THE GEOLOGICAL CURATOR

VOLUME 7, NO. 10 & INDEX VOLUME 7, NUMBERS 1–10

CONTENTS

SOME EARLY COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL SPONGES REPRESENTED IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON by S.L. Long, P.D. Taylor, S. Baker and J. Cooper...... 353

COMMENT ON ‘TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS IN THE GEOLOGY MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, MONA CAMPUS, JAMAICA’ by S.K. Donovan...... 363

CURATION OF PALYNOLOGICAL MATERIAL: A CASE STUDY ON THE BRITISH PETROLEUM MICROPALAEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTION by J. Dunn...... 365

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS CRINOIDS: AN EXTRAORDINARY COLLECTION BY LATE 19TH CENTURY AMATEUR PALAEONTOLOGISTS, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, U.S.A. by R.J. Gentile...... 373

JOHN NORTON 1924–2002: AN APPRECIATION by P. Toghill...... 381

LOST & FOUND...... 383

BOOK REVIEWS...... 385

INDEX TO THE GEOLOGICAL CURATOR VOLUME 7 (1999-2003)...... 389

GEOLOGICAL CURATORS’ GROUP - November 2003 -351- -352- SOME EARLY COLLECTORS AND COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL SPONGES REPRESENTED IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON by Sarah L. Long, Paul D. Taylor, Steve Baker and John Cooper

Long, S.L., Taylor, P.D., Baker, S. and Cooper, J. 2003. Some early collectors and collections of fossil sponges represented in The Natural History Museum, London. The Geological Curator 7(10): 353-362.

Fossil sponges have a long geological history dating to the late Precambrian, yet they are poorly understood both palaeobiologically and taxonomically. In part the latter is due to problems with preservation but further contributory factors are the number of key papers that date from the 19th Century, and the intrinsic problems in tracing, re- identifying and locating original data associated with the specimens used in these publications. The large collection of fossil sponges at The Natural History Museum, London (NHM) includes important material described by several 19th Century naturalists. Notable among these were J.S. Bowerbank, Gideon Mantell, J. Toulmin Smith, G.J. Hinde and H.A. Nicholson. Brief biographies of these naturalists are given, along with an introduction to their collections and additional paper archives held by the NHM.

Sarah L. Long (e-mail: [email protected]), Paul D. Taylor, Steve Baker and John Cooper, Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. Received 20th February 2003. Revised version received 28th July 2003.

Introduction of both specimens and original documentation that forms a valuable, but under used, resource for fossil Modern sponges are not as widely studied as many sponge specialists. other invertebrate groups, despite the fact that they are becoming an important source of natural products Since 1753, when the sale of Sir Hans Sloane’s as well as having a role in understanding the ecology Collection to the nation resulted in the foundation of of marine and non-marine environments, and in the British Museum (BM), many important specimens conservation management. Fossil sponges are even of fossil sponges and manuscripts pertaining to these less well-understood than their Recent counterparts. specimens have been acquired through donation, Sponges have a long geological history. The earliest purchase or bequest. This paper highlights some sponges date from the late Precambrian, where they historically and taxonomically important fossil sponge provide us with the earliest evidence of filter feeding collections obtained during the early years of the and are the first multicellular animals to evolve a Museum’s history, and focuses on the lives of the method for silica biomineralization (Brasier et al. early naturalists who described these sponges. 1997). Phylogenetic relationships remain obscure at Although some fossil sponges held at the NHM are all taxonomic levels in fossil sponges. In part this is from collections first made in the 18th Century, such due to problems caused by deficiencies in as those of Thomas Pennant (1726-1798), a zoologist preservation, such as the almost total lack of body and antiquarian from Flintshire whose collection was fossils of the Lower Palaeozoic Hexactinellida donated in 1912, by which time the BM had become (Krautter 2002) and the poor preservation potential the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH), many of microsclerites as in the fossil ‘lithistids’ (Pisera more are from collections that were either purchased 2002). Taxonomic difficulties also result from the or donated in the 19th Century. These include sponges th large number of key papers that date from the 19 of historical importance, such as those described and Century and the associated problems involved in figured by William Smith (1769-1839) whose studying old collections in which type material may collections were purchased in 1816 and 1818. Smith’s be hard to recognise and original data lacking. The illustrations (Smith 1816-1819) include sponges Natural History Museum (NHM) contains an archive figured by him as Alcyonites. -353- Figure 2. Ventriculites chonoides (Mantell) (NHM S.7190) from the Cretaceous Upper Chalk of southern England, X0.75. Thought to have come from Mantell’s own collection, this hexactinellid was figured by him firstly in 1815 (pl. 28, fig. 1) as Alcyonium, an extant cnidarian and subsequently in 1822 (pl. 10, figs 4,6; pl. 12, figs. 1, 2) as Figure 1. The sponge Purisiphonia clarkei Bowerbank Ventriculites radiatus. from the Cretaceous, Albian, Wollumbilla Creek, N. Queensland, Australia. (A) Slide (NHM R.2592) prepared from the holotype by Bowerbank (the red label notes the his own work, principally in the study of palaeobotany preparation details “Taken from the white part pre=pared and sponges, but also the research of his (sic) by acid” it is not clear if these notes were made by contemporaries. Palaeontological soirées held at his Bowerbank himself). (B) Fragment of holotype specimen home led to the formation of the London Clay Club. (NHM S.5191a), X1. Bowerbank figured the type specimen In 1847 after attending a lecture by Professor in 1869 (pl. 25, figs 6, 7) and 1870 (pl. 17, fig 1). The type Prestwich at the Geological Society of London, he is now in two large fragments and a tube of small pieces. invited various leading scientists, including Henry De la Beche, to the Geological Society’s tearoom. There he proposed the formation of a society whose The earliest taxonomically important specimens are aim would be to publish undescribed British fossils. those, described from the 1820s onwards, which This became the Palaeontographical Society (Anon. represent the first attempts at understanding the British 1877). Palaeontologists were not the only scientists fossil sponge fauna, especially the rich assemblages received into the museum Bowerbank created for his from the Upper Cretaceous Chalk. Amongst those specimens - he welcomed all natural history students who contributed to the collection at this time were and gave his time and expertise willingly. An J.S. Bowerbank and G.A. Mantell. enthusiastic researcher into microscopy (he was a founder member of the Microscopical Society), James Scott Bowerbank Bowerbank spent considerable sums of money purchasing the newest and best equipment that he Born in Bishopsgate, London, the son of a wealthy also placed at the disposal of his visitors. merchant and distiller, James Scott Bowerbank (1797- In May 1864 Bowerbank retired to St Leonards-on- 1877) developed an interest in natural history at an Sea and his extensive fossil collection was offered early age. He particularly enjoyed collecting plants for sale to the British Museum (BM), but the offer and reading books on botany (Stephen 1885-1900). was declined. However, the BM did purchase much Whilst working as an active partner in the family of his collection during the course of five days in distillery (Bowerbank & Co.) he spent his free time November 1865 when it was sold at auction by J. C. studying geology. He accumulated a large collection Stevens. A total of 1189 lots were sold, including not of British fossils which served as a basis for not only only Bowerbank’s British fossils, but also skeletons -354- sponges, but also on entomology, palaeobotany, osteology, shell structure, fossil birds and sharks.

Gideon Algernon Mantell Much has been written about the life of Gideon Mantell (1790-1852). Articled to a surgeon in Lewes as a young man, he was made a partner in the practice on the completion of his studies. He published on medical matters in the Lancet and had an interest in forensic science, proving how tests for the presence of arsenic employed in trials by the Crown in cases of poisoning were untrustworthy (Stephen 1885-1900). Mantell was inspired by James Parkinson, a pioneer of palaeontology in the British Isles and also a surgeon; Parkinson’s disease was named after him following his 1817 Essay on the shaking palsy (Cleevely 1983). As his interest in geology developed Mantell devoted most of his free time to fossil collecting, sleeping only four hours a night and leading to the breakdown of his marriage even though his wife had been responsible for some of Mantell’s major vertebrate finds (e.g., the dinosaur Iguanodon discovered at Cuckfield, Sussex in 1824). Mantell initially collected from the chalk pits of Sussex, later expanding his studies to include the whole of southeast England. Figure 3. The holotype of Verrucocoelia vectensis Hinde Mantell regularly took opium to ease the pain he (NHM P.1604) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) suffered from a spinal injury. Following a lecture at of Ventnor, the Isle of Wight, X0.75. This specimen is Clapham Athenaeum in November 1852 he took a from Mantell’s collection and was figured by Hinde (1883, dose of opium that proved fatal. The acquisition pl. 24, fig. 3, 3a-b). history of his collections by the BM is complex, with the purchase of one entire collection in 1838 and of selected items from a second collection after his and examples of Recent animals, mineralogical death in 1853 (Cleevely and Chapman 1992). specimens, display cases and equipment for cutting and polishing rocks (Stevens 1865). Among the Although best known for his research on fossil specimens purchased by the BM were many fossil vertebrates, Mantell also worked on sponges. The sponges figured by Bowerbank, including type NHM houses various sponges described by him specimens of two species (Table 1), one of which is between 1815 and 1854 (Mantell 1815, 1822, 1854), depicted herein (Figure 1). Several of Bowerbank’s including types of at least seven of his species (Table specimens were subsequently figured and redescribed 1; Figure 2), as well as specimens he collected that by Hinde (1883) as new species and genera. were subsequently illustrated by other scientists (e.g., Bowerbank also accumulated a large collection of Figure 3). Recent sponges from all over the world, now housed in the Department of Zoology at the NHM. His Joshua Toulmin Smith understanding of fossil sponges was undoubtedly enhanced by his knowledge and researches into Recent Joshua Toulmin Smith (1816-1869) (Figure 4), known sponges, and his passion for microscopy. One of his as Toulmin Smith after 1854, was born in Birmingham, conclusions from studying both fossil and Recent the son of an economic and educational reformer. sponges was that the formation of flints in the Chalk Articled at the age of sixteen to a solicitor, he later was due to the silica in sponges (Bowerbank 1841). moved to Lincoln’s Inn to complete his studies and This was a controversial idea in the 1840s. become a barrister (Stephen 1885-1900). He cultivated interests in ancient history, law, public Bowerbank died on 8th March 1877. He published health and Latin, on all of which he published. Before over fifty papers during his lifetime, not only on he became qualified in law he moved to the United

-355- Table 1. Species of fossil sponges described by Bowerbank and Mantell represented by type material in the NHM collections. Species Provenance Material Alcyonites parasiticum Bowerbank, 1849 no horizon or locality information S.3758$1. Slide. Holotype Purisiphonia clarkei Bowerbank, 1869 Lower Cretaceous. S.5191a,b,c. Holotype. Wollumbilla Creek, near Roma, S.1673-5$3, slides made Waldegrave, N. Queensland, Australia. from the holotype Homalodora ramosum Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1258. Syntype South of England. Choanites flexuosus Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3195 (ex 5022). Holotype. Near Lewes, Sussex, England. Choanites konigii Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk (flint). P.1418. Syntype Near Lewes, Sussex, England. Choanites subrotundus Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3171. Holotype Near Lewes, Sussex, England. Ventriculites benettiae Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3130. Holotype Near Lewes, Sussex, England. Alcyonium chonoides Mantell, 1815 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.7190 (ex P.1678), S.7184, South of England [S.7190]. S.3722 (ex P.1733). Chalk. Sternotaxis [Holaster] planus Syntypes Zone. Bridgewick Quarry, Lewes, Sussex, England [S.7184]. Upper Chalk. South Downs, Sussex, England [S.3722]. Spongia townsendi Mantell, 1822 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1733. Syntype Near Lewes, Sussex, England.

States where he lectured on phrenology and philosophy for a few years. While in the USA he also wrote books and articles on education and early history. In 1842 he returned to England, settling in Highgate, and continued his law studies until called to the Bar in 1849. It was on his return to England that Smith became interested in geology, publishing on sponges in a series of articles spanning two volumes of The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Smith 1847, 1848). When the Geologists’ Association was formed he was invited to become their first president, but other than his inaugural lecture given in January 1859, he appears to have played little part in the Association’s proceedings. After 1847 he campaigned for better public health (Watts 1869), gradually becoming more and more involved in fighting for causes he believed strongly in and using his legal knowledge to work tirelessly for many social reforms. He drowned whilst bathing at Lancing on 12th April 1869. Toulmin Smith’s fossil and manuscript collection, including his scrapbook on ventriculitid sponges, was subsequently purchased by the BM. Although the genus Ventriculites was initially proposed by Figure 4. A portrait of Joshua Toulmin Smith published in Mantell (1822), Toulmin Smith was the first to review 1909 in the Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. thoroughly the descriptions of the species assigned to -356- Table 2. Species of fossil sponges described by Toulmin Smith represented by type material in the NHM collections. *It is unclear at present which of these two specimens is Toulmin Smith’s type specimen figured Smith, J.T. 1848, pl. 15, figure 6. Species Provenance Material Brachiolites racemosum Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1762(a) and P. 1762. Kent, England Holotype?* Ventriculites simplex Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.8332 (ex P.3140). Syntype. South of England. Brachiolites elegans Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.8333-4. Syntypes. South of England. Brachiolites foliacea Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.3729-30. Syntypes. South of England. Brachiolites labrosus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Greensand. P.3227. Syntype. Near Folkestone, Kent, England. Brachiolites racemosus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk (flint). P.1761. Syntype. South of England. Brachiolites tuberosus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1760. Syntype. Kent, England. Brachiolites tubulata Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1600, P.1586. Syntypes South of England [P.1600]. ?Culver Cliff, near Brading, Isle of Wight, England [P.1586]. Cephalites alternans Smith, 1847 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3165 (ex 46997). Holotype. South of England. Cephalites bullatus Smith, 1847 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.3727 (ex P.3146). South of England. Two Syntypes Cephalites campanulatus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3176, P.3177 (ex 46997). South of England. Syntypes. Cephalites capitata Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3174. Syntype. South of England. Cephalites catenifer Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.3726, P.3164, P.3164(b). South of England. Syntypes. Cephalites compressus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3164. Holotype. South of England. Cephalites longitudinalis Smith, 1847 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. S.3728 (ex P.3161). Syntype. South of England. Cephalites perforatus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.3150. Syntype. South of England. Cephalites retrusus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk (flint). S.3740. Wax impression South of England. figured by Smith, pl. 14, fig. 8 Ventriculites impressus Smith, 1847 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1683. Syntypes. South of England. Ventriculites striatus Smith, 1848 Creatceous. Upper Chalk. S.3731. Syntype South Downs, England. Ventriculites tessallatus Smith, 1848 Cretaceous. Upper Chalk. P.1699. Holotype? South of England.

-357- Figure 5. Specimen (A), watercolour (B) and published illustration (C) of a syntype of Oncolpia elegans (Smith), NHM S.8333, from the Cretaceous, Upper Chalk of southern England, X0.75. Smith figured this specimen in 1848 (pl. 15, fig. 4) as Brachiolites. Smith’s final illustration appears to be a composite with the head of NHM S.8333 and stem of another specimen (NHM S. 8334). this genus at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. As a result he developed the concept of the family Ventriculidae. His scrapbook contains corrected proofs of his papers on ventriculitids (Smith 1847, 1848), in which some 20 new species were named (Table 2), as well as watercolour sketches of his specimens (both published and unpublished) and pencil drawings of sponge microstructure (Figure 5). These items form part of an ongoing project to identify the specimens from Smith’s collection that were published by him, which is not always straightforward as his final illustrations were sometimes composites of two or more specimens.

George Jennings Hinde The taxonomic work of G.J. Hinde (1839-1918) was pivotal in bringing the British fossil sponge fauna to the attention of palaeontologists worldwide. In comparison with other northern European sponge faunas that had been extensively monographed by Goldfuss, Roemer, Geinitz and others, British sponges

