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Home , Phallus indusiatus, Trametes, Trametes versicolor

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Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal

1 1 2,3 1 Elkhateeb WA *, Elnahas MO , Thomas PW and Daba GM Review Article 1Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, Egypt Volume 4 Issue 1 2Mycorrhizal Systems Ltd, UK Received Date: December 28, 2019 3University of Stirling, UK Published Date: January 10, 2020 DOI: 10.23880/oajpr-16000192 *Corresponding author: Waill A Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza, Egypt, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Overall, studies both on the chemistry and pharmacology of versicolor and Dictyophora indusiata extracts and compounds are increasing in recent years and show therapeutic potential for various pathologies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the biological activities of extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of and Dictyophora indusiata.

Keywords: Medicinal Mushrooms; Dictyophora indusiata; indusiata; Trametes versicolor; polysaccharide

Abbreviations: PSP: Polysaccharopeptide SFDA: State with wide ranging and activities Food and Drug Administration; PSK: Polysaccharide K; WE: Water Extract; DIP: Dictyophora Indusiata ; are desirable since they are safe to eat and known not to NK cells: Natural Killer cells; CR: Complement Receptor; NO: [15-18]. As sources of , edible mushrooms Nitric Oxide; NOS: Nitric Oxide Synthase. antibacterial and antifungal compounds to survive in their place additional stress on the body [6]. Mushrooms need Introduction natural environment. Hence, they are rich sources of natural Mushrooms have been valued throughout the world both antibioticsMushroom [19]. Polysaccharides as food and medicine; mushrooms possess high contents of Mushrooms, whether belong to the class Basidiomycetes or Ascomycetes, are considered precious food resources that ofqualitative mushrooms, , several crude mushrooms fibre, minerals are nowand vitaminscultivated [1-3]. at a widely distributed all over the world. For more than 2000 commercialWith the development scale and ofmany methods of them for the have artificial been cultivationdeveloped years, mushrooms have been greatly consumed due to their potentials, mushrooms are also sources of physiologically wide variety of bioactive compounds have been isolated from as supplemental foods [4]. Apart from their nutritional variousnutritional medicinal and medicinal mushrooms, values and [20,21]. these Incompounds eastern Asia, have a been widely used and extensively studied. Polysaccharides, beneficial bioactive substances that promote good health lectins, alkaloids and terpenoids have been reported among e.g.[5,6]. Theyantioxidant, produce aantimicrobial, wide range of secondaryAntiviral, metabolitesanticancer, cholesterolwith high therapeutic lowering valueand immunostimulatory [7]. Health promoting effects, properties, have bioactive compounds, polysaccharides are considered the mainthe important bioactive bioactivecomponent compounds for many [22,23]. Among species. these Both fruiting bodies and the mycelium contain compounds The diverse activities displayed by polysaccharides return been reported for some species of mushrooms [8-14].

Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Mushrooms Pharm Res 2 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research to their unique structure and properties. These activities include antitumor, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral and hypoglycemic as well as thePSP fermentationsignificantly differs broth. with While different its molecular batches. weight Its molecular in the weight ranges from 36 kDa in the mycelium to 45 kDa in compositions are directly related to their pharmaceutical activities,anti-inflammatory and increasing effects [22,23].research Theattention polysaccharides has been fruitingThe bodyextracellular is about 75 PSP kDa [34].are mainly glucans without

