DOCSLIB.ORG

MAGNA/Templeborough Steelworks for Steel Tour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MAGNA/Templeborough Steelworks for Steel Tour Summer 2017 ANOTHER UNUSUAL DAY OUT Visiting Magna in Rotherham, The former Templeborough Steelworks Out with the grandchildren again! This time to Magna in Rotherham. Today, this is an exciting science adventure park for youngsters but also a must visit for those interested in British industrial archaeology and history. The site is the former works of Steel, Peech & Tozer Ltd., which closed about 25 years ago. Magna today (Formerly Templeborough Steelworks.- Once a huge melting shop, gigantic scrapyard and mill, about one third of a mile long). Since Roman times, iron was made on the site. “However it was not until the Victorian era that the industry was firmly re-established following the great steel making inventions of Bessemer, Siemens and others”.The company was formed by Mr Henry Steel around 1875 and in 1918, it joined with Samuel Fox, Stocksbridge, Appleby Frodingham, Scunthorpe and others to form The United Steel Group of Companies. !1 Summer 2017 Up to modernisation in the 1960’s., The company was identified with the production of railway materials - wheels, tyres and axles. It also produced billets for the drop stamp- ing, forging and re-rolling industries; rod and bar material for concrete reinforcement, machinery parts, tools and motor vehicles; hot and cold rolled strip for bicycles, motor cars, tube manufacture and domestic equipment, to name but a few. It operated two melting shops with 21 open hearth furnaces. Almost a century after formation, it had grown to become the largest electric steel making plant in the world with an annual output of 1.25 million tons. The works was affectionately known as “Steelos”. How was steel made at Templeborough? Unlike Appleby Frodingham (see last newsletter), Steelos was not an integrated works as there were no blast furnaces. The raw materials were cold pig iron, carefully graded steel scrap, fluxes and additives. In 1965, the plant had been completely modernised and six electric arc furnaces, each of 110 tons capacity, installed. The arc furnaces (EAF’s) were water cooled refractory lined steel vessels, mounted so that they could be tilted for both slag removal and tapping. Three carbon electrodes fitted through a removable top. Typical EAF, similar to those used at Templeborough. “By courtesy of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., copyright 1999; used with permission.” The electrodes could be lowered into or retracted from the furnace. Power was supplied from the grid via a transformer with output current adjustable to the demands of the process. When the furnace was ready, the top was raised and swung clear for the charge to be added by a scrap crane and bucket. The top replaced, electrodes lowered !2 Summer 2017 and the power turned on. An arc struck between the electrodes provided the intense heat to melt the scrap. When all the scrap was melted, refining followed. An oxygen lance was used to blow in the gas and remove unwanted elements. The furnace was then tilted and slag removed. Tilting the opposite way, molten steel was poured into a heated ladle before further processing in the works. Electric steel making was much quicker, more closely controlled and more efficient and versatile than earlier methods Outside, the former scrapyard is now the car park. To walk Templeborough EAF Statistics inside the building is a strange experience. Much • Power Input - 30MW per furnace at 33kV. large plant still covers the shop floor - ladles, cranes • Arc temperature - 3000 degrees C. and ‘E’ furnace at the far end. • Melt temperature - Around 1650 degs. C. When in the main hall, an eerie noise from the air • Heat time (tap to tap) - Around 90 minutes. pavilion gives the impression of industrial dereliction. But thanks to Magna and The National Lottery, the building and its steel making heritage remain and are described in the “Steel Hall” and various other exhibits around the site. There is a simulation - “The Big Melt” - which every hour describes the operation at E furnace. This is a must for your visit and is an excellent attraction. Ken Hawley once de- scribed to me his actual experience of a melt (or ‘heat’). The noise, flame and vibration of the process was