Figure 6. Chenendopora michelinii Hinde (NHM P.1197) labelled as from the Cretaceous, Upper Greensand of Wiltshire, England, but considered more likely to be from France (Parkinson, 1808: p. xv, and Hinde 1883: p. 35), X0.6. -358- same year (1862) Hinde emigrated to Argentina where he took up sheep farming. He returned to England briefly before setting out for North America and Canada (c. 1867) where he studied geology for 7 years, becoming a student of H.A. Nicholson at Toronto University. He returned to the England in 1874 but continued to travel and publish his findings, visiting Sweden (including Gotland), Denmark, then travelling through Europe to Palestine. Between 1879 and 1880 he studied under Karl von Zittel in Munich where he was awarded a PhD. Following his marriage in 1881 he lived permanently in England. He worked extensively on the collections at the BMNH, writing a monograph of the fossil sponge collection (Figure 6), as well as collecting new material and preparing thin sections, a technique he undoubtedly learnt from Nicholson. An active member of the Geological Society of London, Hinde strongly advocated women being allowed to become fellows of the Society - a draft proposal written by Hinde for an enabling amendment to the rules is held in the archive at the NHM. Unfortunately, he was unsuccessful and at the time of his death women were Figure 7. Pencil drawings of the microstructure of Geodites still barred from fellowship of the Society. Hinde wrightii (Hinde) and Bactronella parvula Hinde from never lost interest in his studies and worked up until Hinde’s manuscript drawings held at the NHM. his death on 18th March 1918 (Woodward 1918). had been neglected prior to Hinde’s work. In 1883 Hinde was a constant collector who took great care to Hinde published A Catalogue of the fossil sponges in label the many hand specimens and slides in his the Geological Department of the British Museum collection. Many of the specimens from his personal (Natural History), with descriptions of new and little- collection that were figured throughout his career in known species. This was the first attempt to numerous publications (listed in Woodward 1918) monograph British fossil sponges and took into are held in the NHM collection (e.g., Figure 6), either account the knowledge and ideas on taxonomy that donated at various times by Hinde himself or by his had been developed and published in continental widow following his death in 1918. His archive also Europe by eminent palaeontologists such as K. A. includes proofs, research notes with detailed pencil von Zittel. Hinde revised all the material then stored sketches (Figure 7) of hand specimens, spicules and in the BMNH. He figured and published descriptions slides used in his research, newspaper cuttings, and of material previously described or donated by several details of trips and visits. These are contained in important British (and Canadian) geologists and fourteen volumes of manuscript notes, the majority collectors, such as William Bean, Elkanah Billings, of which were indexed and dated by Hinde himself. James Bowerbank, Edward Charlesworth, Gideon The dated volumes cover the periods 1875-1880 and Mantell and Nathaniel Wetherell. 1886-1914. Hinde’s collection, along with material G.J. Hinde was born and brought up in Norwich. At purchased from A. Schrammen, are probably the two the age of 16 he was sent to a farm in Suffolk to learn most important 20th Century acquisitions of fossil agriculture. When not working on the farm he taught sponges. himself Latin, French, algebra, physics and chemistry. A lecture by Hugh Miller sparked his passion in Henry Alleyne Nicholson geology and, in 1862, he attended a series of lectures Born in Penrith, Cumbria, H.A. Nicholson (1844- given by William Pengelly which furthered his 1899) was the son of a biblical scholar. He attended interest. This led him to make the acquaintance of Appleby Grammar School, and in 1862 went to BM geologist Henry Woodward who went on to Edinburgh University to study Medicine and Surgery, become the first Keeper of Geology following the graduating with a D.Sc. in 1867 and an M.D. in 1869. opening of the BMNH in South Kensington in 1881. Following his first appointment to a lectureship in Woodward was a distant relative of Hinde by marriage Natural History at Edinburgh, he moved on to occupy and they developed a close friendship. Later that -359- Figure 8. The memorial tablet to H.A. Nicholson at the Figure 9. A slide of Actinostroma verrucosum (Goldfuss) University in Aberdeen, reproduced from the Geological P.5537 from the Middle Devonian of Büchel, from the Magazine (Woodward 1903, plate 12). Nicholson collection, figured by him in 1889 (pl. 16, fig. 7). The slide shows Nicholson’s typical labels, a red circle the Chair of Natural History at Toronto, Canada, in containing his specimen number and a white slide label 1871. It was in Toronto that Nicholson met G.J. giving the taxonomy, stratigraphy and locality. Hinde, who became his student. Following his return to Britain, Nicholson took up a post in Newcastle He is thought to have made over 4000 slides during (1874) prior to moving to St Andrews (1875) and the course of his work (Benton 1979). Many of the Aberdeen (1882). Elected FRS in 1897, he remained slides described in his Monograph of the British at Aberdeen until his sudden death in 1899 (Hinde Stromatoporoids (1886-1892) and other publications 1899). His friends and colleagues erected a memorial (see Benton 1979) are housed at the NHM. The tablet at Aberdeen University (Figure 8), in the Arts and Crafts style typical of that period, depicting many of the fossil groups that Nicholson had worked on, including graptolites, brachiopods, trilobites and corals, as well as the hills of his hometown Penrith (Woodward 1903). During his career Nicholson worked on a wide range of taxa, but is most well known for his research on bryozoans, corals and stromatoporoids. In all, Nicholson published some 167 papers and 12 textbooks, including manuals of palaeontology, zoology and geology, each of which were sufficiently popular to go through several print editions. Nicholson pioneered the use of thin sections in identifying and interpreting the internal structure of fossil invertebrates. Nicholson also understood Figure 10. The original specimen of Labechia conferta within-species variability and avoided excessive (Lonsdale) (NHM P.6317) from the Silurian, Much taxonomic splitting. Wenlock Limestone Formation of Shropshire, X0.5. Figured by Nicholson (1886, pl. 3, fig. 7).

-360- stromatoporoid monograph is still a standard reference work much used by specialists on this extinct group now considered to be sponges with calcareous basal skeletons despite the lack of preserved spicules. The slides in Nicholson’s collection usually bear distinctive labels (Figure 9) and many of the hand specimens (Figure 10) are associated with original labels in Nicholson’s characteristic handwriting. The collection was purchased in 1895 from the dealer F.H. Butler (Cleevely 1983). Accompanying the collection was a handwritten catalogue made by Nicholson that lists his specimen number, locality, age, type of section, source and where the slide has been figured.

Discussion Although the work of Mantell is important both historically and scientifically, it is the other collectors outlined in this article and their collections that are of more particular interest. One of the most important aspects of the work of Bowerbank, Hinde, Nicholson and Toulmin Smith is their use of microscopy and sponge microstructure to elucidate species. All were pioneers in the fields of light microscopy and interpretation of thin sections. Their work contrasts with the taxonomy of sponges as practised by many of their contemporaries who concentrated on gross morphology. This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion surrounding descriptions of some genera and species, particularly in the case of those sponges described by Goldfuss and Quenstedt (Pisera, 1997). The scientific value of the NHM collection is enhanced by the presence of different kinds of data that can be combined to try to understand the concepts these authors had of their various species and higher taxa, Figure 11. Examples of handwriting. (A) A note made by including original manuscripts and labels written by J.T. Smith in his scrapbook on the Ventriculitidae held in Toulmin Smith, G.J. Hinde and H.A. Nicholson the special collections of the Earth Sciences Library, (Figure 11). It is hoped that further research into the NHM. (B) An original label written by H.A. Nicholson. NHM sponge collection will continue to pinpoint (C) An original label written by G.J. Hinde. material belonging to and identified by 19th Century natural historians. BENTON, M.J. 1979. H.A. Nicholson, invertebrate palaeontologist: bibliography and catalogue of his Acknowledgements type and figure material. Royal Scottish Museum Information Series, Geology 7, 1-94. We are grateful to Phil Crabb (NHM Photo Studio) BOWERBANK, J.S. 1841. On the siliceous bodies of for digitally imaging the specimens and illustrations. the Chalk, Greensands and Oolites. Transactions of Thanks also to Dr Andrzej Pisera (Polish Academy of the Geological Society 7, 181-194. Sciences), Jill Darrell (Department of Palaeontology, BOWERBANK, J.S. 1849. On a Siliceous Zoophyte, NHM) and Clare Valentine (Department of Zoology, Alcyonites parasiticum. Quarterly Journal of the NHM) for help with reference material. Geological Society of London 5, 319-328.

References BOWERBANK, J.S. 1869. A monograph of the siliceo- fibrous sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological ANON. 1877. Obituary. James Scott Bowerbank. Society of London 1869, 66-100, pls 1-4; 323-351. Geological Magazine, Decade 2, 4, 191-192.

-361- BOWERBANK, J.S. 1870. [Purisiphonia clarkei, pp. PARKINSON, J. 1808. Organic Remains of a Former 240-2, pl. 17, fig.1] in MOORE, C. Australian World: an examination of the mineralized remains of Mesozoic Geology and Palaeontology. Quarterly the Vegetables and Animals of the antediluvian Journal of the Geological Society of London 26, world, generally termed extraneous fossils. Volume 226-261. 2. The fossil zoophytes. London. BRASIER, M.D., GREEN, O. and SHIELDS, G. 1997. PISERA, A. 1997. Upper Jurassic siliceous sponges Ediacarian sponge spicule clusters from from the Swabian Alb: taxonomy and paleoecology. southwestern Mongolia and the origins of the Palaeontologia Polonica 57, 104 pp. Cambrian fauna. Geology 25, 303-306. PISERA, A. 2002. [Fossil “Lithistids”: An overview, CLEEVELY, R.J. 1983. World Palaeontological pp. 388-402] in HOOPER, J.N.A. and VAN SOEST Collections. British Museum (Natural History) and R.W.M. Systema Porifera: A guide to the Mansell Publishing Ltd., London, 365 pp. classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. CLEEVELY, R.J. and CHAPMAN, S.D. 1992. The accumulation and disposal of Gideon Mantell’s SMITH, J.T. 1847. On the Ventriculitidae of the Chalk; fossil collections and their role in the history of including the description of peculiar characters of British palaeontology. Archives of Natural History Structure observed in their Tissues. Annals and 19, 307-364. Magazine of Natural History, London 20, 73-97, 176-191. HINDE, G.J. 1883. Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of the BM(NH). With SMITH, J.T. 1848. On the Ventriculitidae of the Chalk; descriptions of new and little-known species. British their classification. Annals and Magazine of Natural Museum (Natural History), London, 248 pp. History, London 20, 36-48, 203-220, 279-295. HINDE, G.J. 1899. Obituary. Prof. H. A. Nicholson. SMITH, W. 1816-1819. Strata identified by Organized Geological Magazine 5, 138-144. Fossils, containing prints on coloured paper of the most characteristic specimens in each Stratum. KRAUTTER, M. 2002 [Fossil Hexactinellida: An London, 32 pp. overview, pp. 1211-1223] in HOOPER, J.N.A. and VAN SOEST R.W.M. Systema Porifera: A guide to STEPHEN, L. 1885-1900. Dictionary of National the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/ Biography. 64 volumes [and supplements]. London. Plenum Publishers, New York. STEVENS, J.C. 1865. A catalogue of the valuable and MANTELL, G.A. 1815. Description of a Fossil extensive collection of British fossils, formed by Dr. Alcyonium, from the Chalk Strata near Lewes (&c). J. S. Bowerbank, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. which will be Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London 11, sold at auction by Mr. J.C. Stevens, at the Museum, 401-407. 20, Highbury Grove, Islington, on Monday, the 27th day of November, 1865 and four following days at MANTELL, G.A.1822. The Fossils of the South Downs; half-past twelve o’clock precisely each day, sold in or illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London, consequence of his leaving London, and of his 327 pp. residing permanently in the country. London. MANTELL, G.A.1854. The Medals of Creation, or, WATTS, W.W. 1869. Obituary of Toulmin Smith. First Lessons in Geology, and the Study of Organic Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 21, 68- Remains (2nd edition). London, 2 vols, 930 pp. 69. NICHOLSON, H.A. 1886. A monograph of the British WOODWARD, H. 1903. Memorial to Henry Alleyne Stromatoporoids. Part 1. Monograph of the Nicholson. Geological Magazine 10, 451-452. Palaeontographical Society, London, p. 1-130. WOODWARD, H. 1918. Obituary. George Jennings NICHOLSON, H.A. 1889. A monograph of the British Hinde. Geological Magazine 55, 233-240. Stromatoporoids. Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, p. 131-158.

-362- COMMENT ON ‘TYPE AND FIGURED SPECIMENS IN THE GEOLOGY MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, MONA CAMPUS, JAMAICA’ by Stephen K. Donovan

Donovan, S.K. 2003. Comment on ‘Type and Figured specimens in the Geology Museum, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica’. The Geological Curator 7(10): 363-364.

Stephen K. Donovan, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected]. Received 2nd May 2003.

Brown and Langner’s (2002) recent compilation of Trace fossils the specimens in the type and figured collection of Entobia sp. cf. E. laquea Bromley & D’Alessandro; the Geology Museum, University of the West Indies, figured in Donovan and Blissett (1998, fig. 1); Mona (UWIGM), is a welcome contribution. It alerts collected from the Eocene Chapelton Formation, the geological community to some of the treasures in Yellow Limestone Group, at Wait-a-Bit Cave, south a museum that has failed to be noticed in some of Green Town, parish of Trelawny, central Jamaica notable and widely referenced compilations of (NGR 951 769). (Although Brown and Langner (2002, geological collections (Cleevely 1983, Webby 1989). p. 302) correctly mentioned the infested substrate, However, in reading Brown and Langner’s paper, it Donovan and Blissett (1998) was a discussion of the was obvious that records in their list of type and significance of these clionid sponge borings in a figured specimens were incomplete or incorrect. I am giant Campanile shell.) therefore writing to provide a brief supplement to an already valuable resource. Rocks Lucas Barrett Collection Not another specimen, but, rather, a tale of ‘one that got away.’ The list of septarian nodules is a sad The list of specimens from the Lucas Barrett reminder of what hasn’t been deposited in the Collection figured by Wood (1997) is incomplete, UWIGM. Wood and Donovan (1996) was a paper on only considering those in Figure 2a-e. The following good museum practice, which used a septarian nodule bivalves, scleractinian coral and serpulid were figured in the UWIGM, deposited with poor registration in the same place. Locality data is derived from details, as the focus for the discussion. Unfortunately, Wood (1997, table 1). the readers of Journal of the Geological Society of Inoceramus sp. cf. I. balticus (Böhm), UWIGM LB Jamaica were rather more interested in the question 7194; figured in Wood (1997, fig. 2f); from Plantain of provenance of septarian nodules in the Jamaican Garden River, parish of St. Thomas, eastern Jamaica rock record (Porter 1997, Mitchell and Crowley 1999). (Upper Cretaceous). Mitchell and Crowley’s (1999) specimens were Pinna sp., UWIGM LB 7265H (one of two specimens); deposited in the UWIGM (Brown and Langner, 2002, figured in Wood (1997, fig. 2g); locality unknown p. 303). Unfortunately, despite a direct plea (Donovan (presumed Upper Cretaceous; Wood 1997, p. 11). and Wood 1997, p. 48) that the nodule figured by Porter (1997) be deposited in the UWIGM, it Cyclolites jamaicensis Wells, UWIGM LB 7265A obviously has not been added to the collections. (one of 31 specimen); figured in Wood (1997, fig. Sadly, this suggests that the central message of Wood 2h); locality unknown; Campanian (Upper and Donovan (1996) failed to be noticed even by Cretaceous) (Wells 1934, Wood 1997, p. 11, fig. 3). some close readers of the article. serpulid worm tube, UWIGM LB 7265T (one of 29 specimens); figured in Wood (1997, fig. 2i); locality Acknowledgements unknown (presumed Upper Cretaceous; Wood 1997, This research was facilitated by the support of the p. 11). European Community - Access to Research -363- Infrastructure action of the Improving Human MITCHELL, S.F. and CROWLEY, S. 1999. Septarian Potential Programme, which enabled S.K.D. to work nodules from Jamaica: comment. Journal of the in the Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen Geological Society of Jamaica 33, 17-19. in April/May 2003. This is a contribution to S.K.D.’s PORTER, A.R.D. 1997. Septarian nodules from Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, project Jamaica: comment. Journal of the Geological “Caribbean palaeontology.” Society of Jamaica 32, 47. WEBBY, B.D. (compiler). 1989. Fossil Collections of References the World: An International Guide. International Palaeontological Association, Washington, D.C., BROWN, I.C. and LANGNER, D.M. 2002. Type and vi+216 pp. figured specimens in the Geology Museum, University of the West Indies, Mona campus, WELLS, J.W. 1934. Some fossil corals from the West Jamaica. The Geological Curator 7, 299-304. Indies. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 83, 71-110. CLEEVELY, R.J. 1983. World Palaeontological Collections. British Museum (Natural History), WOOD, S.J. 1997. Accumulations of a surveyor and London, 365 pp. curator: Lucas Barrett’s Collection in the Geology Museum, University of the West Indies. Journal of DONOVAN, S.K. and BLISSETT, D.J. 1998. the Geological Society of Jamaica 32, 1-17. Palaeoecology of the giant Eocene gastropod Campanile. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 91, 453- WOOD, S.J. and DONOVAN, S.K. 1996. A septarian 456. nodule from the sedimentary record of Jamaica: lessons from a museum specimen. Journal of the DONOVAN, S.K. & WOOD, S.J. 1997. Septarian Geological Society of Jamaica 31, 33-36. nodules from Jamaica: reply. Journal of the Geological Society of Jamaica 32, 47-48.

-364- CURATION OF PALYNOLOGICAL MATERIAL: A CASE STUDY ON THE BRITISH PETROLEUM MICROPALAEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTION by Jayne Dunn

Dunn, J. 2003. ‘Curation of palynological material: a case study on the British Petroleum micropalaeontological collection’. The Geological Curator 7(10): 365-372.

A curation and conservation survey of palynological material in the former British Petroleum Microfossil Collection is presented. The history of processing, slide preparation and storage of slides and residues in this ‘industrial’ collection is documented. The current conservation state of the collection suggests that good preparation techniques are critical to the long-term stability of palynology slide collections. The long term retention of duplicate residues is essential, providing a safeguard against damage or decay to original slides.

Jayne Dunn, Assistant Curator, Geological Sciences Collection, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London. WC1E 6BT; e-mail: [email protected]. Received 12th July 2001; revised version received 8th September 2003.

Introduction and background to the This was the reference library of microfossils used by collection BP to aid identification of specimens by their research scientists. This part of the collection was actively The British Petroleum Exploration Operating used until the 1970s when it fell into disuse. Company Ltd (BP) donated their micropalaeontological and palynological collections 2. Micropalaeontology picked slide (foraminifera to the Natural History Museum in 1991, and provided and ostracods) and residue collection from BP well a short-term grant to curate and maintain them. The runs and outcrops. collection is comprised of over 200,000 slides and 3. Palynological and Calcareous Nannofossil Strew residues and covers all the major microfossil groups Slide and Residue Collection comprising mainly BP from locations worldwide with extensive well runs and outcrops. stratigraphical coverage. The collection was started in the late 1950s and continued to grow until the The present study was undertaken on the Palynological laboratory closed in July 1992. Slide and Residue Collection, to determine its condition and to ascertain if improvements can be The collection was received in a poor condition and made to enhance the life of the slides and residues. with a minimum of documentation. It has subsequently been curated and catalogued and the major part of the The Palynology Collection is unrivalled in size at the collection is now available as a searchable database Natural History Museum, covering a history of 30 on the Natural History Museum web site at http:// years of work produced by a single laboratory. Until www.nhm.ac.uk/palaeontology/micro/collections/ recently, most major oil companies maintained a bp/bp.html. If you have any enquires concerning the processing laboratory and staff trained in palynology. collection please contact the e-mail address: BP- Sample processing was of a high standard due to the [email protected] consistency of work produced by experienced technicians and the interaction with palynologists. The database holds details of material from over As with BP, many such laboratories have since been 3,500 individual well-runs from over 120 countries shut down and work is now carried out by contractors. world-wide. This represents the only hard catalogue The collection therefore, represents an important part of the collection due to vast size of the collection. of the development and history of palynological There are three main sections to the collection: processing at BP and in the UK, providing valuable material for studying the conservation of slides and 1. The Micropalaeontology Reference Collection of residues. c. 60,000 named foraminifera and ostracod slides.

