Regional Integration Fifty Years After the Treaty of Rome
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and (editors) Joaquín Roy University of Miami Jean Monnet Chair Center of Excellence Roberto Domínguez Miami-Florida European Union Treaty of Rome Treaty The EU, Asia, Africa and the Americas Africa and the Asia, The EU, Fifty Years after the Years Fifty Regional Integration Regional Integration Fifty Years after the Treaty of Rome Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (editors) - - egional struc elations are of paramount relevance. elations are ent challenges of the EU and the per national r egions is a historical error, the essence of the egions is a historical error, ceful transposition of national and r elio Guedes de Oliveira cos Aur es into other r endy Grenade ISBN 1-593-88-32-0 9 781593 993207 The European Union has been the pioneer and undisputed The European Since its inception in integration processes. leader of regional the 1950s, following the Schuman Declaration that set in motion coal innovative idea to join together European Jean Monnet’s a useful model for has offered and steel industries, Europe of Rome by the 1957 Treaty integration. Strengthened regional (exactly half a century ago), this bold entity was later trans- Union by the Maastricht Treaty. formed into the European Having successfully accomplished its primary goal (“to make war unthinkable and materially impossible”), the EU is currently facing challenges associated with its expansion and the deep- On the other hand, the effects ening of its pooled sovereignty. of the EU in inter While the for EU as a model to be adapted by other regions is a viable EU as a model to be adapted by other regions this In this regard, to enhance stability and welfare. approach volume examines the curr Aimee Kanner Joaquín Roy Markus Thiel Katja Weber tur integration in Africa, Asia and Latin spectives of regional America. Contributors Olufemi Babarinde Astrid Boening Roberto Domínguez M. Genna Gaspare Laura Gómez-Mera W Mar Project2 4/28/08 4:14 PM Page 1 Regional Integration Fifty Years after the Treaty of Rome The EU, Asia, Africa and the Americas Regional Integration Fifty Years after the Treaty of Rome The EU, Asia, Africa and the Americas Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (editors) Jean Monnet Chair University of Miami Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence The Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence A Partnership of the University of Miami and Florida International University and The Jean Monnet Chair of the University of Miami The Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence (M-FEUCE) is one of the 10 Centers of Excellence supported by the European Commission at universities throughout the United States, as part of a broader effort to promote people-to-people contacts across the Atlantic. These centers promote the study of the EU, its institutions and EU/US relations through teaching programs, research and outreach activities in their local and regional communities. The Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration, awarded by the European Commission’s Jean Monnet Action of the General Directorate of Education and Culture in 2001 to the University of Miami, has been exclusively dedicated to strengthening the teaching and research of the EU, with a strong specialization on its relations with Latin America and the Caribbean and comparative regional integration. Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence/Jean Monnet Chair Department of International Studies, University of Miami 1000 Memorial Drive, 101 Ferré Building Coral Gables, FL 33124-2231 Phone: 305-284-3266, Fax: 305-284-4406 Email: [email protected]; Web: www.miami.edu/eucenter Inter-American Jean Monnet Editorial Board Carlos Hakansson, Universidad de Piura, Perú Finn Laursen, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Michel Levi-Coral, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Quito, Ecuador José Luis Martínez-Estay¸ Universidad de los Andes, Santiago de Chile, Chile Félix Peña, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina Stephan Sberro, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Eric Tremolada, Universidad del Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia ISBN 1-593-88-32-0 Ediciones Universal Printed in the United States by Thomson-Shore, Inc. Copyright 2008. Jean Monnet Chair/University of Miami. All rights reserved. No portion of the contents may be reproduced in any form without written consent of the publisher. Contents Preface Joaquín Roy and Roberto Dominguez . i I. General Trends on Integration Reflections on the Treaty of Rome Joaquín Roy . 1 Power Preponderance, Institutional Homogeneity and the Likelihood of Regional Integration Gaspare M. Genna . 19 Cultural Identity, Security and Regional Integration Markus Thiel . 35 II. Africa-Asia-Mediterranean The African Union: Finally in the Path of the EU? Olufemi Babarinde . 53 European Security Integration: Lessons for East Asia? Katja Weber . 73 The Euro-Med Partnership and Regional Integration Astrid Boening . 101 III. Western Hemisphere Obstacles to Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean Laura Gómez-Mera . 111 North America after NAFTA Roberto Domínguez . 