, Depart- Foster, Michael J., CIMSS University of Wisconsin Madison, ment of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU Madison, Wisconsin University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, National Oceanography Centre, Demircan, M., Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Southampton, United Kingdom Turkey Franz, Bryan A.,
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