-365- palynologists, Jonah Chitolie, John Williams and Geoff Eaton (pers. comms). There are many references to palynological processing techniques (e.g. Gray, 1965; Traverse, 1988) and every palynological laboratory has developed and adapted standard processing methods and practices depending on resources. The British Petroleum laboratory followed widely used techniques but did not apply a standard routine. Samples were treated according to the type of cuttings, the lithology of the samples and, to some extent, the results required, adapting techniques in response to each sample, i.e. a typical commercial approach. Commercial commitments required results quickly and cheaply Figure 1. Laboratory books contain information about the processing dates of the samples, chemical treatments and and samples were processed in batches for rapid turn if a residue was retained in storage. over. This did not compromise the quality of the work as samples would be treated individually and The Palynology Collection consists of an estimated constantly monitored through each stage of processing 20,000 slides and a large volume of corresponding to apply different methods as necessary. residues, ranging from sample number 1 through to When treatment was completed, the residue was 49035. Documentation of the palynology material is concentrated by spinning in a centrifuge and pouring limited to laboratory books and index catalogues, but off top water and held in distilled water ready for these provide information about the processing slide preparation. In many cases the residue was techniques applied to each sample and the date when divided into two and splits kept of the sample before the work was completed (Figure 1). Unfortunately, and after oxidation, (a treatment with Potassium the laboratory notebooks only record details from Chloride solution to remove excess ‘background’ sample number 6000, but from here the accurate date organic matter, to clean the preparation before of sample preparation is known. For this reason it is mounting on slides) for comparison and as a safeguard possible to undertake a survey of the condition of the against accidents. Every processed sample was given collection and by looking at the preservation of the an accession number, recorded in a laboratory material through time, we can potentially recognise catalogue and found on all corresponding slides and problems and causes, documenting them for future residues. workers. The purpose of this paper is fourfold: (a) to document Slide preparation techniques used by BP the palynological processing and storage techniques Both glycerine jelly and Elvacite have been used in used in an ‘industrial’ setting at British Petroleum; the BP laboratory. Glycerine has an optimal refractive (b) present results from a condition survey of the BP index to give good definition to the palynomorphs; it palynological collection to establish if time, storage is water soluble, has good dispersing properties and or preparation techniques are the critical factors in is easy to use. Elvacite on the other hand is durable, the long-term storage of palynological preparations; permanent and the coverslip does not have to be (c) study the recoverability of damaged slides and sealed. dehydrated residues, and (d) provide recommendations for future slide and residue storage. Glycerine jelly was originally used up until 1984 but the increase in the use of fluorescence microscopy for Palynological processing techniques used by analysis at BP led to the use of Elvacite. British Petroleum Autofluorescence is a property of palynomorphs that becomes evident when specimens are excited by Through the documentation of the processing methods ultraviolet light. Elvacite as a medium does not used on the samples an understanding can be gained fluoresce, therefore was more favourable to glycerine of the long term effects of chemicals used and how jelly that shows a small amount of autofluorescence they may affect the future stability of the palynological that may cause interference. In 1986 Elvacite was material. The history of processing documented has abandoned after a number of problems became been compiled by examining laboratory records and evident. discussions with former BP laboratory personnel and

-366- Figure 2. View of slide drawers that hold individual slides in position. Elvacite cures from the edges towards the centre, taking considerable time to harden, sometimes up to two days, which is a major disadvantage in a busy laboratory. Problems also occurred with the development of dendritic-shaped air bubbles appearing on the slides after a short period of time in storage, a sign that may suggest drying out. Due to the problems with curing it was impossible to determine if it was set through to the centre of the slide. If moved to early, if still soft in the middle, Figure 3. Slides are held in slide-boxes in a vertical movement caused by handling created air pockets position so that coverslips are horizontal and uppermost where possible. Two types of slide boxes have been used; under the coverslip. Additionally, when large grains A4 sized wooden boxes or smaller moulded plastic are found in the preparation, lifting under the coverslip containers. took place and again created air pockets that began to creep outwards along the slide. Furthermore, Elvacite after preparation. The standard use of nail varnish or is stored with xylene, used as a solvent to keep the paraffin as a sealant would not have been feasible in product fluid. Xylene is a carcinogenic substance, a busy laboratory and was not a necessity for the which is hard to completely drive off and therefore purpose of these slides. Due to the commercial nature posed a health risk during slide preparation. of the collection long term storage and preservation Slides went back to being mounted in glycerine jelly was not a requirement. once again and Elvacite was only used when florescence analysis was to be carried out. The Storage of palynological material used by glycerine was made up in-house following the recipe BP below. Slides 1. Glycerol 70 ml 2. Gelatine 10 g The BP palynological slides are grouped into two 3. Phenol 0.2 g sections. The earliest slides produced by BP are 4. Distilled water 60 ml stored in narrow steel drawers that hold each individual slide in a vertical position. The earliest The mixture was warmed gently in a water bath until slides produced by BP are stored in narrow steel the ingredients were completely dissolved. Phenol drawers that hold each individual slide in a vertical was added to the jelly to prevent any fungal growth position (Figure 2). The slides are organised by on the slides. This method was thought to reduce the sample number and are systematically ordered, from water content and subsequently prolong the life of the 1 to 4540. The remaining slides are stored separately, slide. Water remaining in the mixture after the slide grouped by well name and stored as a ‘well-run’ had been made is thought to evaporate and create regardless of sample number order. They form the problems with desiccation under the coverslip. bulk of the main slide collection, grouped Due to restraints on cost and time, glycerine jelly geographically and stored in steel cabinets (Figure slides produced in the BP laboratory were not sealed 3). Due to the vast size of the collection it is not -367- When the laboratory first began palynological work, the majority of samples processed were for research purposes. As the laboratory grew bigger and more commercial in output, a more efficient scheme was required as time became an important factor. Initially time was allocated for the curation of residues and therefore, samples were stored in glycerol. This involved a slow, time-consuming process, to minimise contamination, whereby water was drawn off the residue. Later, as less time was available to carefully store processed samples, residues were left in distilled water with a few drops of methanol added to prevent fungal growth. The growth and volume of work produced by the laboratory can be seen in the entries Figure 4. A view of the steel drawers with an average of in the laboratory books. From 1970 to 1971, 740 350 glass bottles in each drawer. The drawers are divided samples were processed, from 1980 to 1981, 934 by a series of metal grids that hold the bottles in a vertical samples were processed and, by comparison, from position preventing them from being crushed. 1991 to 1992, 1,661 samples were processed. possible to store the slides on trays in purpose-built As well as varying the slide storage medium BP also cabinets. experimented with different residue bottle and lid Residues types (Figure 5). The earliest residues, from sample number 201 to 2280, are stored in glass vials with For every slide made the remaining residue was kept cork stops. These residue bottles are unlabelled with and stored for future reference. These are a vital only a sample number written on top of the cork lid. addition to the slide collection. Occasionally, if the From sample number 2281, BP moved to glass vials residue was very small a stored reserve was not with plastic lids (pop-tops) although glycerol was possible; consequently there are a few gaps in the run still used. A sample number was written on the lid of sample numbers. The residues are held in steel and a hand written label attached to the side with drawers (Figure 4). As with the use of mounting Sellotape, documenting details such as the well name, medium, BP also used a range of storage methods to locality and depth of sample. From approximately retain the residues in the BP laboratory. sample number 6000 all the details on the processing

Figure 5. Residue containers used throughout the history of the BP laboratory. The bottle to the right with a printed label is 45mm in height. -368- Figure 6a. Clean slide free of crystal growth and air Figure 6b. Crystals have developed across the slide and bubbles (prepared in 1989). around large grains (prepared in 1984).

Figure 6c. Dendritic-shaped air bubbles in Elvacite Figure 6d. Air bubbles in glycerine jelly (prepared in (prepared in 1984). 1975). history for each residue is known and bottles have a holds around 140 slides and the condition varies hand-written label, with basic information attached between drawers. The first 2,000 slides have cover to the side with Sellotape. Later in the history of the glasses sealed with nail varnish. Of the damaged palynology collection, residues were stored in bottles slides, between 15 and 20% are suffering from with various plastic lids (all pop-tops) and in distilled deterioration resulting from pockets of air extending water with labels that continued to be wrapped around under the coverslip. Of these slides less than 10% of the side and attached with Sellotape. the total area of the slide is affected in this way. From sample number 2223 the slides are no longer sealed Conditions survey of the collection and a great range in their condition is seen. In one drawer only 36 out 140 where dehydrated, yet the Slides poorest drawer had 93 of 140 slides damaged. The earliest produced slides are stored individually Unsealed slides that were in a very poor condition in steel drawers. The drawers do not provide any have up to 90% of the slide area affected. Damaged protection and therefore the slides are very dusty and slides occur in batches so it would appear that there exposed to the atmosphere, humidity and temperature was a problem with the method of preparation of that changes and damage from impaction. Each drawer batch. Slides in good condition have a thin glycerine

-369- layer with any excess cleaned away and labelled A large number of the drawers are designed in such a clearly. way that bottle tops can get caught and become loose during routine opening and closing. The slides stored in boxes again show major differences in condition. For example, a number of The main problem encountered with the glycerol- slides that are older are very discoloured and dusty. filled bottles is not with dehydration. Some bottles The slides are badly labelled and badly prepared with have been overfilled with glycerol so that liquid has a thick layer of glycerine jelly covering the slide. leaked or overflowed causing disintegration of the Later slides on the other hand are clearly labelled and paper labels and tape. In some cases, the sample have been cleaned after slide preparation. This number had been written in permanent ink around the variation in condition is due to the preparation of the bottle as a safeguard, but this is not the case on all slides being at fault rather than the slide containers. samples. In many cases all documentation has been lost due to leakage and disintegration of the paper and As the boxes were worked through, a number of Sellotape on the bottles. problems seen throughout the palynology slide collection became apparent. Air pockets were seen in From 1970 all documentation with the residues was both Elvacite and glycerine jelly preparations. written on a paper label and attached by Sellotape. Dendritic air bubbles, which are common in Elvacite The tape has caused the paper to discolour and due to mounted slides, are often found in the centre of the decay of the adhesive, labels are often detached from coverslip suggesting problems with curing (Figure the glass and are only held in position by the metal 6c). Air pockets in the glycerine jelly slides were not framework in which they stand. Residues produced as common and arise from slow dehydration; they are in 1992 also have decaying Sellotape and in some present around the edges of the coverslip working cases the computer-printed labels are beginning to inward (Figure 6d). Such problems were seen in the fade. glycerine jelly slides produced from the 1960s through Residues stored in distilled water are in varying to the late 1980s. condition. A survey of four drawers was carried out On inspection of slides under the microscope on residues that were prepared over a period of a year, secondary crystal growth is also evident. In slides and also when residues changed from being stored in produced in the early 1950s an even spread of small glycerol to water. In two of the drawers, residues rounded crystals is seen and could be due to a number have been stored in glycerol and in the other two of factors. It is difficult to identify the cause but drawers, residues were stored in water. Residues maybe due to residual chemicals or contamination. A held in glycerol were in good condition with no signs different type of crystal growth, this time seen in of dehydration, whereas the bottles filled with water slides throughout the entire collection, is again suffered greatly with 2% completely dried out and a attributed to preparation procedures. The crystals further 25% suffering reduced water levels. develop around material on the slide, creating halos The greatest deterioration was seen in bottles with around larger grains (Figure 6b). This is due to a screw-top lids, with residues held in distilled water. common problem of re-crystallisation of cellosize or In the 11 drawers that contain such bottles, over 40% polyvinyl alcohol solution (PVA). Both products of residues were dried out and a further 30% had low were made in-house and added to residues before water levels. slide preparation to give good dispersion of the organic material across the coverslip. A small percentage of bottles were affected by fungal and mineral growth. The mineral growth was limited Residues to a few sporadic cases but fungal growth was seen The palynology collection of residues varies greatly throughout the drawers. Fungus is only present in in condition in accordance with the type of storage water-based residues and not glycerol and its sporadic vial used. The earliest residues are stored in glycerol nature suggests that the preparator occasionally forgot and, despite having only cork tops appear to be in to add a drop of methanol before storage. good condition. In places, the cork tops appear to be soaked in glycerol causing some decay to the residue. Recovery of slides Residues stored in glycerol with plastic lids are in On occasions when limited residue was available or very good condition with very few samples having slides became damaged, a number of authors have suffered dehydration. Only when lids had not been attempted to remount prepared slides. Wilson (1971) correctly fitted and sealed were the levels of glycerol used a simple method of placing cleaned slides low. Problems with desiccation have also arisen vertically into a beaker of distilled water, enough to from damage that has occurred to some of the bottles. -370- cover the level of the coverslip. The beaker is then cellosize or PVA to the residue when making the placed on a hotplate and heated. Eventually the jelly strew slide. If clumping still occurred a very short melts, the coverslip is removed and the liquid can be treatment in an ultrasonic bath was used to disperse sieved and the residue used for remounting. An the particles. This method should be used with alternative method is to submerge slides individually caution as it has potentially destructive consequences. into petri dishes of 5% HCL, leaving them for up to Soaking the residue in HCl can also prevent clumping. 48 hours, resulting in hydrolysis of the jelly (Hill, Slow drying of the strew slide on a low heat or 1983). alternatively, left covered overnight, also helped eradicate this problem. Remounts of slides can only be undertaken with non- permanent mounting media such as glycerine jelly. Experimental reclamation of residues that exhibited Slides with elvacite therefore cannot be re-mounted. total dehydration were also undertaken. A few drops A test was undertaken to determine whether re- of 10% HCl were added and left overnight then mounting of the palynomorph slides in the BP flooded with water. This resulted in the residue being Collection was possible. This might save damaged or re-hydrated and it was possible to make a new slide. desiccated mounts where no residue is available. A In places the residue remained stuck to the base of the number of slides where tried, covering the history of bottle and was only displaced by a short ultrasonic slide preparation. Wilson’s (1971) method was bath. Although disaggregation was successful the followed, with the slides firstly cleaned and any organic material was prone to clumping. detail on the labels recorded. The experiment The experiment was not quantitative but the results highlighted numerous problems and the remounting seen were good. No counts or identification of the of dehydrated slides proved to be very disappointing. palynomorphs were carried out, therefore it is All the slides tested were very dehydrated and impossible to determine if specimens have been lost. unfortunately, proved to be beyond rescue. Small palynomorphs and fine morphological details may have been lost over time or degraded. Total Recovery of residues dehydration of residues can clearly be resolved but Given that some of the slides are damaged due to further detailed studies need to be carried out on the dehydration and cannot be reclaimed, it is clear that specimens. the residues represent an important part of the collection. A number of residue samples were selected Conclusions and recommendations for experimentation, one from every year of The BP Collection was a working/commercial processing, to observe how the slides and residues collection between 1950 and 1992 and not used had responded to storage. These residues were used primarily for academic research. Since it fell into to make new slides for comparison with the originals, disuse its importance and value have now changed noting any changes that may have taken place. Residue and for this reason the study was undertaken. samples were randomly selected from the collection so they varied in the quality of palynomorph This collection allows an ideal opportunity for a assemblage; in some cases slides contained only curation and conservation study on the palynological unidentifiable organic matter. material resulting in the following recommendations: Residues were washed through a 15mm sieve and Palynologists should be aware of the shortfalls of the rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. Part of the materials they use to process and prepare slides and residue was then concentrated and a few drops of store residues. cellosize added to help disperse palynomorphs evenly. • No mounting or storage medium has long-term Both slide and coverslip were wiped with velin tissue stability. to rid them of any dust particles and the residue dried onto the coverslip before being mounted onto a slide • Some methods and materials consistently have with glycerine jelly. better results than others. The results were positive and only minor changes • Good preparation of samples and slides is the were seen in the new slides made from residues. The key to future stability. It is important to always palynomorphs appeared to be unaffected, although use distilled water and rinse residues thoroughly no quantitative analysis was undertaken to establish after every stage of processing to remove any if smaller palynomorphs had been lost. In many residual chemicals. All water should be reduced cases the organic material clumped together, but this before making slides and all mounting media was easily avoided by adding a small amount of (including products used to aid dispersion such as cellosize and PVA) should be kept to a minimum. -371- • Always keep a record of all laboratory discussions on conservation of palynological material. preparations undertaken so that any resulting Thanks also to Giles Miller for his help and problems can be identified later and any possible encouragement during work on this project. causes eliminated in the future. • Carefully label all slides and residues with References permanent ink as an addition or instead of a paper GRAY, J. 1965. Techniques in palynology: extraction label. This is a safeguard, if the paper labels techniques. In Kummel, B. and Raup, D. (eds). decay, to avoid problems with future curation. Handbook of Palaeontological Techniques. p.530- 587. W.H. Freeman and Son Inc., San Francisco. • Consider all the mounting media available and select according to your needs. HILL, C.R. 1983. Preventing glycerine jelly mounts from drying out. American Association of • Prepared slides need to be stored in closed boxes Stratigraphic Palynologists, Newsletter, 16 (3). with coverslips horizontal and uppermost. All SHUTE, C.H. & FOSTER, T.S. 1999. Curation in slides and containers need to be clearly labelled museums collections. In Jones, T.P. & Rowe, N.P. and well documented. (eds). Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. • Always retain residues of oxidised and p.184-186. Geological Society, London. unoxidised preparations and think about how TRAVERSE, A. 1988. Palynological laboratory they are stored. Residue bottles need to be airtight techniques. Palaeopalynology. p.445-491. Unwin to prevent evaporation and should be plastic where Hyman, Boston. possible to avoid problems with breakages. WOOD, G.D., GABRIEL, A.M. & LAWSON, J.C. • A fungal inhibitor such as methanol or HCl 1996. Palynological techniques – processing and should be added to the residue. microscopy. In Jansonius, J. & McGregor, D.C. (eds). Palynology, principles and applications. • Monitor residue collections periodically and top American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists up liquid levels as necessary. If residues are Foundation, Vol 1, 29-50. stored in water then this should be undertaken on WILSON, G.J. 1971. A method for the recovery of a regular basis. mounted palynological residues. Mercian Geologist 4, 139-141. Acknowledgements WRENN, J.H. 1998. The importance of palynological I would like to thank Jonah Chitolie and John Williams sample processing to the oil industry. In Bryant, for background information on the processing history V.M. & Wrenn, J.H. (eds). New Developments in of the palynology collection and helpful advice on Palynomorph Sampling, Extraction and Analysis. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists laboratory techniques. I would also like to thank Foundation, Contributions Series Number 33, 7–21. Susanne Feist-Burkhardt and Peter Stafford for

-372- UPPER CARBONIFEROUS CRINOIDS: AN EXTRAORDINARY COLLECTION BY LATE 19TH CENTURY AMATEUR PALAEONTOLOGISTS, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, U.S.A. by Richard J. Gentile

Gentile, R.J. 2003. ‘Upper Carboniferous crinoids: an extraordinary collection by late 19th Century amateur palaeontologists, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.’. The Geological Curator 7(10): 373-380.