Studying the various polysaccharides synthetic pathways as welldirected as their to regulatory the structure-activity mechanisms is relationship of great importance [24,25]. peptide where D-glucose content is about 99.2% of its in order to produce biologically and chemically uniform structure. Its structure contains β (1–3) in the main chain polysaccharides, hence obtaining reliable results. The and β (1–6) in the branches of the polysaccharide structure. polysaccharides biosynthetic pathways involve several steps However, the intracellular PSP from mycelium is formed of a starting with the synthesis of sugar precursors, followed by glycopeptide with covalently linked peptides [35], its main the assembly of repeating monosaccharide building units, monosaccharide compositions are glucose, with β (1–4)-β (1–3) or β (1–4)-β (1–6) linked glucose backbone. The polysaccharide content is found to be 30–60%, while and Recently,finally ending many with studies the polymerization have addressed process the structures [26,27]. the protein content represents 10–30% [36,37]. PSK is a as well as the numerous bioactivities of mushroom proteoglycan that consists of a β-glucan with β-(1,4) linked glucose backbone and β-(1,3) and β-(1,6) linked side chains. activities of the glucan polysaccharides isolated from Its molecularAntitumor weight and is Immunity about 100 kDa Enhancement [38]. Effects Trametespolysaccharides. versicolor Here, and Dictyophora we review indusiata the various mushrooms. biological Currently, the bioactive glucans and proteoglycans Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail) isolated from variable mushroom sources are considered among the most promising sources of immunoceuticals, Trametes versicolor which is also known as Polyporus this is due to their ability to augment different pathways of versicolor, Coriolus versicolor and Turkey tail belongs to the host immunity. The experiments proved that PSP and PSK Basidiomycetes (Figures 1 & 2). It is a common traditional have potent effect on many pathways exist in the immune medicinal mushroom that spreads throughout system. PSK can restore a proper immune response in cancer patients moreover it improves the immunosuppressive state. substances are isolated from this mushroom, such as polysaccharopeptidethe world and grows on(PSP), tree aminotrunks acids,[28,29]. proteins, Many bioactive as well as other various compounds. PSP is considered the most It was also reported that PSK is a Toll-like receptors agonist, biologically active compound that can be isolated from both especiallyIn a similar in TLR2 way, and PSP TLR4 is found mediated to stimulate signaling the pathways. expression mycelium or fermentation broth of Trametes versicolor PSP also enhances the natural killer cells (NK cells) activity Various strains of T. versicolor and different culture[30]. of TLR4 and TRAF6 (its downstream signaling molecule) [39]. conditions greatly affect the produced polysaccharides promotes antibody formation by activating T lymphocytes, B properties including the structures and molecular weights in tumor immunity [40]. It activates complement system and an important role in declining the tumor resulting immune celllymphocytes function andas well macrophages as decreasing [41]. the Additionally, adverse side PSP effects plays [31,32]. In China PSP used form is mostly produced from the related to the cancer treatment including pain, fatigue and ‘COV-1 strain’ [33], while in Japan the polysaccharideT. versicolor K (PSK) vomiting. basedform is drugs the most and common one T. versicolor and it is producedbased health from productsthe ‘CM- are101’ usedstrain. in Up different to date, nearlycommercial thirteen and types clinical of products As the studies show that PSK and PSP major biologically and they are authorized by the China State Food and Drug Coriolus versicolor Gantai granules, Gansukang capsules, Polystictus andactive complement component receptor are β-glucans, (CR3) are which found haveto be differentimmune GlycopeptideAdministration capsules, (SFDA) [34]. Posaverptidum These products capsules include: as well as structures from various sources. TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR -6 other products. for the activation of some immune cells that express these receptors,receptors forthese β-glucans, include: wherenatural β-Glucanskiller cells, is neutrophils, responsible As it was mentioned that PSP is the main active monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Consequently, compound isolated can be obtained from the mycelium or both the innate and adaptive responses will be modulated by fermentation broth of C. versicolor. The molecular weight of

β-glucans either directly or indirectly [42].

Elkhateeb WA, et al. Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Copyright© Elkhateeb WA, et al. Mushrooms. Pharm Res 2020, 4(1): 000192. 3 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 1: Trametes versicolor (Photographs taken by Walt Sturgeon, Locality: USA, Ohio, Columbiana Co., Beaver Creek State Forest, hosted by http://mycoportal.org).

Figure 2: Trametes versicolor (Photographs taken by Robert Chapman, Locality: USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains, hosted by http://mycoportal.org).

Antihepatopathy Effect that result in acceleration of the free radicals scavenging by reducing the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and Furthermore, PSP has been used in China as a traditional reducing the nitric oxide (NO) content. Thus, enhancing