133 CARICOM: Coming of Age? Wendy Grenade . 145 Prospects for New Governance in South America: Insights from Europe Aimee Kanner . 165 The Origin and Evolution of the South American Community of Nations Marcos Aurelio Guedes de Oliveira . 177 Bibliography . 189 About the authors . 221 Preface Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez The present book is the result of considerable consultation and an enriching debate held in several seminars, symposia, and conferences throughout 2006 and 2007, under the auspices of the Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence (a partnership of the University of Miami and Florida International University), the Jean Monnet Chair of the University of Miami, and the Inter- national Studies Association (ISA). The contents of this book are divided in three sections. The first section opens with chapter that analyzes the historical dimension of the Treaty of Rome. Joaquín Roy argues that the main difference between 1957 and today is that back then there was an identifiable leadership and a mission to be accomplished – to stop the European wars. This task was to be implemented by a function. Once this was identified, the institution was created. However, today, the leadership capable of defining the current functions of the EU seems to be absent. The chapter by Gaspare M. Genna reviews the range of theories of regio- nalism and synthesizes power transition and institutional theories of regional integration. Specifically, his argument is that the likelihood of institutionalized regional integration increases under a power preponderance, structural condition and high levels of trade which promote homogenization of domestic institutions. Increasing homogenization, in turn, promotes trade and integration. Markus Thiel compares in the following chapter the major international organizations present in Europe (EU, NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe) and examines if there exists, at a minimum, a normative concern for minority rights and the promotion of societal security and secondly, what kind of institutional mechanisms and responses these organizations developed to attain these goals. The second section of the book covers the experiences of regionalization in Africa, Asia and the Mediterranean region. Olefumi Babarinde asserts that while it can be useful to employ tools and lessons from the experience of the EU to critically examine the AU, there are, nonetheless, limits to the comparison of the AU and the EU: “The AU will have to chart its own course, travel at its own pace, find its own rhythm, and write its own history.” On the other hand, in the case of Asia, Katja Weber sustains that while institutions are being created to enhance transparency, efficiency and trust, the East Asians need to address their ii Roy and Domínguez historical legacies to promote security. As to the case of the Euro-Med, Astrid B. Boening argues that even though some progress has been made, too much needs to be done in the regions bordering the Mediterranean to remove obstacles not only to economic traffic but to build bridges to traverse the cultural and political diversity between the East and the West and the North and the South of the Mediterranean, and to substitute military clashes with peaceful socio-economic and cultural interactions. The third section of the paper analyzes the cases of regionalism in the Western Hemisphere. Laura Gómez-Mera focuses on compliance and im- plementation gaps in the four main regional organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean, namely, CACM, CAN, MERCOSUR and CARICOM. Her re- sults suggest that, consistent with enforcement perspectives, trade dependence on the regional market and regional hegemony are important explanatory variables for predicting implementation achievements. By contrast, she argues, limited empirical support is found for hypotheses linking regime type and state capacity with implementation. As to the study of specific regions, Roberto Domínguez analyzes the recent evolution of NAFTA and states that the operation of NAFTA has set in motion a process of regionalization in North America, and gradually an increasing number of policies encompass a regional dimension. As to the CARICOM, Wendy Grenade affirms that there have been concrete steps toward deeper integration, for example, the establishment of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) and the launch of the Caribbean Single Market (CSM) in 2005 and 2006 respectively. Yet, despite those visible attempts to deepen integration, the emerging institutional design still caters for a minimalist form of integration. With regard to South America, two chapters explain the dynamic in the re- gion. Aimee Kanner, on the one hand, argues that since 2005 the CAN and MERCOSUR have initiated but not consolidated exercises of good governance, particularly in the social, environmental, and cultural competences. On the other, Marcos Aurelio Guedes de Oliveira showcases how the decline of trade as a central issue for the integration of South America and discusses the new period of integration in the region marked by security issues, whereby the South American Community of Nations (SACN) offers a new perspective for the regionalization in the area.