Amateur palaeontologists Edward Butts, a civil engineer, and Sidney J. Hare, a landscape architect are responsible for bringing to the attention of professional palaeontologists the discovery in 1889 of a bed of exceptionally well-preserved Upper Carboniferous crinoids in the excavation for the basement of a large building in downtown Kansas City. Over 450 crinoid specimens, many of them embedded in slabs of shale were prepared by Butts, Hare and, assisted by several additional amateur fossil enthusiasts. The specimens they collected and prepared are housed in museum, departmental and private collections throughout the United States and Europe. The discovery led to 8 new species of crinoids. Three of these were named in honour of Butts and Hare and include the inadunate dicyclic crinoids Aesiocrinus harii Miller and Gurley, Ethelocrinus harii (Miller) and Ulocrinus buttsi Miller and Gurley. Ed Butts and Sid Hare emphasize the important contributions that amateur fossil enthusiasts can make to the advancement of palaeontology.

Richard J. Gentile, Department of Geosciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]. Received 12th July 2003. Introduction engineer with the Metropolitan Railway Company and Hare, a landscape architect and city planner had In the late 19th century numerous construction projects the responsibility of supervising for the city the were in progress in the Central Business District of construction of the EBT Building. Fortunately, Butts Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. Typically, the and Hare were knowledgeable and scientifically- excavations for large projects extended into a bed of minded amateur palaeontologists. They recognized bluish-gray shale about 6 m (20 feet) thick that the significance of the find. Butts, Hare and several underlies the city and its environs. additional amateur fossil enthusiasts collected over A major construction project in 1889 was the 450 specimens. Most of the crinoid specimens excavation for the basement of the Emery, Bird and recovered from the excavation were partially Thayer (EBT) Building, a large dry goods store at embedded in slabs of bluish-gray shale. The matrix 11th and Grand Avenue. (Figure 1). The original around the specimen was carefully removed with a name of the building was the Bullene, Moores and sharp instrument such as a needle and the fragments Emery Building but it was renamed shortly after it of shale brushed aside exposing the specimen in opened for business in 1890. Excavating a basement relief. Butts and Hare had extensive fossil collections that covered 80% of a city block, an area of 3,500 m2 and were experts at the tedious task of extracting (38,000 square feet was a slow process in the latter good specimens from layers of shale. This was a part of the 19th century. Horse drawn scrapers and time-consuming but rewarding task and one way men wielding picks and shovels broke the shale into early Kansas Citians spent the long winter nights large slabs that were loaded onto drays pulled by before the advent of radio, television and other modern teams of horses. At a depth of a few metres the men day forms of entertainment. No other discovery in reported finding weird-looking fossilized creatures palaeontology could be more intriguing than an almost in the shale. The news quickly reached Edward Butts complete crinoid. (Figure 2) and Sidney J. Hare (Figure 3). Both of The excavated specimens are notable particularly for these early Kansas Citians were familiar with the the preservation of detail but there are several other construction projects in the rapidly developing central species of invertebrate fossils in particular mollusc. business district. Butts was employed as a civil Less common are brachiopods, cnidaria and -373- Figure 1. The Bullene, Moores and Emery wholesale Building, c. 1890. The Kansas City Crinoids were collected from the excavation for this building in 1889 (sketch by the Kansas City View Company). bryozoans. Also present are a few fragments of terrestrial plants. The collection soon became known as “The Famous Kansas City Crinoids” and the news of the discovery spread quickly among palaeontologists throughout the United States and Europe.

Biographical sketch of Edward Butts (1853– 1940) Ed Butts was born in Rensselaer, New York and came to Kansas City as a young man (Anon. 1940). He was a civil engineer for the Kansas City Belt Railway Company from 1883 until 1890. He then went to work for the City of Kansas City, a position he held until 1893. Butts was a civil engineer for the Metropolitan Railway Company from 1894–1918, Figure 2. Edward Butts (1853–1940) from The Kansas and for part of the time he held a dual appointment as City Journal, 23rd June 1912. -374- a civil service examiner, Kansas City area, 1912– headed a successful landscape architectural company 1918. He spent the latter years of his life as Curator with his son, S. Herbert Hare until he retired in 1924 of the Daniel B. Dyer Fossil Collection at the Kansas to a 21 acre farm where he devoted his time to the City Library Museum. He donated his collection of preservation of wild flowers and experimentation over 200 specimens to the Museum in 1920, included with rock garden plants (Anon. 1926). He published were several crinoid specimens from the excavation on trilobites (Hare 1891), on echinoderms (Rowley for the EBT Building (Anon. 1920). He retired as and Hare 1891a, b), and lectured about his favourite curator of the museum on 8th July 1938 and died on topic, the Kansas City crinoids (Anon. 1924). He was 20th December 1940. an avid fossil collector and amassed a large collection that eventually was donated in 1939 to the Kansas Edward Butts described in scientific journals new City Museum of History and Science at 3218 species of crinoids from the Upper Coal Measures at Gladstone Boulevard (Anon. 1963). Kansas City (Butts 1890, 1898) and fossil tracks that he interpreted to have been made by amphibians Sid Hare was noted for his diverse and unorthodox (1891a, b). He was president of the Kansas City interests outside of his professional occupation. He Academy of Science in 1891. In addition to publishing became interested in the Great Pyramid of Egypt and articles on palaeontology and holding office in spent 25 years of his leisure time studying the structure professional societies, he wrote on a variety of (Anon. 1911). He believed that he had discovered the subjects. He authored The civil engineer’s field-book entrance to the secret chamber of the Great Pyramid. (Butts 1886); The Triskelion in which he gave a There is no evidence that he ever fulfilled his wish to comprehensive explanation of an ancient calendar visit Egypt. system(Butts 1925); and Polaris: Poems and Stories, a volume on translations from French and German Crinoid morphology and palaeoecology philosophical jingles, lyrics and religious poems that included The Salem Witches a narrative poem where The species of crinoids from the basement excavation he discussed the peculiar madness that blackened for the EBT Building belong to the Subclass Inadunata, early American colonial history (Butts 1930). Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata (Figure 4). The inadunates are the largest and the most successful of the Palaeozoic Crinoidea. They are characterized Biographical Sketch of Sidney J. Hare (1860–1938) Sid Hare was born in Louisville, Kentucky on 26th January 1860 and moved to Kansas City in 1868. (Anon. 1938) He was a widely known landscape architect, civil engineer and city planner. Hare was employed in various capacities of landscape surveying and city planning from 1881-1909. In 1889 he had the responsibility for the city of supervising the excavation for the basement of the EBT Building. Hare was secretary of the Kansas City Academy of Science in 1891. He opened an office in the Gumbel Building in downtown Kansas City in 1909 and

Figure 3. Sidney J. Hare (1860–1938) from The Kansas City Star, 27th Figure 4. Morphology of Delocrinus missouriensis, a August 1911. typical inadunate dicyclic crinoid (Sketch by R.J. Gentile). -375- by a cylindrical or bowl-shaped calyx (cup) (Figures 5-9). The calyxes in most species consist of three rows of plates. A type of structure that is described as dicyclic. Hence the name inadunate dicyclic crinoids. The plates are sutured together tightly. The arms generally are not incorporated in the cup. The inadunata have been called “free-armed crinoids” by some workers. Most species of crinoids recovered from the excavation have an anal sac, an odd-looking structure that resembles a miniature fossilized “ear of corn.” A skin-like tissue hold together the plates and is devoured by predators or it decays upon death of an animal. Consequently, the skeleton falls apart and for that reason complete crinoids are rarely found as fossils. An exception is the excellently preserved specimens of almost the complete skeleton recovered from the excavation for the EBT Building in 1889. The specimens from the excavation were preserved under a unique set of favourable conditions that prevailed on a shallow sea floor during the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) about 300 million years ago. The palaeoenvironment of sediment deposition in which the suite of crinoids were preserved is interpreted to have been a quiet lagoon or bay situated at the distal end of an advancing deltaic lobe (Wanless and Wright 1978). The environment was favourable and the crinoids grew in great profusion, probably resembling an “undersea garden.” Soft sediments accumulated at the bottom of the bay where the effects of current and wave action and the foraging activity of predators was at a Figure 5. Delocrinus missouriensis, the specimen that is minimum. Upon death the crinoids lay on the bottom the name-bearer of the official fossil for the State of Missouri, USA (Photograph by R.J. Gentile). and were rapidly covered by a preserving layer of mud. Vegetation that floated into the bay included S.A. Miller and Wm. F.E. Gurley described six of the fragments of the genus Calamites, a relative of present- new species (Miller and Gurley 1890). One new day horse tail, rushes belonging to the order species was named by S.A. Miller (1891) and the Equisetales (Figure 8). Calamites lived on a nearby species Aesiocrinus lykinsi was named by Butts (1890) swampy deltaic plain. to honour William H.R. Lykins, whom Butts described as “one of our most enthusiastic collectors.” The Palaeontology genus Ethelocrinus was erected by Kirk (1937) by segregating it from the genus Eupachycrinus that The shale bed in the excavation for the basement of included several diverse crinoid types. Three of the the EBT Building in 1889 contained one of the finest new species were named in honour of Butts and Hare collections of crinoids in the world. It yielded eight by the grateful palaeontologists Miller and Gurley. new species. A calyx of an exquisitely preserved specimen of Aesiocrinus harii Miller and Gurley Delocrinus missouriensis (Figure 5) was designated Aesiocrinus lykinsi Butts the official state fossil of Missouri by presiding Aesiocrinus magnificus Miller and Gurley Governor John Ashcroft upon signing House Bill 515 (Figures 6 and 7) on 15th June 1989. The specimen of D. missouriensis Delocrinus missouriensis Miller and Gurley designated as the state fossil was collected from the (Figures 5 and 8) Lane Shale in the Greater Kansas City area in the Ethelocrinus harii (Miller) 1970s. It is not part of the collection from the Ethelocrinus magister Kirk (Miller and Gurley) excavation for the EBT Building. The specimen is in (Figure 9) the collection of Richard J. Gentile in the University Ethelocrinus sphaeralis (Miller and Gurley) of Missouri-Kansas City. Ulocrinus buttsi Miller and Gurley -376- leading palaeontology publications among them the textbook Fossil Invertebrates by Boardman, Cheetham and Rowell (1987, p. 579, figure 18.33D) and The Fossil Book by Rich et al. (1996, p. 310).

Stratigraphy The 6 m (20 feet) thick bluish-gray shale bed in the excavation for the EBT Building in 1889 was once known as the Upper Chanute Shale (Broadhead 1872). The name was changed several years later to the Lane Shale. The entire thickness of the Lane Shale was removed to the top of a thick limestone bed, the Raytown Limestone Member of the Iola Formation, in order to place the building on a stable foundation. The thin crinoid-bearing facies occurs about 2.4 m (8 feet) from the bottom of the Lane Shale (McCourt, Albertson and Bennett 1917). It has been traced continuously along the northeast-southwest trending outcrop belt for a distance of about 25 km (16 miles) to the northeast of the city and about 20 km (12 miles) to the southwest of the city. Skeletal remains of crinoids are a common occurrence on weathered

Figure 6. Aesiocrinus magnificus, Lane Shale, Upper Carboniferous, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. Posterior view of specimen collected in 1889 from the excavation for the basement of the Emery, Bird and Thayer Building. Courtesy of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

A specimen of A. magnificus (Figure 6) from the excavation for the EBT Building is in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. It has been reproduced in

Figure 8. Delocrinus missouriensis, three specimens on a slab of Lane Shale, Upper Carboniferous, Kansas City, Figure 7. Aesiocrinus magnificus, Lane Shale, Upper Missouri, U.S.A. A fragment of the limb of the scouring Carboniferous, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. Dorsal view rush Calamites is in the upper right corner. Specimen of specimen collected in 1889 from the excavation for the collected in 1889 from the excavation for the basement of basement of the Emery, Bird, and Thayer Building. the Emery, Bird, and Thayer Building. Courtesy of the Courtesy of the National Museum of Natural History, Geosciences Museum, University of Missouri, Kansas Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. City, Missouri. -377- Figure 9. Ethelocrinus magister, three specimens on a slab of Lane Shale, Upper Carboniferous, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A. Specimen collected in 1889 from the excavation for the basement of the Emery, Bird and Thayer Building. Courtesy Geosciences Museum, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri. exposures. Typically, the collector finds loose plates, if a collection of the size and quality as the one in particular fragments of the stem. Occasionally a exposed during the excavation for the EBT Building calyx is reported. But to collect an almost complete in 1889 will ever be made again. It is a relic of a by- crinoid specimen comparable to the specimens gone age. The percentage of the 450 specimens recovered in the excavation for the EBT Building collected from the excavation for the EBT Building would require stripping off the overlying soil and that were donated to museums in comparison to the shale to expose the crinoid-bearing facies. An number sold is not available. Hare reported that high operation that would require patience and a good bit prices were paid by scientists for prize crinoid of luck. It would not be practical to use heavy specimens (Hare, n.d.). Letters dated 25th November machinery to expose a large area along the outcrop and 28th December 1898 from R. Kreite, a dealer in belt the size of the basement of the EBT Building. naturalist supplies with a shop at 406 E. 12th Street, Kansas City, Missouri, to Professor Charles E. Epilogue Beecher, Professor of Paleontology at Yale University included the prices of crinoid specimens that Kreite Large buildings are being constructed periodically in was offering for sale from the excavation from the downtown Kansas City and the Lane Shale is exposed basement for the EBT Building. Kreite wrote that he in many of the excavations. The EBT Building was purchased the specimens from a civil engineer who demolished in the early 1970s and The United collected them (Peabody Museum, Yale University, Missouri Bank Building occupies the site at 11th and New Haven, Connecticut, account no. 2440 Grand Avenue in downtown Kansas City. A few Invertebrate Paleontology). Regardless of the method fractured crinoid specimens were recovered with or the motive for the dispersal of the specimens, Ed pieces of shale that were removed from the excavation Butts and Sid Hare were knowledgeable amateur as the Lane Shale became exposed. Unfortunately, palaeontologists who were experts at the time present-day contractors use heavy machinery and the consuming and tedious tasks of extracting good work proceeds rapidly and on a strict schedule. There specimens from slabs of shale. They need to be given is no time to stop the operation to collect fossils and recognition for the discovery, preparation and for their liability insurance does not cover fossil informing professional palaeontologists of an collectors. In 1889 work proceeded at a more leisurely outstanding suite of fossil crinoids. Ed Butts and Sid pace. Ed Butts and Sid Hare were kept informed of Hare exemplify the important contributions that the construction projects underway in the city; amateur collectors make to the advancement of moreover, they had access to the excavations. I doubt palaeontology.

-378- Acknowledgements Gay Clemenson, collections manager, Kansas City Museum, Kansas City, Missouri allowed the author The assistance and information provided by the access to the museum collection to study 2 slabs of following individuals and organizations are gratefully shale. The first with a specimen of Aesiocrinus acknowledged. magnificus and productid brachiopods, and a second Copeland MacClintock, Peabody Museum of Natural slab with a specimen of Ethelocrinus sp. with long History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut cirri on a slender stem. provided copies of correspondence between Yale David Boutros and Nancy B. Piepenbring, Western University Professor Charles E. Beecher and a fossil Historical Manuscript Collection, Necombe Hall, dealer in Kansas City, and graciously offered to University of Missouri-Kansas City supplied copies photograph 11 specimens in the Museum Collection. of historical data useful to conducting research on the Among them are specimens of Aesiocrinus magnificus project. and Delocrinus hemispaericus that were procured for the museum by O.C. Marsh, famous for his dinosaur The services rendered by Nancy Beverage and Sherrie discoveries in the American West and J.D. Dana, one Smith reference librarians at the Missouri Valley of the foremost American geologists of the 19th Room, Kansas City, Missouri Public Library were of century who coined the term ‘geosyncline’. No other vital importance to the completion of this paper. tectonic hypothesis had as much sway until the advent The late Charles Baker, fossil enthusiast of plate tectonics. extraordinaire called to the author’s attention the Daniel Levin and Jonathan Wingerath, National important contribution to palaeontology made by Ed Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Butts and Sid Hare, and made available a set of Washington, D.C. provided photographs of an informative notes. exceptional specimen of Aesiocrinus magnificus in The Geology Museum, University of Missouri-Kansas the Frank Springer Room. Also, in the non-type City has on display three slabs of shale with almost collection at the National Museum are specimens of complete specimens: (a) an 18 x 30 cm slab with 3 Aesiocrinus magnificus, A. harii, Ethelocrinus specimens of Ethelocrinus magister, (b) a 15 x 25 cm magister and Delocrinus missouriensis from the slab with 3 specimens of Delocrinus missouriensis basement excavation for the Emery, Bird and Thayer and the fragment of the stem of Calamites, and (c) Building. one specimen of Aesiocrinus magnificus on a 18 x 18 Scott Lidgard, Field Museum of Natural History, cm slab. The specimens were purchased from Charles Chicago, Illinois reported that the Wm. F.E. Gurley Baker for $500.00, a very modest sum for a collection Collection of 6 type specimens described in an 1890 of prized fossils. publication by S.A. Miller and Wm. F.E. Gurley were The following individuals are acknowledged for in the museum collection. searching their collections for Kansas City crinoid James T. Sprinkle, University of Texas, Austin specimens. assisted in locating depositories with Kansas City Richard Leary, Curator of Geology Emeritus, Illinois crinoids in their collection. State Museum, Springfield; Roger L. Kaesler, Dave Lewis, Natural History Museum, London, Professor Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence; England supplied the names of depositories in the Howard Feldman, American Museum of Natural United Kingdom. History, New York, NY; Markus Bertling, Geologisch-Palaeonotologisches Institut und Lyall Anderson, National Museum of Scotland, Museum, Muenster, Germany. Edinburgh located a specimen of Ethelocrinus magister from Kansas City in their museum collection but the cited locality where the specimen was reported References to have been collected does not correspond to the ANON. 1911. Kansas Citian’s fad: The Great Pyramid. geology, consequently, the site location and the Kansas City Star, 27th August 1911. stratigraphic interval at Kansas City where the ANON. 1920. Fossils Found in Kansas City. Kansas specimen was collected is unknown. City Star, 14th December 1920. Patrick N. Wyse Jackson, Trinity College, Dublin, ANON. 1924. Sidney J. Hare lectures to Rotarian Club. Ireland made a special effort to locate depositories of Kansas City Post, 27th February 1924. Kansas City crinoids. ANON. 1926. Sidney J. Hare Architect and Landscape Gardener. Kansas City Post, 4th July 1926.

