Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ISSN: 2574-7797 MEDWIN PUBLISHERS Committed to Create Value for researchers Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Mushrooms 1 1 2,3 1 Elkhateeb WA *, Elnahas MO , Thomas PW and Daba GM Review Article 1Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, Egypt Volume 4 Issue 1 2Mycorrhizal Systems Ltd, UK Received Date: December 28, 2019 3University of Stirling, UK Published Date: January 10, 2020 DOI: 10.23880/oajpr-16000192 *Corresponding author: Waill A Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza, Egypt, Email: [email protected] Abstract Overall, studies both on the chemistry and pharmacology of Trametes versicolor and Dictyophora indusiata extracts and compounds are increasing in recent years and show therapeutic potential for various pathologies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the biological activities of polysaccharide extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Trametes versicolor and Dictyophora indusiata. Keywords: Medicinal Mushrooms; Dictyophora indusiata; Phallus indusiata; Trametes versicolor; polysaccharide Abbreviations: PSP: Polysaccharopeptide SFDA: State with wide ranging antioxidant and antimicrobial activities Food and Drug Administration; PSK: Polysaccharide K; WE: Water Extract; DIP: Dictyophora Indusiata Polysaccharides; are desirable since they are safe to eat and known not to NK cells: Natural Killer cells; CR: Complement Receptor; NO: [15-18]. As sources of antioxidants, edible mushrooms Nitric Oxide; NOS: Nitric Oxide Synthase. antibacterial and antifungal compounds to survive in their place additional stress on the body [6]. Mushrooms need Introduction natural environment. Hence, they are rich sources of natural Mushrooms have been valued throughout the world both antibioticsMushroom [19]. Polysaccharides as food and medicine; mushrooms possess high contents of Mushrooms, whether belong to the class Basidiomycetes or Ascomycetes, are considered precious food resources that ofqualitative mushrooms, protein, several crude mushrooms fibre, minerals are nowand vitaminscultivated [1-3]. at a widely distributed all over the world. For more than 2000 commercialWith the development scale and ofmany methods of them for the have artificial been cultivationdeveloped years, mushrooms have been greatly consumed due to their potentials, mushrooms are also sources of physiologically wide variety of bioactive compounds have been isolated from as supplemental foods [4]. Apart from their nutritional variousnutritional medicinal and medicinal mushrooms, values and [20,21]. these Incompounds eastern Asia, have a been widely used and extensively studied. Polysaccharides, beneficial bioactive substances that promote good health lectins, alkaloids and terpenoids have been reported among e.g.[5,6]. Theyantioxidant, produce aantimicrobial, wide range of secondaryAntiviral, metabolitesanticancer, cholesterolwith high therapeutic lowering valueand immunostimulatory [7]. Health promoting effects, properties, have bioactive compounds, polysaccharides are considered the mainthe important bioactive bioactive component compounds for many [22,23]. mushroom Among species. these Both fruiting bodies and the mycelium contain compounds The diverse activities displayed by polysaccharides return been reported for some species of mushrooms [8-14]. Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Mushrooms Pharm Res 2 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research to their unique structure and properties. These activities include antitumor, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral and hypoglycemic as well as thePSP fermentationsignificantly differs broth. with While different its molecular batches. weight Its molecular in the weight ranges from 36 kDa in the mycelium to 45 kDa in compositions are directly related to their pharmaceutical activities,anti-inflammatory and increasing effects [22,23].research Theattention polysaccharides has been fruitingThe bodyextracellular is about 75 PSP kDa [34].are mainly glucans without Studying the various polysaccharides synthetic pathways as welldirected as their to regulatorythe structure-activity mechanisms isrelationship of great importance [24,25]. peptide where D-glucose content is about 99.2% of its in order to produce biologically and chemically uniform structure. Its structure contains β (1–3) in the main chain polysaccharides, hence obtaining reliable results. The and β (1–6) in the branches of the polysaccharide structure. polysaccharides biosynthetic pathways involve several steps However, the intracellular PSP from mycelium is formed of a starting with the synthesis of sugar precursors, followed by glycopeptide with