breathtaking. Put into perspective, the electric power required to run each furnace was equivalent to the boiling of 10,000 domestic electric kettles. Today, there are even larger furnaces operating in other parts of the world. The process has been improved and some furnaces using twin vessels and pre-heated scrap can be charged without removing the electrodes. Tap to tap times have been reduced but the fuel bills are still in the region of millions of dollars per week. We are very grateful to Mr John Heaps of Magna for his assistance in compiling this article. !3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Heritage Impact Assessment and Historic Buildings Appraisal of the Rising Sun, Bamford, Derbyshire
    An Heritage Impact Assessment and Historic Buildings Appraisal of the Rising Sun, Bamford, Derbyshire ARS Ltd Report 2017/151 OASIS archaeol5-304640 December 2017 Compiled By: Emma Grange and Michelle Burpoe Archaeological Research Services Ltd Angel House Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire DE45 1HB Checked By: Clive Waddington MCIfA Tel: 01629 814540 Fax: 01629 814657 [email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com A Heritage Impact Assessment and Historic Buildings Appraisal of the Rising Sun, Bamford, Derbyshire A Heritage Impact Assessment and Historic Buildings Appraisal of the Rising Sun, Bamford, Derbyshire Archaeological Research Services Ltd Report 2017/151 December 2017 © Archaeological Research Services Ltd 2017 Angel House, Portland Square, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1HB www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com Prepared on behalf of: GiGi Developments Ltd Date of compilation: December 2017 Compiled by: Emma Grange and Michelle Burpoe Checked by: Clive Waddington MCIfA Local Planning Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Site central NGR: SK 19489 82837 i A Heritage Impact Assessment and Historic Buildings Appraisal of the Rising Sun, Bamford, Derbyshire EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by GiGi Developments Ltd to carry out a heritage impact assessment and historic buildings appraisal of the former Rising Sun Public House and Hotel, Bamford, Derbyshire. This heritage impact assessment and historic buildings appraisal has been commissioned ahead of the submission of a planning application for the proposed redevelopment of the site for hotel use with associated car parking to the side and rear. The assessment has identified that the majority of the Rising Sun complex is of a later date than the 18th century and is largely of little historical or architectural significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotherham Sheffield
    S T E A D L To Penistone AN S NE H E LA E L E F I RR F 67 N Rainborough Park N O A A C F T E L R To Barnsley and I H 61 E N G W A L A E W D Doncaster A L W N ELL E I HILL ROAD T E L S D A T E E M R N W A R Y E O 67 O G O 1 L E O A R A L D M B N U E A D N E E R O E O Y N TH L I A A C N E A Tankersley N L L W T G N A P E O F A L L A A LA E N LA AL 6 T R N H C 16 FI S 6 E R N K Swinton W KL D 1 E BER A E T King’s Wood O M O 3 D O C O A 5 A H I S 67 OA A W R Ath-Upon-Dearne Y R T T W N R S E E E RR E W M Golf Course T LANE A CA 61 D A 6 A O CR L R R B E O E D O S A N A A S A O M L B R D AN E E L GREA Tankersley Park A CH AN AN A V R B ES L S E E D D TER L LDS N S R L E R R A R Y I E R L Golf Course O N O IE O 6 F O E W O O E 61 T A A F A L A A N K R D H E S E N L G P A R HA U L L E WT F AN B HOR O I E O E Y N S Y O E A L L H A L D E D VE 6 S N H 1 I L B O H H A UE W 6 S A BR O T O E H Finkle Street OK R L C EE F T O LA AN H N F E E L I E A L E A L N H I L D E O F Westwood Y THE River Don D K A E U A6 D H B 16 X ROA ILL AR S Y MANCHES Country Park ARLE RO E TE H W MO R O L WO R A N R E RT RT R H LA N E O CO Swinton Common N W A 1 N Junction 35a D E R D R O E M O A L DR AD O 6 L N A CL AN IV A A IN AYFIELD E OOBE E A A L L H R D A D S 67 NE LANE VI L E S CT L V D T O I H A L R R A E H YW E E I O N R E Kilnhurst A W O LI B I T D L E G G LANE A H O R D F R N O 6 R A O E N I O 2 Y Harley A 9 O Hood Hill ROAD K N E D D H W O R RTH Stocksbridge L C A O O TW R N A Plantation L WE R B O N H E U Y Wentworth A H L D H L C E L W A R E G O R L N E N A
    [Show full text]
  • NORTHERN ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST MAGAZINE Issue 4