-379- ANON. 1938. Obituary of Sidney J. Hare. Kansas City HARE, S.J. no date. A discussion of crinoid discovery. Star, 25th October 1938. The Kansas City Academy of Science [Article on file at Western Historical Manuscript Collection, ANON. 1940. Obituary of Edward Butts. Kansas City University of Missouri-Kansas City]. Times, 30th December 1940. KIRK, E. 1937. Eupachycrinus and related ANON. 1963. New display for fossils. Kansas City Carboniferous crinoid genera. Journal of Star, 23rd April 1963. Paleontology, 11 (7), 598-607. BOARDMAN, R.S., CHEETHAM, A.H. and ROWELL, McCOURT, W.E. ALBERTSON, M. and BENNETT, A.J. 1987. Fossil Invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific J.W. 1917. The geology of Jackson County. Publications, London. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, Series 2, BROADHEAD, G.C. 1872. Geology of Northwestern 14. Missouri. Geological Survey of Missouri Report on MILLER, S.A. 1891. Paleontology. Indiana Department the Iron Ores and Coal Fields. of Geology and Natural Resources, 17th Annual BUTTS, E. 1886. The civil engineer’s field-book. J. Report, 680-682. Wiley and Sons, New York. MILLER, S.A. and W.F.E. GURLEY, 1890. BUTTS, E. 1890. Description of a new species of Description of some new genera and species of echinodermata from the Upper Coal Measures of Echinodermata, from the Coal Measures and Kansas City, Missouri. The Naturalist, Kansas City Subcarboniferous Rocks of Indiana, Missouri and Academy of Science, 5, 144. Iowa. The Journal of the Cincinnati Society Natural History, 13 (1), 3-25. BUTTS, E. 1891a. Recently discovered foot-prints of amphibian age, in Upper Coal Measure Group of RICH, P.V., RICH, T.H., FENTON, M.A. and Kansas City, Missouri. The Kansas City Scientist, 5 FENTON, C.L. 1996. The Fossil Book. Dover (2), 17-19. Publications, New York. BUTTS, E. 1891b. Foot-prints of new species of ROWLEY, R.R. and HARE, S.J. 1891a. Description of amphibian in the Upper Coal Measure Group of some new species of Echinodermata from the Kansas City, Missouri. The Kansas City Scientist, 5 Subcarboniferous rocks of Pike County, Missouri. (3). The Kansas City Scientist, 5, 97-103. BUTTS, E. 1898. Description of some new species of ROWLEY, R.R. and HARE, S.J. 1891b. Description of crinoids from the Upper Coal Measures of some new species of crinoids and blastoids from the Carboniferous age at Kansas City, Missouri. Subcarboniferous rocks of Pike and Marion Transactions of the Academy of Science of Kansas counties, Missouri, and Scott County, Virginia. The City, 1, 13-15. Kansas City Scientist, 5, 113-118. BUTTS, E. 1925. The Triskelion. Burton Publishing WANLESS, H.R. and WRIGHT, C.R. 1978 Co., Kansas City. Paleoenvironmental maps of the Millersville Cyclothem and the Lane Shale, fig. 116. In Wanless, BUTTS, E. [<1931 - not traced]. Polaris, Poems and H.R. and Wright, C.R. Paleoenvironmental maps of Stories. [Volume noted in Kansas City Star, 15th Pennsylvanian rocks, Illinois Basin and northern November 1930]. midcontinent region. Geological Society of America HARE, S.J. 1891. Trilobites of the Upper Coal Measure Map and Chart Series, MC-23. Group Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City Scientist, 5 (3), 33-36.

-380- JOHN NORTON 1924–2002: AN APPRECIATION

John Norton (1989) Photograph courtesy Daniel Lockett.

John Norton (1924-2002) who died on 17th June material. John was a great ambassador for Shropshire 2002 was a great naturalist and curator interested in geology, and, although changes in the late 1970s by everything within the natural world. John was a Shropshire County Council meant that he could not member of the GCG since 1975, and was elected one spend as much time as he wanted on his beloved of its earliest Honorary Members in recognition of fossils, he still tirelessly worked and campaigned for his many years of exceptional curatorial work at better geological displays and storage for the reference Ludlow. In 1983 he was awarded the MBE for collection. Many of us know the story that John had ‘services to museums’. He will be remembered as a the best collection of shirt boxes in Britain in which true gentleman and a fine curator. He was an honorary, were stored, perfectly safely and beautifully labelled and founder member of The Shropshire Geological in his own handwriting, all the museum’s fossils. Society. I first met John in the early 1950s when my Since John’s retirement in 1989 the collections have mother used to take me on fossil hunting outings to been housed in better containers and thanks to local Shropshire. When I came to Shropshire to live in pressure the new geology gallery below the Assembly 1971 John was already established as the highly Rooms was named the John Norton Geology Gallery respected curator of Ludlow Museum. Although John when it opened in 1995. I know that John dearly was charged with looking after everything in the wanted to live to see the Library and Resource Centre museum, which he did with great efficiency, geology open in Ludlow where all his beloved collections was his real love. When he took over the museum in would at last be properly housed. He asked his doctor 1959 the collections had been decimated following to make sure he lived until that day but it was not to closure of the museum in the late 1940s. John set be. Nevertheless, John Norton will be remembered as about retrieving many of the lost specimens and one of the great curators of geology, who set the building up a huge collection of local material which highest standards, and who did so much for Shropshire would become a classic reference collection for the geology. A local man, much loved by his community type area of the Ludlow Series. Geologists came from as testified by a packed Bromfield church at his all over Britain and the world to study this type funeral, he will be sorely missed, but Shropshire and

-381- the geological community at large are better for his NORTON, W.J. 1978. Silurian cephalopods of the life. Welsh borderland. Caradoc & Severn Valley Field Club Occasional Paper 1, 1-13. Peter Toghill NORTON, W.J. 1979. Week-end field excursion to the Reproduced (with minor modifications and additions) Ludlow area. The Mercian Geologist 7(3), 231-234. with permission from the Shropshire Geological NORTON, W.J. 1982. Geology of the Ludlow area of Society Newsletter July 2002. the Shropshire-Hereford border. Shropshire County Museum Publication 2, pp. 19. [An earlier version of Selected bibliography this paper had been issued in 1967 in the Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field NORTON, W.J. 1975. Old Red Sandstone Fishes of Club.] South Shropshire. Shropshire County Museum Service. [A later edition appeared in 1982 as NORTON, W.J. 1988. The Shropshire mammoths. Shropshire County Museum Publication 3]. Fossil Forum Magazine 2(3), 107-112.

John Norton (1979) showing children some geological exhibits in the Ludlow Museum. Photograph courtesy Daniel Lockett.

John Norton (c. 1989) at the Ludlow Bone Bed. Photograph by P.G. Bartlett (courtesy C.H. Holland).

The Geological Curator 7(10) [2003]

-382- LOST & FOUND

Enquiries and information, please to Patrick Wyse Jackson (Department of Geology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; e-mail: [email protected]). Include full personal and institutional names and addresses, full biographical details of publications mentioned, and credits for any illustrations submitted. The index to 'Lost and Found' Volumes 1-4 was published in The Geological Curator 5(2), 79-85. The index for Volume 5 was published in The Geological Curator 6(4), 175-177.

Abbreviations: CLEEVELY - Cleevely, R.J. 1983. World palaeontological collections. British Museum (Natural History) and Mansell Publishing Company, London. GCG - Newsletter of the Geological Curators' Group, continued as The Geological Curator. LF - 'Lost and Found' reference number in GCG.

258. Catherine Raisin collection. I would really like to know what has happened to Raisin’s collections. I have already contacted the Cynthia Burek, Department of Biology, Chester curator at Royal Holloway and a previous Head of College of Higher Education, Parkgate Road, Chester Department, now retired, to see if they could help CH1 4BJ, UK(e-mail: [email protected]) writes: track down this material, but without success. Catherine Alice Raisin (1855-1945) was head of Any information on the whereabouts of this collection, Geology Department at Bedford College from 1890 photographs, or further details on Raisin would be until 1919 and during that time or shortly after she most welcome. presented a picture of herself to the Department. With the closure of that Department and the move to Royal Holloway College, this portrait has been lost Reference or at least nobody seems able to find it. There is only BUREK C. 2003. Time to take responsibility for one photograph of this geological pioneering lady; a collections. Earth Heritage 20, 22-3. group photograph taken sometime between 1898 and 1906 (Figure 1). Also lost or mislaid are her extensive 259. A collection of fossils including many collection of over 270 hand specimens, and the related from the Silurian of Dudley, West Midlands. thin sections, of serpentines from Anglesey, the Dr Michael Le Bas, Rockleigh, 9 Park Lands, Vosges and the Brenner area, all of which she collected Bryanston Street, Blandford Forum, Dorset DT11 herself. Raisin wrote over 24 scientific papers and 7BA, UK (e-mail: [email protected]) is hoping many of these refer to these samples and slides that someone will recognise this recently discovered (Burek, 2003). fossil collection. This fascinating collection was given some months ago to Mike at the museum in Blandford Forum, Dorset, a private museum run by the Blandford Forum Museum Trust. It includes many fine examples of fossils particularly some from the Dudley area,

Figure 1. The only known photograph of Catherine Raisin. Figure 2. Fossils now at Blandford Forum Museum Trust: Box 2 (left) and Box 11 (right). -383- beautifully mounted on pink cotton wool in little 15. Two brachiopods 3-3.5 cm wide Labelled “Strophomena depressa” Silurian Dudley district. In 52mm diam, 37mm deep, round, thin ply round boxes some with glass tops (Figure 2). It was wood pill box found in the attic of a house, probably in Blandford, 16. One ribbed cockle with shell partly disintegrating. Labelled (external) by a Mr Goodbody (now believed to have left) and “Tellina oblique Red Crag Nr Woodbridge” Inside is pencilled arrived via the solicitor's secretary whom Mike knows “Sudbourne” In 42mm diam, 30mm deep, round, thin ply wood pill box through the museum. No further information could 17. Two welks 28x15 mm Labelled “Pupura tetragona var. alveolata Red Crag Walton Naze” In 42mm diam, 29mm deep, round, thin ply wood be obtained. All the labelling is in the same hand in pill box black ink and looks to be Victorian or Edwardian. 18. Single valve of bivalve 3 cm across similar to Trough Shell. No label. Nothing is printed and it seems to be a private Looks to be from Red Crag.” In 34mm diam, 20mm deep, round, thin collection arising from various travels. Any ply wood pill box information that might help identify the origin of the 19. Three small bivalves 4-6 mm across mounted on card. No label. Look to be from Red Crag.” In 34mm diam, 20mm deep, round, thin ply wood collection, ascertain its value and find its owner pill box would be most welcome? 20. Two brachiopods 20-22mm across Labelled “Atrypa reticularis. Silurian, Dudley district.” In 48mm diam, 37mm deep, round, thin ply wood pill List of specimens box Most of the fossils 2-22 are complete, clean, and both 21. Five small bivalves each 7-9 mm across. Labelled “Orthic hybrida. Silurian, Dudley district.” In 31mm diam, 20mm deep, round, red valves usually present where appropriate, and with cardboard pill box. little or no matrix, i.e. ‘perfect’ specimens. The 22. Broken thick brachiopod 25x20 mm. Labelled “Productus costatus numbers 1-42 are given by MJLB. Carb Limest. Lancashire” In 40mm diam, 20mm deep, round, red cardboard pill box. 1. Cardboard box 10x7x3 cm covered and lined with red and gold starry paper and with photo in hinged lid of Vesuvius in eruption. Inscription 23. Fossil fish on mudstone. 12cm long 4cm high badly worn, most fish reads “Vesuve Ploie de cendre des jours 22-23-24-25-26 Mars 1944” scales gone but impressions fairly complete. Labels completely worn Box contains ten small pieces of supposed volcanic tuffs. 3 or 4 appear out. Mudstone slab 13mm thick and 13x7 cm. Not boxed to be genuine, others are mica/quartz rocks. Sealed glass tube with 5 24. Trilobite headshield on grey limestone matrix with rhynchonellids and different coloured ash/sands. 1-2mm diam crinoid ossicles. No label. Similar to Calymene but with 2. Dernal tubercles x3 each 1-2 cm across of Ray. Red Crag, Suffolk. In two large round eyes. Head shield 45x25mm. 55 mm diam, 14 mm deep, round, glass-topped, cardboard pill box. 25. Pink striped paper bag with assortment of 20-30 modern shells, rocks. With label “Dernal tubercles Ray Red Crag Suffolk” No label 3. Crinoid test 3 cm diam with calcite plates. In 50mm diam, 35mm deep, 26. Brown paper bag with assortment of modern shells and small pebbles. round, thin ply wood pill box. Labelled “Actinocrinus triacontadactylus No label Carb. Limestone, Lancashire” 27. Brown paper bag with assorted minerals, mostly fluorite, 1-2cm across. 4. Pecten shell 45 mm across, labelled “Pectenopercularis Coralline Crag No label Nr Woodbridge” . In 50 mm diam, 35mm deep, round, thin ply wood pill box. 28. Collection of 9 brachiopods (rhynchonelids, spirifers) and a solitary coral. No label. ?Silurian 5. Brachiopod with sulcus and strong ribbing, x3, each 15-20 mm across, two complete with both valves and hooked umbo. Labelled “Pentamerus 29. Collection of 4 corals, 5 brachiopods, 1 crinoid +bryozoan, and galeatus. Silurian, Dudley district” In 50mm diam, 30mm deep, round, ?echinoid. No label. ?Silurian thin ply wood pill box 30. Three pieces of black glassy obsidian, 1-3 cm across. No label 6. Cockle shell 3 cm diam labelled “Cardita Miocene Cannes”. In 55 mm diam, 14 mm deep, round, glass-topped, cardboard pill box. 31. Eight pieces of fluorite, some colourless with purple rims, each c. 2 cm across. No label 7. Whelk 25 mm long. Labelled “Eburna Miocene Cannes” In 55mm diam, 19 mm deep, round, glass-topped, cardboard pill box. 32. Collection of 15-20 pieces of fluorite mostly 1-2 cm across. No label 8. Two ‘tubes’ each 17 mm long, 4-5 mm diam Labelled “Dentalium 33. Two pectens 4.5 and 2.5 cm across. Labelled “Aldborough”. Matrix Miocene Cannes” In 55 mm diam, 15mm deep, round, glass-topped, looks Red Crag. And bryozoan globose colony 5 cm across, ?Theonoa cardboard pill box. 34. ?Spirifer striatus (nice complete specimen) 5 cm across. No label. 9. Four small 5 mm diam winkles labelled “Ringicula Miocine Cannes”. 35. ?Head of crinoid, replaced by flint, pear-shaped, rimmed by annular In 55 mm diam, 15mm deep, round, glass-topped, cardboard pill box. cell structure with punctate texture down the walls. Label worn out. 10. Vertebra 17mm long and 5-10 mm across Labelled “Vertebra (Fish) 36. Single coral 4 cm diameter. Strong growth lines, 7cm long. Mammaliferous Crag Suffolk” In 55mm diam, 19mm deep, round, ?Siphonophyllia gigantea. No label glass-topped, cardboard pill box. 37. ?part of large coral 8 cm across in white limestone. ?Carboniferous. No 11. Two Turritella-like winkles 17mm long and 1-3mm across Labelled label “Terebra Miocene Cannes” In 55mm diam, 15mm deep, round, glass- topped, cardboard pill box. 38. ?part of large coral in pink/white limestone 4x6x7 cm. ?Carboniferous. No label 12. Two flat discoid colonial corals each 3cm diam and 5mm thick and comprising 30-40 individuals. ?Favosites. ?from Dudley No label In 39. ?bryozoan nodule 4 cm across. in white limestone. ?Carboniferous. No 50mm diam, 38mm deep, round, thin ply wood pill box label 13. Two brachiopods, one with bryozoa and crinoid ossicle. Labelled 40. Smooth black pebble 35x23x5 mm. No label “Rhynchonella deflexa”. Silurian, Dudley district. In 38mm diam, 41. Two brown curved irregularly shaped cherty objects each about 3 cm 26mm deep, round, red cardboard pill box. long and 1.5 cm across. Both are highly polished and one has a one cm 14. Large 33-35 mm diam crinoid stem Labelled “Portion of gigantic prominent knob in the middle, labelled “Earbones porpoise Red Crag”. Enc(?r)I(?)rital Stem Carb Limes Lancashire” In 50mm diam, 32mm In 60 mm diam, 20 mm deep, round, glass-topped, black cardboard pill deep, round, thin ply wood pill box box.