covalently linked peptides [35], its main the assembly of repeating monosaccharide building units, monosaccharide compositions are glucose, mannose with β (1–4)-β (1–3) or β (1–4)-β (1–6) linked glucose backbone. The polysaccharide content is found to be 30–60%, while and Recently,finally ending many with studies the polymerization have addressed process the structures [26,27]. the protein content represents 10–30% [36,37]. PSK is a as well as the numerous bioactivities of mushroom proteoglycan that consists of a β-glucan with β-(1,4) linked glucose backbone and β-(1,3) and β-(1,6) linked side chains. activities of the glucan polysaccharides isolated from Its molecularAntitumor weight and is Immunity about 100 kDa Enhancement [38]. Effects Trametespolysaccharides. versicolor Here, and Dictyophorawe review indusiatathe various mushrooms. biological Currently, the bioactive glucans and proteoglycans Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail) isolated from variable mushroom sources are considered among the most promising sources of immunoceuticals, Trametes versicolor which is also known as Polyporus this is due to their ability to augment different pathways of versicolor, Coriolus versicolor and Turkey tail belongs to the host immunity. The experiments proved that PSP and PSK Basidiomycetes (Figures 1 & 2). It is a common traditional have potent effect on many pathways exist in the immune medicinal polypore mushroom that spreads throughout system. PSK can restore a proper immune response in cancer patients moreover it improves the immunosuppressive state. substances are isolated from this mushroom, such as polysaccharopeptidethe world and grows on(PSP), tree aminotrunks acids,[28,29]. proteins, Many bioactive as well as other various compounds. PSP is considered the most It was also reported that PSK is a Toll-like receptors agonist, biologically active compound that can be isolated from both especiallyIn a similar in TLR2 way, and PSP TLR4 is found mediated to stimulate signaling the pathways. expression mycelium or fermentation broth of Trametes versicolor PSP also enhances the natural killer cells (NK cells) activity Various strains of T. versicolor and different culture[30]. of TLR4 and TRAF6 (its downstream signaling molecule) [39]. conditions greatly affect the produced polysaccharides promotes antibody formation by activating T lymphocytes, B properties including the structures and molecular weights in tumor immunity [40]. It activates complement system and an important role in declining the tumor resulting immune celllymphocytes function andas well macrophages as decreasing [41]. the Additionally, adverse side PSP effects plays [31,32]. In China PSP used form is mostly produced from the related to the cancer treatment including pain, fatigue and ‘COV-1 strain’ [33], while in Japan the polysaccharideT. versicolor K (PSK) vomiting. basedform is drugs the most and common one T. versicolor and it is producedbased health from productsthe ‘CM- are101’ usedstrain. in Up different to date, nearlycommercial thirteen and types clinical of products As the studies show that PSK and PSP major biologically and they are authorized by the China State Food and Drug Coriolus versicolor Gantai granules, Gansukang capsules, Polystictus andactive complement component receptor are β-glucans, (CR3) are which found haveto be differentimmune GlycopeptideAdministration capsules, (SFDA) [34]. Posaverptidum These products capsules include: as well as structures from various sources. TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR -6 other products. for the activation of some immune cells that express these receptors,receptors forthese β-glucans, include: wherenatural β-Glucans killer cells, is neutrophils,responsible As it was mentioned that PSP is the main active monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Consequently, compound isolated can be obtained from the mycelium or both the innate and adaptive responses will be modulated by fermentation broth of C. versicolor. The molecular weight of β-glucans either directly or indirectly [42]. Elkhateeb WA, et al. Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata Champions of Medicinal Copyright© Elkhateeb WA, et al. Mushrooms. Pharm Res 2020, 4(1): 000192. 3 Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Figure 1: Trametes versicolor (Photographs taken by Walt Sturgeon, Locality: USA, Ohio, Columbiana Co., Beaver Creek State Forest, hosted by http://mycoportal.org). Figure 2: Trametes versicolor (Photographs taken by Robert Chapman, Locality: USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains, hosted by http://mycoportal.org). Antihepatopathy Effect that result in acceleration of the free radicals scavenging by reducing the