    NORTHERN ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY YORK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST MAGAZINE Issue 4 This issue: Arrochar Templeborough Lenton Priory Contents issue 4 November 2013 Welcome! In this issue we travel far and wide, from the majestic landscapes of Loch Long and Loch Lomond to Normandy, where the Friends of YAT investigated Norman architecture in a recent study tour. Hidden Heritage of a Landscape Vengeful Vikings and Reckless Rustlers 1 Closer to home, Trent & Peak Archaeology report on their recent work at Lenton Priory, a little-known house of the Cluniac order in Nottingham, while Lenton Priory, Nottingham 6 within York itself a small site at the former Purey Know Thy Place-Setting Cust Hospital gives us an intriguing glimpse of the Roman fortress of Eboracum and the buildings which Moralising Plates from Hungate 10 succeeded it. Purey Cust, York 15 Carrying on the Roman theme, we also hear from ArcHeritage about the re-evaluation of the fort at Templeborough Roman Fort 18 Templeborough following excavations in 2006–8. Following in the Footsteps of William 23 A Golden Oldie! Oral History update 28 Production & design: Lesley Collett Northern Archaeology Today is published twice a year: UK subscriptions £10.00 per year, Overseas subscriptions £14.00 (sterling) per year. To subscribe please send a cheque (payable to York Archaeological Trust) to: Christine Kyriacou, York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX or telephone 01904 663000 with credit card details. Northern Archaeology Today is published by York Archaeological Trust. Editorial and contributors’ views are independent and do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Trust. Copyright of all original YAT material reserved: reproduction by prior editorial Cover picture: Walkover Survey on the isthmus between permission only.
    [Show full text]
  • Templeborough to Rotherham Flood Alleviation Scheme – Resolution to Commence a Compulsory Purchase Order 4
    ROTHERHAM BOROUGH COUNCIL – REPORT TO MEMBERS 1. Meeting: Cabinet Member for Economic and Development Services 2. Date: 22 January 2007 3. Title: Templeborough to Rotherham Flood Alleviation Scheme – Resolution to commence a compulsory purchase order 4. Programme Area: Economic and Development Services 5. Summary The implementation of the Templeborough to Rotherham Flood Alleviation Scheme (TRFAS) is a key project underpinning achievement of the Town Centre Renaissance Charter goals in terms of riverside uses. In order to carry out the scheme the diversion of the DOGSTAR gas main (Distribution Of Gas Stocksbridge Templeborough Aldwarke Roundwood) needs to be undertaken in the preferred alignment which is the cart track on the north side of the freight rail line at Centenary Riverside area. Despite extensive enquiries and searches, ownership of this track is uncertain and needs to be resolved in a timely manner. This report seeks a resolution to commence the procedures for the making of a Compulsory Purchase Order (“CPO”) in order to provide a wayleave for the gas main diversion for Corus, the owner of the pipe. This Resolution is a formal part of the CPO process. The purpose of this report is to inform the Cabinet Member of the progress of the TRFAS and to seek authority to pursue a CPO to facilitate the acquisition of interests and rights needed provide the preferred diversion alignment for the DOGSTAR gas main, part of the implementation of the TRFAS. 6. Recommendations 1. That approval is given to the making of a Compulsory Purchase Order pursuant to the provisions of Section 226(1)(a) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990(“TCPA”) ( as amended by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004) and having regard to the Human Rights Act 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • The Business and Technology of the Sheffield Armaments Industry 1900