-384- BOOK REVIEWS

Stone, Richard. 2001. Mammoth, the resurrection of an ice account is exactly what you get with this book. The text is age giant. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts. written for an American audience and developed for a reader 242 pp. Paperback. ISBN 0-7382-0775-6. Price: $15.00 (UK who has a limited knowledge of the subject. The coverage is edition published in 2003 by Fourth Estate, ISBN 1-8411- detailed and accurate, interspaced with suitable copies of early 5518-7. Price: £7.99). lithographic illustrations, the sources of which are well credited in the appendix. It has a good set of chapter notes including The last sentence says it all ‘Whether it is five years, five source references and a reasonable index. decades or five centuries from now, woolly mammoths will once again walk the earth.’ So closes a journalist’s account of the The subject is well researched, starting in 1676 with the discovery potential for a Pleistocene Park, the dream of ecologist Sergei of Robert Plot’s “giant human” and emphasizing the great Zimov. He is one of a number of characters to populate this European ideas of people like Lemarck, Cuvier, Buckland and popular account of the attempt to clone a mammoth from frozen Lyell, progressing to Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1861. There remains buried in the Siberian permafrost. A readable are good accounts of the collecting of Mary Anning as well as introduction to the history of mammoth discoveries is followed the works of William Buckland, William Conybeare, the by scene setting for the science that follows. Central to the book Mantell’s and Georges Cuvier. Also, less well credited and is a detailed account of the Jarkov specimen named after the important researchers like Henry de la Beche and Charles König family that found the specimen in 1998 and removed the tusks have significant coverage. Richard Owen also plays a significant for their ivory. This is the mammoth excavated in a block of ice, and interesting part in the account. I am intrigued as to the which was seen on televisions in 146 countries in 2000 as it was choice of cover illustration, showing Richard Owen, head hoisted aloft by a helicopter for a very hairy flight to the nearest truncated, and a crocodile fossil poised as if about to bite a town. The exercise was filmed by the Discovery Channel who critical part of his anatomy. It seems to me that the author has had the tusks re-attached for the flight to dramatic effect, a very good grasp of the competitive nature of some of the key unfortunately the journey was the hairiest feature of this “fossilists” of the time. excavation. Despite early promise it was eventually revealed This book gives an account of the early fossil discoveries in that there was much less intact frozen mammoth in the ice than chronological context, linking their finds to the ideas expressed had been hoped. The hopes were not only high for the Discovery at the time. Most of the text is dedicated to this end. It is an Channel but also for the Japanese team searching for frozen interesting complement to the earlier text, The Dinosaur Hunters mammoth sperm ready to clone a successor. The author recounts by Deborah Cadbury, which has emphasis on the relationships the tale second hand through the people involved in the Jarkov between the characters involved. The interesting overview of mammoth and various workers active in mammoth research. As The Dragon Seekers is how the science of vertebrate a journalist he was unable to see the airlift or gain full access to palaeontology developed from a very limited number of species the excavation, which was managed by the Discovery Channel, and finds. In context, it shows how the scientific mind can after all they were paying some of the bills in a very costly quickly develop a reliable framework for classification and exercise. In all the book provides a very engaging introduction identification from fragmentary remains that can be used to the science in what the Guardian newspaper described as ‘A effectively for future generations. Whilst the ideas of these nicely judged mix of adventure, history and scientific instruction.’ early pioneers have been refined and developed, the basis for What is more questionable is not the author’s presentation of modern fossil classification was set in a relatively short space of cloning but the almost blind zeal of the researchers planning to time. This development took place at a time of significant social bring the mammoth back to life. There is considerable discussion and industrial change and its contributors were people from a of the ethical issues in attempting to recreate an animal whose wide social, educational and economic background. It must habitat is lost and less cynicism of the actual possibility of have been an exciting time in science, when ideas were shifting producing the DNA to make the ethical issues worth worrying from a Christian religious framework to one of evolutionary about. Read this and stock it in your museum shop although it change. would benefit from some decent illustrations (the US edition is even worse than the UK version in this respect). For the curator’s This book is well suited to both a general readership and bookshelf, you would be more sensible to invest in the beautifully academic reference. It is a suitable reference to the historical produced book by Adrian Lister and Peter Bahn in 1994 – background of fossil hunting and will complement both library Mammoths, published by Macmillan, unfortunately out of print and museum reference collections. but widely available second hand. Paul Pursglove, The Pterosaur Database, 67 Soames Crescent, Mr Nigel T. Monaghan, National Museum of Ireland, Merrion Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent ST3 5UE, UK. 7th August 2003. Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. 31st July 2003

Aitkenhead, N. & Dennis, A. 1999. Holiday Geology Map: McGowan, Christopher, 2001. The Dragon Seekers, How an Peak District. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, 6pp. Extraordinary Circle of Fossilists Discovered the Dinosaurs Pocket guide. ISBN 0-85272-340-7. Price: £1.95. and Paved the Way for Darwin. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 254 pp. Paperback. ISBN 0- This represents one of the growing library of pocket guides to 7382-0673-3. Price: $17.00 US; $25.95 Can. (UK edition the varied facets of geology that are being published by the published in 2002 by Little, Brown, London, ISBN 0-316- British Geological Survey, amongst others. It is attractively 8573-1. Hardback. Price: £18.99). produced in full colour as a double-sided, folding guide printed on stiff, laminated card. It measures 140 x 297 mm, a convenient Christopher McGowan is Professor of Zoology at the University size for either jacket pocket or small backpack. of Toronto and Curator of Paleobiology at the Royal Ontario One side of three pages is a satellite image of the Peak District Museum. With this academic background you would expect a at a scale of 1:170,000, on which the solid geology within the precise and interesting account of the development of early National Park boundary has been superimposed. This produces fossil discoveries in their historical context. An informed -385- some peculiar gaps in information; for example, the geology a well crafted introduction in the form of this book could save a northeast and southwest of Chapel-en-le-Frith is included, but great deal of pain for new generations of museum staff. Many not the geology of the area in between. The image and map are people find themselves sliding imperceptibly from working in attractive, permitting easy differentiation of features such as the museums at entry level into positions that are involved in White and Dark Peaks. Seven lithologies, units and geological management, even if they do not change title or salary in the features are differentiated: limestones; shales and sandstones; process. Others come directly into museums as managers and sandstones and gritstones; shales, sandstones and coals; lavas need to learn the peculiarities of these strange organisations. and dolerites; mineral veins; and faults. Both groups would benefit greatly from reading this book. The reverse of the map is the front cover and two pages of The husband and wife team behind this valuable text are well explanatory text, including a cross section. With a smaller known museum consultants, bringing long careers of experience illustration on the cover or at least one with a lot less sky, more to a worldwide audience from their base in Toronto. The book explanation could have been crammed in, although what is has its origins in a course on Museum Organisation and presented will be adequate to introduce the broad geological Management run for the Ontario Museum Association. features of the region. However, the lack of a structured discussion Publication by The Stationery Office (the privatised wing of of lithostratigraphic succession, however brief, must be HMSO established in 1996) signals the target audience for this considered an unfortunate omission. Although terms such as book, bringing international standards in museum management Carboniferous Limestone, Millstone Grit and Coal Measures are to a UK readership through an official state publisher. This is the mentioned, a simple stratigraphic log would have helped third such venture involving Lord Cultural Resources, following emphasise their relationships, although this can be more or less The cost of collecting (HMSO 1989) and The manual of museum determined from the text and cross section. The oblique cross planning (HMSO 1991). Their latest publication is The manual section might have been better reproduced larger, perhaps at the of museum exhibitions (AltaMira 2002). bottom of the map. It is reasonably easy to determine the line of The style of the book strongly echoes its origins as a training section even though it is not marked on the map. Unfortunately, course. It is clear and concise, with sufficient concrete examples the brown colour that represents sandstones and gritstones on of museum practice to mark the relevance of the main points. It the map has become transformed to yellow on the section, that is however almost completely devoid of references to any other is, the same colour as the faults. publications, apart from those by the authors. With a growing This map is aimed at anyone with at least a basic geological literature in this field it is a shame not to include at least some knowledge, who know what is meant by terms like level of bibliography, particularly as some topics could be ‘Carboniferous’, ‘cross bedding’ and ‘gangue minerals,’ who explored in greater depth. That aside, it is self-contained as a understand a geological map and can relate it to a cross section. primer in museum management and is comprehensive in scope. It is attractively produced, easy to carry, durable and a welcome Chapters follow a progression of the Why? Who? And How? of addition to my field equipment for rambles in the Peak District. the management of museums. Why? covers the objectives, Used as an adjunct to one of the latest volumes on the geology detailed under purpose, Statements of Purpose and the role of of the Peaks, such as Broadhurst (2001) or Ford (2002), or just management in museums. This short section has a number of on its own, this promises to be a favourite for many years to diagrams, which the reader can sense popping up on the screen come. of the original classroom in Ontario linking inspiration, mission, References goals and communication with the manager. If only more managers read this they might learn answers to the fundamental BROADHURST, F.M. 2001. Rocky Rambles in the Peak District: question at the beginning of the book – what is the purpose of Geology beneath your Feet! Sigma Leisure, Wilmslow, Cheshire, management in museums? To facilitate decisions is the answer. 157 pp. Now you know. FORD, T.D. 2002. Rocks & Scenery of the Peak District. The second section of the book deals with the individuals and Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne, Derbyshire, 96 pp. groups involved in the running of a museum, be they trustees, Stephen K. Donovan, Department of Palaeontology, Nationaal staff or volunteers. It is an excellent section that should be read Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The by every member of a board or state body involved in the running Netherlands. 12th August 2003. of a museum. Any lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities has the potential for frictions in the management of a museum. If the rather peculiar and complex world of museums is not appreciated Lord, Barry and Dexter Lord, Gail. 1997. The manual of by a well meaning manager or trustee, whatever skills they may museum management. The Stationery Office, London. 261pp. bring to the organisation may be useless if they ignore the Paperback. ISBN 0-11-2905-18-8. Price: £25.00. (Published warnings provided here. in the US by AltaMira, also available in Spanish, see Chapter three takes up three quarters of the volume, leading on www.lord.ca for details) from the firm grounding in museum basics of the earlier sections. Many years ago, the year after I graduated, I spotted an excellent The coverage is sufficient for the general reader as Corporate textbook on structural geology in the staff room of my old Plans, Performance Indicators, Strategic Plans and Master Plans geology department. It covered everything in our final year are outlined. While many details are typical only of the larger course and was well written and effectively illustrated. I pointed museums, many smaller organisations following best practice this out to the lecturer who taught the course only to be told that would benefit from a clear understanding of these key tools. he had put it on our reading list at the time! If only I had read it This is a general feature of this section of the book, little is before the exams, rather than discovering it afterwards. irrelevant to any museum, it is just a matter of scale. Written policies and procedures are explained as the core tools which The same sense of déjà vu accompanied my reading of The keep any museum focus on its mission. manual of museum management, having come to the text only after I had already experienced much of it first hand. Museum Collections management explains the role of curator, conserva- management is a particular skill, or set of skills and having such tor and preparator. As with other sections, this is at a level

-386- designed to educate managers and any reader looking at the Lockley, M. 2000. The Eternal Trail- a Tracker Looks at museum as a whole. It is an effective distillation of ideas seen in Evolution. Perseus Books Reading, Massachusetts. ISBN 0- a number of books on curation, seen with a detached clarity 7382-0165-0. Price: £17.95. necessary for good management. Too many books in this field Martin Lockley is a world-renowned expert on tracks and trails are written by passionate museum experts who run the risk of of vertebrates of various types. The style of the book varies from speaking to the converted, rather than converting those who the chatty and anecdotal to dense and turgid. It ranges in scope need to be educated about the running of museums. from Cambrian worms through dinosaurs to Yetis and extrater- Sections on exhibition processes and education are punctuated restrial tracking. Lockley calls upon his vast knowledge of with case studies supplied by staff of a number of museums. A vertebrate ichnology to support the major themes within this total of eleven contributors help to ground the manual in the day book to varying degrees of efficacy. These themes are based to day realities of museums. There is a particularly useful around the work of the biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho, the biologist introduction to planning of buildings, something that a number Wolfgang Schad and a variety of spiritualistic works. of applicants for Heritage Lottery Funding may wish they had There are a number of astute observations of the ichnological read a few years ago. Financial management also gets good record that support the hypotheses of Mae-Wan Ho and Schad coverage, something which many museum staff may never see and build on the observations of the best of recent trackers the discussed openly. A number of appendixes cover job descrip- “Bushmen” of South Africa. The links between hoof shape and tions for various museum posts and a useful glossary. horn patterns made by Lockley is convincing, as is the relation- In all it is a well written and clear text which would form a sound ship between fleshiness of the foot and track width as a correla- basis for an introduction to museums for managers or as an tive to mode of life of the track maker. Of particular interest is introduction to management for existing museum staff. If you the observation that, throughout the vertebrate track record, don’t read it, please read something similar – if you can find it. trace makers within a lineage trend from primitive narrow- The issues dealt with need to be understood by all museum staff gauge odd-toed ancestral forms to wide-gauge even-toed forms and perhaps we would all work in more balanced organisations in repetitive “morphogenetic pathways” e.g. Stegosaurs to if that happened. When you have read it, try getting your Ankylosaurs in the Thyreophora. Director or Trustees to tackle it – it should give them food for Lockley attempts to convince the reader that it is part of our thought. remit as scientists to open philosophical open dialogue with Mr Nigel T. Monaghan, National Museum of Ireland, Merrion creationists and to find God in the patterns and design we see in Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. 1st September 2003. the fossil record. While I accept Lockleys’ statement that we will not be able to refute the existence of God I for one do not see any benefit in invoking God’s powers in the patterns seen in the Ensom, Paul. 1998. Discover Dorset Geology. The Dovecote rock record. Press. 89pp. Paperback. ISBN 1-874336-52 0. Price: £4-95. On the whole, the book is well written and produced with few This title is one of a number in a handy format series of errors in the text. The diagrams are a combination of new paperbacks providing informative illustrated introductions to diagrams and some recycled from the (many) Lockley publica- Dorset’s history, culture and way of life. tions and are generally of good quality, though could be im- proved by more thoughtful figure captions. There are no photo- Consisting of 19 chapters, a five-page glossary, and a note about graphic plates in the book. It does not really suffer as a result, further reading it provides a very readable introduction to 200 but I for one was dying to see some of the fantastic trackways million years of geological history in a part of Britain known all that Lockley and his team have excavated. over the world for the quality and variety of its rocks, fossils and landscape. In summary, despite the religious theme running through the book, I enjoyed the book and have greatly benefited from the There are excellent black and white illustrations on most pages numerous snippets of information and ichnological insights that and a county outline map (showing where the rocks may be Lockley introduces throughout this book. The book is success- found) at the start of the chapters to ensure that the reader is not ful in achieving its aims of marrying new biophysical, overpowered with text – there is a lot to fit in but the easy, biomechanical and biological information with track data from informative style left this reader wanting to discover more. throughout the stratigraphic record. He is even relatively con- I have three minor ‘gripes’ – a diagram showing processes and vincing in his review of the enigmatic neoichnological evidence environments which produce different rocks seems rather con- for the Yeti. The book is reasonably priced and a mine of stricted by the page size; some of the photographs would have insightful information. If you are more receptive to the religious benefited from a scale and I feel a map showing places men- theme it could be the best £17.95 you have spent in a long while. tioned in the text might have been useful. We often tend to Duncan McIlroy, Sedimentology & Internet Solutions Ltd., 29 assume that everyone must know the locations we are writing Proctor Road, Hoylake, Wirral CH47 4BB, UK about. [www.duncanmcilroy.com]. 4th November 2003. However, don’t let this put anyone off, Paul has contributed much to Dorset geology and this title will ensure a wider audience have an intelligible, interesting and up to date intro- Wills, C. & Bada, J. 2000. The Spark of Life: Darwin and the duction to the subject. Primeval Soup. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts, xx+291 pp. Paperback. ISBN 0-7382-0493-5. Tony Cross, Curator, The Curtis Museum, Alton, Hampshire, Price: US$17.00. UK. 29th October 2003. The origin of life is a suitable subject for study by biochemists, not geologists and palaeontologists. Your reviewer anticipated that The Spark of Life (SoL) discussed Darwin’s ideas on the origin of life, whereas it is more accurately concerned with Darwinian natural selection in a pre-biotic environment. So, -387- here is a review of the wrong book in the wrong journal by the wrong reviewer. Now you’re warned, please read on. Despite the above qualifications, I congratulate the author’s of SoL on doing such a good job of making the biochemistry of life so comprehensible and, indeed, entertaining. This book is aimed at the scientifically literate reader, and explains many difficult concepts clearly without hiding from the complexities and difficulties involved. Whenever I became confused, the glossary, short albeit comprehensive, was welcome support for this biochemically challenged reader. To my eye, the only place the authors consistently stumble, perhaps not unexpectedly, is wherever they need to provide detailed explanations of geological phenomena. Otherwise, SoL is well written, well produced, informative, readable and affordable. Wills and Bada also provide an optimistic, but balanced, appraisal of the problems facing astrobiologists as they look for evidence of pre-life or life on other planets and moons. Even with specimens with which to work (something noticeably lacking in astrobiology so far), their identification promises to be almost impossible and certainly the subject of more informed speculation than hard science. Indeed, studies of the fossil record of this planet are sufficient to illustrate that there are many potential problems. The search for the fossil record of early life (>3.5 billion years old) has shown that microbial blobs and squiggles in rocks look remarkably like many inorganic artefacts (Buick 2001, Simpson 2003). Unless an incontrovertible related geobiochemical signature supports an astrobiological identification, such structures will not receive general acceptance as artefacts of life. I can’t resist appending the following quotation from Conan Doyle (1912); “On the origin of life he was discretely vague. That the germs of it could hardly have survived the original roasting was, he declared, fairly certain. Therefore it had come later. Had it built itself out of the cooling, inorganic elements of the globe? Very likely. Had the germs of it arrived from outside upon a meteor? It was hardly conceivable. On the whole, the wisest man was the least dogmatic upon the point. We could not – or at least we had not succeeded up to date in making organic life in our laboratories out of inorganic materials. The gulf between the dead and the living was something which our chemistry could not yet bridge.” Over 90 years later, this could almost be a summary of Wills and Bada’s book. Our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved has increased enormously, but the underlying pattern remains the same. REFERENCES BUICK, R. 2001. Life in the Archaean. In Briggs, D.E.G. and Crowther, P.R. (eds). Palaeobiology II, pp. 13-21. Blackwell Science, Oxford. CONAN DOYLE, A. 1912. The Lost World. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 309 pp. SIMPSON, S. 2003. Questioning the oldest signs of life. Scientific American 288(4), 52-59. Stephen K. Donovan, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. 19th November 2003.