PSP reduces the serum level of ALT and AST and it also itself shows an antioxidation activity, however its free medicine for treating hepatitis [41]. It has been found that the antioxidant capacity of the body [44]. Moreover, PSP synergistic effect on eliminating free radicals in liver injury hepatoprotectiveincrease the negative drugs conversion such as, rate Mujimixture, of HBVDNA, HBeAg,Xinganbao and radicals scavenging ability is still less than vitamin C [34]. A capsule,HBsAg. In Yiganle consequence, particles, the as combinationwell as multivitamins, of PSP with leads other to better treatment comparing to the results of any single drug is alsoAntihyperlipidemia noticed when PSP is combined Effect with vitamin E [44]. PSP can also be used in treatment of hyperlipidaemia (high treatmentAntioxidant [41-43]. Effect levels of some or all serum lipids and Lipoproteins including low density lipoproteins, cholesterol and triglycerides) as Animal studies also show that PSP is able to scavenge free radicals in liver injured mice (induced by CCl ). PSP increases it reduces the lipid level [45,46]. Antihyperlipidemia drugs 4 increase the risk of myopathyandrhabdomyolysis. Clinical such as statins and fibrate are highly effective, however they the activity of antioxidant and glutathione (GSH) Elkhateeb WA, et al. Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Copyright© Elkhateeb WA, et al. Mushrooms. Pharm Res 2020, 4(1): 000192. 4 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research trials showed that the administration of PSP reduced the the levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and aminovalue andacids, its vitamins protein, and , inorganic elements and dietarycomposition fibre triglyceride,lipid levels significantly it also increases 240 patients the high [45]. density PSP also lipoprotein reduces ofcontents Dictyophora have been indusiata extensively studied [49,50]. Likewise, the in hyperlipidaemia mouse model. Recently, PSP has been Antioxidant and Antimicrobial have been reported Effect [51]. identified to have antiatherosclerosis effect by controlling The antioxidant property of methanolic extract from serumToxicity lipid level and [34]. Teratogenicity of PSP Dictyophora indusiata had been reported by Mau, et al. The acute toxicity tests results have shown that PSP oral administration tolerance dose (LD ) is 20 g·kg that[52] Dictyophora due to the presenceindusiata of water soluble phenolics in while intravenous injection LD in mice.-1 scavengingWater Extract. and Trungchelating Kien activity Nguyen, on et the al. [53]ferrous showed ions 50 Indicating that PSP exhibits minimum acute toxicity.-1 On the compared with positive control. extracts Therefore, have the excellent experimental DPPH 50 other side, the chronic toxicity testsis 300.36have demonstrated mg·kg that there is no visible chronic toxicity when PSP oral doses used of Dictyophora indusiata fruiting bodies might be used in rat and monkey are increased 200 times and 100 times results suggested that methanol and hot-water extracts agents. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hot nor teratogenic effects are noticed in the used animal models waterfor natural extract sources (WE) ofobtained antioxidant from andDictyophora anti-inflammatory indusiata that of the clinical dose [29]. And interestingly, no mutagenic scavenging ability of Dictyophora indusiata Water Extract on [47].Dictyophora Indusiata were investigated by Oyetayo, et al. [17]. The free radical power of WE was moderate (1.22 at 2 mg/ml). Similarly, the Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.) Fisch. is an edible and WEDPPH displayed was 97.35% average at 2scavenging mg/ml concentration. effect on hydroxyl The reducing radical medicinal mushroom that belongs to the family of the class (phylum Basidiomycetes) of fungi. In recent taxonomic literature, the synonym Phallus that(52.28% Water at Extract 2 mg/ml) from and Dictyophora superoxide indusiata anion can scavenging inhibit indusiata Vent. is the accepted name for the though botheffect bacteria (48.64% and at fungi 2 mg/ml). used as Antimicrobial indicators for assay antimicrobial revealed effect at concentration of 200 mg/ml. The results suggest the name entry of Dictyophora indusiata. As a saprophytic that Dictyophora indusiata Water Extract possess good nearly all the scientific literature so far is available under tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas, Figure 3. Its fungus, it grows in well‐rotted woody trunk or rich soil of food and medicinal value are however much appreciated in antioxidantDictyophora and antimicrobial indusiata propertiesPolysaccharide [17]. the far eastern countries such as China where it grows on the wet roots of groves and in forests. Its common bioactive substances from Dictyophora indusiata, including mushrooms, bamboo pith, long net stinkhorn, crinoline polysaccharide,Owing to theamino outstanding acid, vitamin healthy and benefits, protein, various have andlocal stinkhorn names mainly basket, in but China perhaps and the Japan names include most bamboo vividly associated with the morphologically distinctive feature of Dictyophora indusiata the fungus are bridal veil fungus, veiled lady or queen of the attention.been studied Modern in recent studies years suggested [54]. The that superior Dictyophora health indusiatabenefits of have attracted people’s mushroomsDictyophora [48]. indusiata and many other Dictyophora polysaccharide is verified to own many biologically mushrooms distribute widely around the world. Dictyophora activities such as anticancer, antitumor, anti-proliferativeDictyophora indusiata (Vent.) Desv. (Phallus indusiatus Vent.) is an edible indusiataand neuroprotection effect [55]. Nevertheless, there is mushroom that is considered a good delicacy by the Chinese. oflittle the about most the important anti-hyperlipidemic substances effectsreported of throughout The species is also known as “Veiled Lady Mushroom” and years, many polysaccharides studies reported [56]. that Polysaccharide Dictyophora indusiata is one belongs to the family of Phallaceae Corda. The fruiting body basidioma emerges over the course of just a few hours. Like Waterpolysaccharides Extract from (DIP) Dictyophora shows antioxidant, indusiata hold anti-tumor promise as and a otherbegins edible as an mushrooms, “egg” stage, fromDictyophora which theindusiata phallic-looking sourced goodimmunostimulatory source of bioactive activities for biopharmaceutical [49, 54, 57,56]. exploitation. Therefore both from the wild and commercial sources has nutritional

Elkhateeb WA, et al. Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Copyright© Elkhateeb WA, et al. Mushrooms. Pharm Res 2020, 4(1): 000192. 5 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Figure 3: Dictyophora indusiata (Photographs taken by Arturo Valencia: Mexico, Veracruz, Coatepec, Ver., México, hosted by http://mycoportal.org).

Conclusion

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