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Oiseaux Chanteurs Des Milieux Ouverts De Montagne Et Changements Globaux Jules Chiffard

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Oiseaux Chanteurs Des Milieux Ouverts De Montagne Et Changements Globaux Jules Chiffard Oiseaux chanteurs des milieux ouverts de montagne et changements globaux Jules Chiffard To cite this version: Jules Chiffard. Oiseaux chanteurs des milieux ouverts de montagne et changements globaux. Milieux et Changements globaux. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019PSLEP038. tel-02860834 HAL Id: tel-02860834 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02860834 Submitted on 8 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Oiseaux chanteurs des milieux ouverts de montagne et changements globaux Soutenue par Composition du jury : Jules CHIFFARD Le 01 Octobre 2019 Frédéric, JIGUET Professeur, CESCO UMR7204 Rapporteur Wilfried, THUILLER D.R., LECA UMR 5553 Rapporteur École doctorale n° 472 Paola, LAIOLO École doctorale de l’École D.R., CSIC, Espagne Examinateur Pratique des Hautes Études Roger, PRODON D.E. émérite, EPHE UMR 5175 Examinateur Anne, DELESTRADE Directrice, CREA Membre invité Spécialité Analyse et modélisation des Nigel Gilles, YOCCOZ Professor, AMB, UiT, Norvège Co-encadrant systèmes biologiques Aurélien, BESNARD MCF, EPHE UMR 5175 Directeur de thèse À Denise Chiffard, Table des matières Introduction générale ............................................................................................................................ 8 1 Anthropocène et diversité biologique ............................................................................................... 8 2 Le concept de niche écologique ..................................................................................................... 12 3 Prédiction générale de la théorie de la niche écologique ................................................................ 13 4 Prédire les effets des changements globaux sur la biodiversité ? ................................................... 16 5 Limites et développements de la théorie de la niche ...................................................................... 19 5.1 Niche écologique et métapopulations ...................................................................................... 22 5.2 Niche écologique des espèces et évolution à court terme........................................................ 23 6 Tests empiriques, généralisations et sciences participatives .......................................................... 25 7 Approche générale .......................................................................................................................... 27 8 les montagnes : des conditions d’observation remarquables pour étudier les effets des changements globaux sur le vivant ......................................................................................................................... 28 8.1 Définitions ............................................................................................................................... 28 8.2 Le gradient bioclimatique altitudinal concentre les mécanismes influençant la répartition des espèces ........................................................................................................................................... 29 8.3 Extinctions et spéciation dans les massifs montagneux .......................................................... 31 8.4 Diminution des interactions biotiques, (activités humaines y compris) : un avantage pour isoler les effets du climat, et identifier le rôle respectif des différentes contraintes ? ................... 32 8.5 Des difficultés logistiques et topographiques .......................................................................... 34 8.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 35 9 Les oiseaux comme modèles d’étude ............................................................................................. 36 9.1 Les oiseaux chanteurs, le rôle des montagnes dans leur diversification et la diversité des passereaux sur le gradient altitudinal ............................................................................................ 36 10 Effet des changements globaux sur les communautés de montagne ............................................ 38 10.1 La végétation, l’altitude, les changements climatiques ......................................................... 39 10.2 Les animaux, l’altitude, les changements climatiques........................................................... 42 11 Problématique ............................................................................................................................... 48 12 Questions de recherche ................................................................................................................. 50 12.1 Les passereaux chanteurs des pelouses alpines répondent-ils localement à la température ? 50 12.2 Existe-t-il un lien entre saisonnalité, variations météorologiques et paramètres démographiques chez un oiseau longévif alpin ? .......................................................................... 52 12.3 Existe-t-il un lien trophique entre les oiseaux communs d’altitude et les grands mammifères herbivores ? ................................................................................................................................... 55 Chapitre1 : Les oiseaux chanteurs des milieux ouverts d’altitude, indicateurs des changements globaux - 60 Birds above treeline as local indicators of global changes .................................................................... 61 Birds above tree line as indicators of global changes: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL .............. 84 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 91 Chapitre2 : Saisonnalité et paramètres démographiques chez un corvidé de l’étage alpin : Le Chocard à bec jaune. ............................................................................................................................................ 98 Sex- and season-specific estimates of survival reveal a negative effect of warm springs on adult female survival in an alpine bird population ..................................................................................................... 99 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 134 Chapitre3 : Le pâturage par les grands mammifères herbivores influence fortement le régime alimentaire des passereaux insectivores. ............................................................................................. 138 Grazing intensity drives trophic shift in diet of alpine birds ............................................................... 139 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 153 Chapitre 4 : L’échantillonnage adaptatif à partir d’un modèle de niche, ou échantillonnage préférentiel, pour améliorer l’efficacité des prospections : tests sur la base de simulations et d’expérimentations. ............................................................................................................................. 156 Adaptive niche based sampling to improve findings on rare and elusive species: field and simulation test. ...................................................................................................................................................... 157 Electronic supplementary material 1 : R code to simulate virtual species distributions with different niche width, and output. .................................................................................................................. 180 Electronic supplementary material 2: Methodology for determining solar radiation ...................... 183 Electronic supplementary material 3: Detailed results for each scenario ........................................ 184 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 189 DISCUSSION GENERALE ............................................................................................................. 192 Ressources et fluctuations des populations à court terme ............................................................... 193 Qualité de la ressource .................................................................................................................... 195 Saisonnalité de la ressource ............................................................................................................. 196 Ressources et tendances à moyen terme .......................................................................................... 197 Perspective 1 : Où et quand nicher dans un environnement imprévisible ? .................................... 198 Perspective 2: Distribution du trait de plasticité trophique du régime alimentaire chez les oiseaux de montagne. .......................................................................................................................................
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