-388- The Geological Curator

Index to Volume 7 (1999-2003)

AUTHOR INDEX 389 PERSONAL NAMES INDEX 390 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONS INDEX 393 PLACE NAMES INDEX 395 GEOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC NAMES INDEX 396 MUSEOLOGICAL INDEX 397 MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 398 PAGINATION AND DATES OF PUBLICATION 398

AUTHOR INDEX Doughty, P.S. 1. Museums then and now: collection Baker, S. developments in museum geology since 1981 3 1. see Long, S.L. (1) Doyle, Adrian M. Besterman, Tristram P. 1. A large scale ‘Microclimate’ enclosure for 1. Frontiers to science: free trade and pyritic specimens 329 museum ethics 199 Dunn, Jayne Bowden, Alistair 1. Curation of palynological material: a case study 1. Total quality management in museums 77 on the British Petroleum micropalaeontological Brown, Ian C. collection 365 1. Type and figured specimens in the Geology García-Bellido Capdevila, D. Museum, University of the West Indies, 1. The Burgess Shale fossils at The Natural Mona Campus, Jamaica 299 History Museum, London 141 Brunton, C. Howard C. Gentile, Richard J. 1. Gustav Arthur Cooper 1902-2000 181 1. Lost & Found 257. Upper Carboniferous Burek, Cynthia crinoids from Kansas City collected in 1889 1. Lost & Found 258: Catherine Raisin collection 383 by Butts and Hare 319 Buttler, Caroline J. 2. Upper Carboniferous crinoids: an 1. see Stooshnov, Alison (1) extraordinary collection by late 19th Century 2. Ichthyosaur to Iffyosaur: from fact to fiction 305 amateur palaeontologists, Kansas City, Clark, Neil D.L. Missouri, U.S.A. 373 1. Dinosaur tracks, helicopters and broken bones 163 Howe, Stephen R. Coffey, Petra 1. see Buttler, C.J. (1) 1. Lost & Found 253: George Victor Du Noyer 108 James, Kenneth W. 2. see Parkes, Matthew (1) 1. Lost & Found 254: Commander Charles Collie, Michael Morton, R.N. 157 1. The history of geology in northern Scotland: 2. A mineral collection in the Ulster Museum commentary on archival sources 35 matched with a lecture syllabus of Sir Charles Connaughton, P. Lewis Giesecke (1761-1833) 167 1. see Parkes, Matthew (1) King, A.H. Cooper, John 1. see Prosser, C.D. (1) 1. Reflections of 25 years of curation 101 Langner, Deborah M. Cooper, John 1. see Brown I.C. (1) 1. see Long, S.L. (1) Larkin, Nigel R. Crowther, Peter R. 1. Comparing gap-fillers used in conserving sub- 1. The Charles W. Peach (1800-1886) collection fossil material 81 of Cornish fossils 323 Larson, Neil L. Davis, Maurice 1. Fossils for sale: is it good for science? 219 1. Phoney Stones 229 Larwood, Jonathan G. Donovan, Stephen K. 1. Commercial fossil trade: good or bad for 1. Comment on ‘Type and Figured specimens in Sites of Special Scientific Interest? 223 the Geology Museum, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica’ 363

-389- Le Bas, Michael Smith, Charles 1. Lost & Found 259: A collection of fossils 1. Lost & Found 251: Sir William Logan including many from the Silurian of Dudley, (1798-1875) 42 West Midlands 383 Stooshnov, Alison Long, Sarah L. 1. The treatment of specimen lables affected 1. Some early collectors and collections of fossil by pyrite decay 175 sponges represented in The Natural History Tandy, Peter Museum, London 353 1. Lost & Found 253: Offspring Dear 70 McLean, S.G. Taylor, Paul D. 1. Rescuing an orphan mineral collection: 1. see Long, S.L. (1) 70 the case of the University of Newcastle Thornton, Parry mineral collection at the Hancock Museum 11 1. Three lectures on the life and literary character Makridou, Elena of the Rev. Dr George Young D.D., by Martin 1. see Larkin, N.R. (1) Simpson, February 1862 235 Martill, David M. 2. Edward Simpson, or, a search for ‘Flint Jack’ 309 1. The trade in Brazilian fossils: one Toghill, Peter palaeontologist’s perspective 211 1. John Norton 1924-2002: an appreciation 381 Miller, C. Giles Torrens, Hugh 1. Micropalaeontological models at The Natural 1. Lost & Found 250: William Lonsdale’s Permian History Museum, London 263 bryozoans from Tasmania 41 Nudds, John R. Tresise, Geoffrey 1. Award of the Brighton Medal to 1. Triassic footprints: the first English finds 135 Dr Roy G. Clements 131 Turner, Neil S. 2. The commercial trade: ethics versus science: 1. A catalogue of the type, figured and cited foreword 189 fossils in the Nottingham Natural History 3. Ethics, science and the trade: let’s get together 191 Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, U.K. 111 4. Richard Michael Cardwell Eagar 1919-2003 341 Wass, Glenys Oldroyd, David R. 1. The Townshend Fossil Insect Collection at 1. Evidence that disappears: John Marr et al. and Wisbech and Fenland Museum 275 Lakeland geological sites 17 Wyse Jackson, Patrick N. Parkes, Matthew A. 1. Lost & Found 250: William Lonsdale’s Permian 1. The printing wood block collection of the bryozoans from Tasmania 41 Geological Survey of Ireland 149 2. Silver pages: 25 years of the Newsletter of the Prosser, Colin D. Geological Curators’ Group and The 1. The conservation of historically important Geological Curator 95 geological and geomorphological sites in Zorzin, Robert England 27 1. Lost & Found 252: Bibliographic information Radley, Jonathan D. on Eocene plants 70 1. see Tresise, Geoffrey (1) Reid, Catherine PERSONAL NAMES INDEX 1. Lost & Found 250: William Lonsdale’s Permian bryozoans from Tasmania 41 Adams, C.G. 272 Rickards, R.B. Agassiz, L. 213 1. A century of graptolite research in Cambridge 71 Alexander, George Baker 103 2. Conservation of important geological sites 109 Allen, Samuel 305 Roche, Elaine Anderson, Lesley 35 1. Lost & Found 255: Pleistocene shell collections Anning, Mary 199, 219, 225 from County Wexford and the Dublin Anning, Richard 219 Mountains 174 Archer, Jean 76 Ross, Andrew J. Arnold, Zach M. 271-272 1. see Wass, Glenys (1) Ashcroft, John 376 Selden, Paul A. Baily, William Hellier 152, 156 1. A new tool for fossil preparation 337 Baker, Charles 379 Simkiss, Wendy Baldwin, Stuart 197 1. Lost & Found 256: James Dowsett Barrett, Lucas 299-301, 363 Rose-Cleland Collection 319 Bate, R.H. 272 Simpson, Andrew Bean, William 359 1. The work and type collections of the Australian Beche, Sir Henry De la 354 palaeontologist, Professor Dorothy Hill (1907- Beecher, Charles E. 378-379 1997) 51 Besterman, Tristram 229

-390- Billings, Elkanah 359 Darwin, Charles 35, 41 Bird, John 237, 241, 245 Davies, Windsor 56 Birdsall Alan 97 Davy, George 113 Bishopp, Sir Cecil 104 Davy, Humphrey 37 Blake, John Frederick 112 De la Beche, Henry 30, 199, 300 Blaschka, Leopold 267 Dear, Offspring 70 Blaschka, Rudolf 267 Dick, Robert 327 Booth, Edward 102 Dickins, Charles 275 Booth, James 155 Dotchon, Thomas 313-314 Booth, Joseph 155 Doughty, Phillip 167, 194 Booth, Richard 155 Du Noyer, George Victor 108, 149-151, 153-156 Bowerbank, James Scott 354-355, 359, 361 Dumican, Lori 76 Boylan, Patrick 101 Duncan, Rev. Henry 135 Brenan, John 169, 172 Dunning, Fred 6 Brenan, Rev. Samuel Arthur 168-169, 172 Durman, Peter 74 Brennan, John 169 Eagar, Richard Michael Cardwell 341-342 Bridges, Trevor 14 Elcock, Charles 167 Brighton, A.G. 71 Elgin. Lord 229 Brinkman, Manus 208 Elles, Gertrude Lillian 23, 71-76 Bristow, Colin 327 Etheridge, Robert (Jr.) 111-113 Brito, Paulo 211 Etheridge, Robert (Snr.) 325-326 Brown, Barnum 220 Falconer, Hugh 35, 37 Brunton, C. Howard C. 97 Fletcher, O.C. 52 Bryan, W.C. 52 Flint Jack (see Simpson, Edward) Buckland, Rev. William 30, 135-136, 199, 243, 324 Foot, Frederick 152, 155 Bulman, Oliver Meredith Boone 71-76 Fortey, Richard A. 142 Bump, James D. 220 Fox, C. Howard 324 Butler, F.H. 361 Fox, Rev, F.C. 326 Butts, Edward 319 Fric, Anton 265 Butts, Edward 373-376, 379 Fric, Václav 265, 268 Campbell, Ken 56 Gardner, G. 213 Carr, John Wesley 112-113 Gaskin, Robert Tate 312 Carrington, Samuel 113 Gaudin, Charles 276 Chaffer, Mr 269-270 Geikie, Archibald 38, 150 Chamberlain, Janet 6 Gentile, Richard J. 376 Chamberlin, Rev. T.C.B. 114-115 Giesecke, Sir Charles Lewis 167-172 Chapman, Amanda 76 Gillman, F. 113 Charlesworth, Edward 113 Goodwin, Mark 195 Charlesworth, Edward 359 Gordon, Dora 35 Chubb, Lawrence J. 229-301 Gordon, George 35, 37 Clements, Roy 101, 131-132 Graffham, Allen 221 Coffey, Petra 155 Grant, Richard 181 Collins, D.H. 141 Green, David 192 Collins, Joseph Henry 326 Gresley, W.S. 118-119 Collins, Wilkie 275 Grey, C.M. 150-151 Colliver, Stan 54 Gurley, William F.E. 376, 379 Conybeare, W.D. 199 Haeckel, Ernst 267 Cooper, Gustav Arthur 181-182 Hardman, Edward T. 152 Cooper, John 101 Hare, Sidney J. 373-376, 379 Cooper, Josephine 182 Hare, Sidney, J. 319 Cope, Edward Drinker 219 Harker, Alfred 18 Copper, Paul 192 Hatcher, John Bell 219 Cornish, Lorraine 197 Hauff, Bernard 220 Couch, R. Quiller 323 Hawkins, Waterhouse 32 Cowie, Cynthia 76 Hedley, R. 272 Cross, Tony 96 Heer, Oswald 275-278 Crowe, Mr 154 Hey, Richard 73 Crowther, Peter 74, 95, 97-98 Hill, Dorothy 51-56 Cunningham, John 135-136 Hinde, George Jennings 358-361 d’Orbigny, Alcide C.V.M. 263-266 Hollier, E.J. 113-115 Dana, J.D. 379 Holm, Gerhard 75 -391- Holmes, F. 113 Miller, Hugh 37, 324, 327 Holmes, George Bax 103 Miller, Hugh 359 Horne, John 35, 327 Miller, S.A. 376 Horner, Jack 195 Mitchell, Chris 165 Hull, Edward 152 Monkman, Charles 309-311 Hunt, Robert 195 Moore, Chris 191 Hurfurth, Christian 270 Moore, Raymond C. 53 Hutt, Jana 76 Moore, Sir John 38 Huxley, T.H. 35, 37 Morton, Commander Charles 157 Huxley, Thomas H. 325 Müller, Klaus J. 270 Innes, J.D. 35 Munt, Martin 232 Jackson, Dennis 23, 73 Murchison, Sir Roderick I.35, 37-38, 108, 136, 323, 327 Jackson, Edward 276 Murray, Dr (of Scarborough) 313 Jackson, J. Wilfred 341 Neale, John 74 James, Barry 196-197 Nicholson, Henry Alleyne 359-361 James, Judith 76 North, Christine 327 Jarzembowski, Ed 103 Nudds, John R. 9, 200, 229 Jewitt, Llewellynn 310 O’Hara, C.C. 220 Jones, Mike 95, 101, 131 Oldham, Thomas 151 Jones, T. Rupert 114 Oldroyd, David 109-110 Jukes, Joseph Beete 151 Owen, Sir Richard 32, 102, 199 Kellner, Alexander 204 Packham, Gordon 74 Kendal, T. 315 Padian, Kevin 200 Kinahan, George Henry 152 Page, Brian 95-97 King, Bob 101, 131 Paine, Crispin 7 Kitto, Benedict 325 Palmer, Norman 202 Knell, Simon 275 Parkinson, James 355 Kozlowski, Roman 73 Peach, Ben 327 Kreite, R. 378 Peach, Charles William 323 La Touche, George Digges 169 Pearcey, Frederick Gordon 268-269 La Touche, Peter 169 Peel, Sir Robert 324 Lankester, E. Ray 325 Pengelly, William 324, 359 Lapworth, Charles 71 Pennant, Thomas 353 Lemmon, Sir Charles 324 Petrie, George 150 Lewis, N. 115 Pettigrew, Tim 95, 97 Lloyd, Dr George 135-136, 138-139 Pettitt, J. 272 Lloyd, Mrs 139 Phillips, John 324 Lloyd, Thomas G.B. 139 Playfair, John 30 Logan, Sir William 42 Potter, Charles 103 Lonsdale, William 41 Prestwick, Joseph 35, 38, 354 Lubbock, John 35 Raisin, Catherine Alice 383 Lyell, Sir Charles 17, 38, 276 Ransom, W.H. 116 Lykins, William H.R. 376 Reuss, August von 265 M‘Coy, Frederick 325 Richards, H.C. 51-52, 54 Mackintosh, H.B. 35 Ridley, S.O. 267 Mackintosh, L. 35 Rigby, Sue 74 MacLauchlan, Henry 323 Ripley, Dr Richard 313 Malcolmson, John Grant 35, 37-38 Ripley, John 313 Manning, Terry 191, 196 Roberts, George 35 Mantell, Gideon Algernon 354-356, 359, 361 Rockers, Glenn 196 Marr, John 17-24, 109 Roemer, Ferdinand 325 Marsh, O.C. 379 Rose-Cleland, James Dowsett 319 Marsh, Othniel Charles 219 Rowe, Tim 197 Martill, David 204 Rudler, F.W. 111 Martin, John 101 Rufford, Philip 103 Matheson, Andrew 101 Russell, Sir Arthur 15 Mawson, Sir Douglas 53 Sanders, Thomas 314 McDonald, Euan 165 Sarjeant, William A.S. 136 McHenry, Alexander 152 Schuchert, Charles 181 McKenna, Graham 155 Scoresby, Dr 237, 247 Mello, Rev. J. Magens 113, 116 Sedgwick, Adam 17, 112 -392- Selden, Paul 278 Woodward, Henry 325 Shakespeare, Dame Ethel (see Wood, Ethel) Woodward, Henry Woodward 359 Sharpe, Tom 7, 99 Wyatt, James 316 Sheppard, Clive 271-272 Wynne, Arthur Beavor 152 Sherborne, Charles D. 266 Wyse Jackson, Patrick 98 Shipman, J. 117 Young, George 235-260, 311, 313 Simpson, Edward 309-317 Zans, Verners 299, 301 Simpson, Martin 235, 237 Zittel, Karl A. von 359 Singleton, Ray 131 Skevington, David 74 INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANISATIONS INDEX Sloane, Sir Hans 353 Smith, William 30 American Museum of Natural History 220 Smith, William 353 Appleby Grammar School 359 Smyth, Sir Warrington 325 Armstrong College, Newcastle University 15 Stafford, W. 113 Australasian Association of Palaeontologists 54-55 Sternberg, Charles H. 219-220 Australian Academy of Science 55 Sternberg, Charles M. 220 Australian and New Zealand Association for the Sternberg, Levi 220 Advancement of Science 55 Stevens, E.T. 312 Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society 319 Stevens, Frank 312 Bexhill Museum 105 Stevens, J.C. 354 Biology Curators’ Group 7 Strachan, Isles 74 Black Hills Institute of Geological Research 221 Strickland, H.E. 135-139 Blandford Forum Museum Trust 383 Stubblefield, Sir James 71, 73 Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton 101-105 Sudbury, Margaret 74 Brighton Corporation 102 Swinnerton, H.H. 115, 117-118 British and Irish Graptolite Group (BIG G) 76 Sylvester-Bradley, Peter 101 British Association for the Teller, Lech 74 Advancement of Science 136, 323-324 Tennent, James 276-277 British Geological Survey 41, 73, 155 Tennent, Professor 311 British Museum (Natural History) 4, 6, 105, 354 Thomas, E.P. 52 British Petroleum Exploration Operating Thomis, Malcolm 51 Company Ltd. (BP) 365 Thompson, John 157 Buxton Museum 104 Timberlake, Simon 275 Canadian National Museum, Ottawa 220 Törnquist 71 Cardiff Municipal Museum 305 Torrens, Hugh 4, 95-96 Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburg 101, Toulmin Smith, Joshua 355-357, 361 219-220 Townshend, Chauncy Hare 275-277 Children’s Museum, Indiana 221 Traill, William 152 City of Belfast Art Gallery and Museum 167 Trechmann, C.T. 15, 142 Clapham Athenaeum 355 Trueman, A.E. 341 Colgate College 181 Urbanek, Urban 74 Derbyshire Museums Service 104 Vandervelde, Rene 195 Dinosaur Isle, Sandown, Isle of Wight 231-232 Versey, Howard R. 299, 301 Dunrobin Castle 36 Walcott, Charles Doolittle 142 Elgin Museum 36, 39 Walker, George 111 English Nature 27, 223-224 Ward, Henry Augustus 267 Falconer Museum, Forres 36-37, 39 Wass, Robin 41 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 221, 379 Watson, White 104 Forest Copper Works, Swansea 42 Wells, John W. 53 Geological Curators’ Group 95, 99 Wetherell, Nathaniel 359 Geological Museum, London 299, 323 Whittington, Harry 73 Geological Society (of London) 72 Whymper, Edward 141 Geological Society Museum 41 Wilby, Phil 211-212, 216 Geological Society of Australia 54 Willett, Henry 103 Geological Society of London 4, 41, 136, 299, 354, 359 Williams, Bernice 8 Geological Survey Museum 138 Wilson, Edward 113, 115 Geological Survey of Canada 42, 147, 220 Wilson, John 316 Geological Survey of Ireland 108, 149-156, 174 Winter, Richard 241 Geological Survey of Jamaica 299 Wolfe, Jan 165 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland 154-155 Wood, Ethel 72 Geological Survey of Queensland 52-53 -393- Geologisches Institut, Zurich 278 Peabody Museum, Yale 219, 319, 378-379 Geologists’ Association 356 Provincial Museum of Edmonton 220 Geologists’ Association Jamaica Group 301 Queen’s College, Belfast 325 Hancock Museum, Newcastle 11 Queensland Museum 56 Hastings Museum 105 Queensland Palaeontographical Society 55 Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow 163, 165 Royal Dublin Society 167-169 Institute of Geological Sciences 4, 6, 139 Royal Geographical Society 108 International Council of Museums 201, 208 Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 323-327 Kansas City Academy of Science 375 Royal Literature and Scientific Institute 41 Kansas City Library Museum 375 Royal Ontario Museum 141, 147 Kansas City Museum of History and Science 375 Royal Society (of London) 55 Kings College, Newcastle University 15 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 108 Laurentia University 192 Royal Society of Queensland 52 Leicester City Museum and Art Gallery 4 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology 220-221 Leicestershire Museums 101, 131 Russell Society 14 Liverpool Geological Society 342 Scottish Conservation Bureau 39 Liverpool Natural History Society 135-136, 138-139 Scottish Museums Council 39 London Clay Club 354 Scottish Natural Heritage 164 Ludlow Research Group 73 Scottish Record Office 36 Magdalen College, Oxford 341 Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration 39 Manchester Geological Association 342 Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge 51, 71, 76, 299 Manchester Museum 189, 199-200, 269, 341 Smithsonian Institution 142, 147, 219, 301, 319, 377, McGill University 42 379 Mechanics Institution, Nottingham 111 South Dakota School of Mines Museum 220 Microscopical Society 354 St Andrews University 36, 39 Moray District Council 35, 36, 39 Sternberg Museum, Fort Hayes, Kansas 220 Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 263 Tarradale House 36 Museum Documentation Association 5 The Natural History Museum, London 41, 73, 141-142, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 147 146-147, 182, 201, 219-220, 263, 265-270, 273, 325, Museum of Isle of Wight Geology 232 329330, 335, 353-361 Museum of Lancashire 77 Trinity College, Dublin 72-73, 167-169 Museum of Practical Geology, Ulster Museum, Belfast 154-155, 157, 167-170 Jermyn Street, London 111 UNESCO 202 Museums Association 4, 6, 206 United States National Museum 142 National Museum of Ireland 153 University College, London 73, 301 National Museum of Natural History, University of Aberdeen 360 Washington 142, 181-182, 377, 379 University of Alberta 220 National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh 319, 379 University of California, Berkeley 272 National Museums and Galleries of Wales 305 University of Dundee 37 National Print Museum, Dublin 154, 156 University of Edinburgh 235, 359 National Science Museum, Tokyo 221 University of Glasgow 341 Natural History Museum, Prague 265 University of Leicester 101, 131 Natural History Society of Northumberland, University of London, Bedford College 383 Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne 11 University of London, Birkbeck College 141 Natural History Society of Northumbria 11 University of London, Royal Holloway College 383 Nature Conservance Council 28 University of Manchester 189 Newnham College, Cambridge 51, 71 University of Missouri, Kansas City 377, 379 North American Museum of Ancient Life, Utah 221 University of Newcastle 360 North Carolina State Museum of Natural History 221 University of Newcastle Geology Department 11 North Devon Athenaeum 96 University of Portsmouth 211 North Highland Archive 39 University of Prague 265 Northampton Museum 101 University of Queensland, Department of Geology and Nottingham Corporation 111-112 Mineralogy 51-56 Nottingham Natural History Museum 111-113 University of Queensland, Geology Museum 51, 56 Nottingham Naturalists’ Society 111 University of St Andrews 360 Nottingham University College 112 University of the West Indies, Nottingham University College Natural Geological Museum 299-301, 363 Sciences Museum 111-113 University of Toronto 220, 359 Open University 211 Utrecht University Museum 266 Ordnance Survey (Ireland) 150 Victoria and Albert Museum, London 275-277 Palaeontographical Society 354 Wallington Hall 15 -394- Ward’s Natural Science Establishment 142 Giant’s Causeway, Antrim, Ireland 32, 157, 171 Warwickshire Museum 137-139 Gorran Haven, near Mevagissey, Warwickshire Natural History and Cornwall, England 323, 327 Archaeological Society 136 Gougane Barra, County Cork, Ireland 153 Whitby Baths, Subscription Library and Museum 236 Greenland 167-168, 170-172 Whitby Botanic Gardens 235 Hartz, Germany 170 Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society 235-236 Hilburghausen, Saxony, Germany 135, 138 Wisbech and Fenland Museum 275-278 Hingary 170 Wollation Hall, Nottingham 111-113 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 41 Yorkshire Geological Society 342 Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica 299 Hurlett, Scotland 171 PLACE NAMES INDEX* Iisal, Siberia, Russia 170 Isle of Skye, Scotland 163-165 * this does not include the localities listed in various Isle of Wight, England 231-232 catalogues of type and other fossil specimens printed Jamaica 299-301, 363 on pages 56-66, 114-119, 142-147, 275-281 and Kansas City, Missouri, USA 319, 373-379 299-303. Keamaneigh Pass, County Cork, Ireland 154 Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, England 32 Anglesea, Wales 383 Lake District, England 17-24 Arendal, Norway 170 Lausanne, Switzerland 275 Ashgill Quarry, near Coniston, Lettershanbally, County Galway, Ireland 152 Cumbria, England 18-20, 109-110 Lewes, Sussex, England 356 Auvergne, France 170 Lough Doon, Counties Sligo and Leitrim, Ireland 152 Banagher Hill and Croaghconnellagh, Lough Leane, Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland 150 Counties Donegal and Tyrone, Ireland 152 Ludlow, Shropshire, England 30 Beer, Devon, England 323 Lyme Regis, England 277 Benmore, County Mayo, Ireland 151 Matlock, Derbyshire, England 171 Beresoff, Siberia, Russia 170 Middleton, Derbyshire, England 171 Birksbeck, Warwickshire, England 138 Minard, Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry, Ireland 151 Bonsal Lays, Derbyshire, England 171 Monte Bolca, Italy 277 Botallack, Cornwall, England 30 Mount Burgess, British Columbia, Canada 141 Bowgill, Stockdale Beck, Long Sleddale, Napton, Lancashire, England 171 Cumbria, England 21-22, 109-110 Oeningen, Switzerland 277 Brenner area, Switzerand 383 Paignton, Devon, England 323 Brisbane Valley, Australia 51-52 Penrith, Cumbria, England 359 Builth district, Wales 72 Penzance, Cornwall, England 325 Canton St. Gallen, Switzerland 276 Piedmont, France 170 Carlyon Bay, near St Austell, Cornwall, England 326 Pooles Hole, Derbyshire, England 171 Cartmoore, Devon, England 171 Potosi, Peru 171 Castle Espie, County Down, Ireland 319 Rathgael, Bangor, County Down, Ireland 319 Chapada do Araripe, Brazil 212, 338 Redgill Mine, Caldbeck Fell, Cumbria, England 15 Charmouth, Dorset, England 323 Reed Hill, Oxfordshire, England 30 Conesby Quarry, Scunthrope, Rubha nam Brathairean, Isle of Skye, Scotland 163 Lincolnshire, England 225 Rydal Valley, Cumbria, England 21 Coniston, Cumbria, England 18 Sauce Creek, County Kerry, Ireland 154 Coolock, County Dublin, Ireland 169 Serdoff, Saxony, Germany 170 Cornwall, England 171 Shrewley Common, Warwickshire, England 136-139 County Wexford, Ireland 174 Shropham, Norfolk, England 84 Cuckfield, Sussex, England 355 Skelgill, near Ambleside, Cumbria, England 110 Dalkey, County Dublin, Ireland 171 Solnhofen, Germany 220, 277 Dauphine, France 170 St Austell, Gorran, Cornwall, England 323 Derrymore Glen, Dingle Peninsula, St Gothard, Switzerland 276 County Kerry, Ireland 151 St Leonards-on-Sea, England 354 Deux Ponts, France 170 Stockdale Beck, Long Sleddale, Doniford, Somerset, England 224 Cumbria, England 21, 109-110 Dudley, West Midlands, England 31, 111, 225, 383 Storeton, Hill, Cheshire, England 135-136, 139 Dundry Hill, Somerset, England 29 Storm Bay, Tasmania, Australia 41 Dunmanway, County Cork, Ireland 153 Swansea, Wales 42 Faeroe Islands 168 Trevaskus Mine, Gwinear, Cornwall, England 15 Framont, France 170 Vallis vale, Somerset, England 30 Galss Mountains, Texas, USA 181 Ventnor, the Isle of Wight, England 355 -395- Vesuvius, Italy 384 Burgess Shale 141-147, 191, 194 Virtuous Lady Mine, Buckland Monachorum, Buxux sempervirens (Box) 152 Devon, England 15 Calamites 377, 379 Vosges Mountains, Germany 383 Caloceras 224 Wansford, Northamptonshire, England 323 Calymene blumenbachii 114, 225 Wapta Mountain, British Columbia, Canada 141-142 Cavusgnathus 270 West Runton, Norfolk, England 81 Cassida blancheti 281 Weymouth, England 276 Cephalites alternans 357 Whitby, Yorkshire, England 235-238, 311-316 Cephalites bullatus 357 Wisbech, England 275 Cephalites campanulatus 357 Wollumbilla Creek, Queensland, Australia 354 Cephalites capitata 357 Wren’s Nest, Dudley, West Midlands, England 31, 225 Cephalites catenifer 357 Cephalites compressus 357 GEOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC INDEX* Cephalites longitudinalis 357 Cephalites perforatus 357 * this does not include the taxa listed in various Cephalites retrusus 357 catalogues of type and other fossil specimens printed Cephalopods 102, 224, 302, 324 on pages 56-66, 114-119, 142-147, 275-281 and Ammonites 224 299-303. Goniatites 102, 302 Carboniferous 102, 302 Actinostroma verrucosum 360 Nautiloids 324 Aesiocrinus harii 376, 379 Cephalograptus 72 Aesiocrinus lykinsi 376 Cheirotherium 139 Aesiocrinus magnificus 376-377, 379 Chenendopora michelinii 358 Alcyonites 353 Chirotherium 96, 117-118, 135-136, 138-139 Alcyonites parasiticum 356 Choanites flexuosus 356 Alcyonium 354 Choanites konigii 356 Alcyonium chonoides 356 Choanites subrotundus 356 Ancyrodella 270 Cladocyclus 214 Anoplites bremii 280 Coccoliths 272 Archaeocyathids 57 Confuciusornis 196 Archaeopteryx 203, 220 Conodonts 270 Archaeoraptor 194, 200 Coralline Crag 384 Arden Sandstone 137 Corals 52, 57, 103, 114, 191, 363 Argyronecta longipes 275, 277-279 Carboniferous 103, 191 Argyroneta 278 Crato Formation, Brazil 204, 211-217, 338 Arthropods 301 Crustacea 115 Bactronella parvula 359 Cryolite 172 Barrettia coatesi 301 Cucullograptus paxdroi 72 Bearreraig Sandstone Formation 163 Delocrinus hemispaericus 379 Birds 191, 194, 196, 200 Delocrinus missouriensis 376-377, 379 Bivalves 114, 174 301-302, 341, 363 Dicellograptus 76 Carboniferous non-marine 341 Durania nicholasi 301 Pleistocene 174 Echinoderms 302, 319, 326, 373-379 Rudist 301 Crinoids 319, 326, 373-379 Bohemograptus 74 Upper Carboniferous, Missouri 373-379 Bovoid 84 Echinoids 302 Brachiolites 358 Edmontosaurus 220 Brachiolites elegans 357 Eldonia ludwigi 142 Brachiolites foliacea 357 Eoanththropus dawsoni 200 Brachiolites labrosus 357 Ethelocrinus harii 376 Brachiolites racemosum 357 Ethelocrinus magister 376, 378-379 Brachiolites racemosus 357 Ethelocrinus sphaeralis 376 Brachiolites tuberosus 357 Eucrytidium cranoides 268 Brachiolites tubulata 357 Eubrontes 163 Brachiopods 57, 181-182, 192 Fish 52, 113, 115, 191, 204-206, 211-217, 324 Devonian 192 Devonian 191 Broadford Beds Formation 163 Triassic 113 Bryozoans 41 Palaeozoic 52 Permian 41 Foraminiferans 263-272

-396- Formica lignitum 280 Raytown Limestone Member 377 Gastropods 302 Red Crag 384 Pleistocene 174, 302 Reptiles 115 Gemstones 172 Crocodiles 213 Geodites wrightii 359 Dinosaurs 191, 196, 213, 231-232, 220-222 Gnathodus 270 Cetiosaur 163 Green River Shales 191 Ornithopod 163 Grallator 163 Theropod 163, 216 Graptolites 23, 71-76, 109-110 Thyreophorian 163 Carboniferous 76 Lower Jurassic marine 111, 219, 305-308 Ordovician 23, 76, 109-110 Pterosaurs 216 Silurian 23, 73-74, 109-110 Triassic 135-140 Homalodora ramosum 356 Rhynchosauroides rectipes 137-138 Homelys minor 281 Santana Formation, Brazil 204, 211-217 Iguanodon 232 Serpulids 363 Inferior Oolite Limestones 29 Sphenodon 138 Insects 275-281, 338 Sponges 325, 353-361 Scorpion 338 Spongia townsendi 356 Iola Formation 377 Steganodictyon 325 Kamptnerius magnificus 272 Stringocephalus 192 Keuper Sandstone 135 Tenontosaurus 196-197, 200, 221 Labechia conferta 360 Trace fossils 303 Labyrinthodon 139 Trackways and footprints 117-118, 135-140, 163-165 ‘Lady’s Slipper’ 15 Trilobites 114, 191 Lane Shale Formation, Kansas City 376 Tyrannosaurus rex 220, 224 Lealt Shales Formation 163 Ulocrinus buttsi 376 Leadhillite 15 Upper Chanute Shale, Kanssa City 377 Lepidostrobus fimbriatus 329-330 Valtos Sandstone Formation 163 Lina populeti 280 Ventriculites 356 Lingula 96 Ventriculites benettiae 356 Ludlow Bone Bed 30 Ventriculites chonoides 354 Lygaeus japygus 281 Ventriculites impressus 357 Lytta aesculpi 277 Ventriculites radiatus 354 Macgillavryia nicholasi 301 Ventriculites simplex 357 Malachius vertummni 280 Ventriculites striatus 357 Mammals 81-82, 84, 111, 113, 115-117 Ventriculites tessallatus 357 Pleistocene 81-82, 84, 111, 113 Verrucocoelia vectensis 355 Quaternary 103 Vertebrates 303 Mammuthus trogontherii 81 Vinctifer 211 Mercia Mudstone Group 137 Wenlock Limestone Formation 111, 360, 383-384 Monograptus 75 West Runton Elephant 81-82 Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds 141 Oistodus 270 MUSEOLOGICAL INDEX Oldhamia 150 Oncolpia elegans 358 Adhesives Orthoclase 168 Gaffa tape 331 Ostracods 114, 271 PaleoBond 197 Petalograptus 72 Paraloid B72 81, 83-90 ‘Piltdown Man’ 200 Wheat Starch Paste 178-179 Plants 111, 118-119, 191, 329 Aeroneedle 337-339 Coal Measures 111, 118-119, 191, 329 Archives 35-39 Permian 119 Catalogues Wood 176 Burgess Shale specimens 142-147 Polygnathus 270 Insects (fossil) 275-281 Polygnathoides 270 Minerals 170-171 Praebarrettia 301 Type specimens 56-66, 114-119, 299-303 Protomyia jacunda 281 Cataloguing and storage of fossils 79 Psiloceras 224 Collecting Purisiphonia clarkei 356 Fossils 17-24, 163-165, 223 Radiolarians 267-270 Hazards of collecting 165

-397- Condition Surveys 369-370 33, 164, 223-226 Conservation Standing Operating Procedures 77-78 Fossil sites 109-110, 223-226 Storage environments Ichthyosaur 305 Humidity Control Agents Inks 176 Art-Sorb 332-333, 335 Micropalaeontological preparations 370-371 Humidity Recorders 331 Micropalaeontological sample residues 371 Rotronic Hygroclip 331 Printing Blocks (wooden) 154 Tinytalk dataloggers 331 Specimen labels 175-180 Microclimates Elvacite 366-367, 369-370 Desiccators 329 Ethics 189-230 Large enclosure 329-335 ICOM Code of Professional Ethics 201-203, 206 Stewart’s boxes 329 Museums Association Code of Ethics 192-194 Storage materials Rescue purchase 194 Alveolit 154 “Rosetta Stone Delimma” 194 Xylene 367 UNESCO Convention 1970 192, 194, 199, 202, 206 Fossils MISCELLANEOUS INDEX Fake 196, 309-317 Micropalaeontological Award of the Brighton Medal to Curation 365-371 Dr Roy G. Clements 131 Storage 367-369 Award of the Brighton Medal to Preparation 74, 337-339 H. Philip Powell 349 Purchasing 191, 219-222 Book Reviews 43, 91, 123, 183, 233, 283, 336 Rescue purchase 194 Editorial 2 Restoration 196 Erratum 319 Type spider 278 Geological Curators’ Group 24th AGM 44 Filling materials for fossil repair 81-89 Geological Curators’ Group 25th AGM 125 Airbrasive Powder 83-90 Geological Curators’ Group 26th AGM 285 Alvar 1570 (polyvinyl acetal) 82 Geological Curators’ Group 27th AGM 291 Glass bubbles 83-90 Geological Curators’ Group 28th AGM 343 “Jurassic Gel” 197 Lost & Found 41, 70, 108, 157, 174, 319 Phenolic microballoons 83-90 Plaster of Paris 82 PAGINATION AND DATES OF PUBLICATION Strand BLR2 83-90 Fungal Inhibitor 372 Volume 7, Number 1: pp 1-48 [May 1999] Gemstones Volume 7, Number 2: pp 49-92 [November 1999] Purchasing 191 Volume 7, Number 3: pp 93-132 [June 2000] Geoparkes 32-33 Volume 7, Number 4: pp 133-160 [November 2000] Glycerine Jelly 366, 369-370 Volume 7, Number 5: pp 161-186 [July 2001] Labels (repair) 175-180 Volume 7, Number 6: pp 187-234 [December 2001] Minogami Usukuchi paper 179 Volume 7, Number 7: pp 233-296 [July 2002] Media coverage 305-308 Volume 7, Number 8: pp 297-320 [December 2002] Minerals Volume 7, Number 9: pp 321-350 [April 2003] Purchasing 191 Volume 7, Number 10 and Index: pp 351-398 Cleaning 14 [November 2003] Models Micropalaeontological 263-273 Index compiled by Patrick N. Wyse Jackson Museum Surveys 4-9 Nail Varnish 369 Printing Blocks (wooden) 149-156 Pyrite decay 175-180, 329-332 Quality Management 77-80 Regionally Important Geological/ Geomorphological Sites 31-32 Repair of fossils 81-89 Repatriation of fossils 103-104 Rescue of mineral collection 11-16 Rationalisation of fossils 104-106 Schultz’s Solution 74 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) 17, 21, 27-

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