    The business and technology of the Sheffield Armaments industry 1900-1930 CORKER, Chris Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/15579/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version CORKER, Chris (2016). The business and technology of the Sheffield Armaments industry 1900-1930. Doctoral, Sheffield Hallam University. Repository use policy Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in SHURA to facilitate their private study or for non- commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk The Business and Technology of the Sheffield Armaments Industry 1900-1930 Christopher John Corker A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 Abstract This exploration of the Sheffield armaments industry focuses on four in-depth case studies of John Brown, Cammell-Laird, Thomas Firth and Hadfields to examine the business and technology of the industry. It builds on the work of Tweedale and Trebilcock on Sheffield and armaments, and advances the argument that during the period of study from 1900 to 1930, the city was one of the most important centres for armaments research and production anywhere in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Routes - November 2015 Finkle Street Old Denaby Bromley Hoober Bank
    Langsett Reservoir Newhill Bow Broom Hingcliff Hill Pilley Green Tankersley Elsecar Roman Terrace Upper Midhope Upper Tankersley SWINTON Underbank Reservoir Midhopestones Green Moor Wortley Lea Brook Swinton Bridge Midhope Reservoir Hunshelf Bank Smithy Moor Green Routes - November 2015 Finkle Street Old Denaby Bromley Hoober Bank Gosling Spring Street Horner House Low Harley Barrow Midhope Moors Piccadilly Barnside Moor Wood Willows Howbrook Harley Knoll Top Cortworth Fenny Common Ings Stocksbridge Hoober Kilnhurst Thorncliffe Park Sugden Clough Spink Hall Wood Royd Wentworth Warren Hood Hill High Green Bracken Moor Howbrook Reservoir Potter Hill East Whitwell Carr Head Whitwell Moor Hollin Busk Sandhill Royd Hooton Roberts Nether Haugh ¯ River Don Calf Carr Allman Well Hill Lane End Bolsterstone Ryecroft Charltonbrook Hesley Wood Dog Kennel Pond Bitholmes Wood B Ewden Village Morley Pond Burncross CHAPELTOWN White Carr la Broomhead Reservoir More Hall Reservoir U c Thorpe Hesley Wharncliffe Chase k p Thrybergh Wigtwizzle b Scholes p Thorpe Common Greasbrough Oaken Clough Wood Seats u e Wingfield Smithy Wood r Brighthorlmlee Wharncliffe Side n Greno Wood Whitley Keppel's Column Parkgate Aldwarke Grenoside V D Redmires Wood a Kimberworth Park Smallfield l o The Wheel l Dropping Well Northfield Dalton Foldrings e n Ecclesfield y Grange Lane Dalton Parva Oughtibridge St Ann's Eastwood Ockley Bottom Oughtibridg e Kimberworth Onesacr e Thorn Hill East Dene Agden Dalton Magna Coldwell Masbrough V Bradgate East Herringthorpe Nether Hey Shiregreen
    [Show full text]
  • REDISCOVERING HOPE HHS Research Report 2012
    REDISCOVERING HOPE HHS Research Report 2012 Programme for 2013 8th January Jerusalem Eye Hospital John Talbot 12th February There’s More to Walls Trevor Wragg 12th March The Brontes, Hathersage and Jane Eyre Marjorie Dunn 9th April Members’ Evening 10th September Stone Mason Builders of Hardwick Sonia Preece 8th October Body Snatching in Sheffield Ron Clayton 12th November First World War at Longshaw Thelma Griffiths 10th December AGM and members’ evening TABLE OF CONTENTS Programme of events 1 Memorials Ann Price 2 The Men of Hope listed on the War Memorial Joan Clough 5 Burials and Memorials Ann Price 9 Higher Hall: the Poor House of Hope Derek Lee 12 The Felons Robert Watson 17 Photography on the High Street David Waterhouse 22 A Big Day for Hope Di Curtis 27 Wills and Inventories John Talbot 29 Edwin Chapman Martin Chapman 32 Note from the Editor Di Curtis January 2013 This is the second Booklet produced as a result of research carried out by members of Hope Historical Society. Much of the material was researched for the exhibition in St Peter’s Church during Wakes Week in 2011. The photographs are from the HHS archives; the drawings from the Keith Green Collection; the cover and editing by David Price. The acknowledged authors are responsible for the views expressed. 1 MEMORIALS The theme for the exhibition in St Peter’s Church during Wakes Week 2011 produced several articles researched by various members of Hope Historical Society. Memorials are all around us, reflecting the history of Hope. They commemorate people, places and events.
    [Show full text]
  • South Yorkshire
    INDUSTRIAL HISTORY of SOUTH RKSHI E Association for Industrial Archaeology CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 6 STEEL 26 10 TEXTILE 2 FARMING, FOOD AND The cementation process 26 Wool 53 DRINK, WOODLANDS Crucible steel 27 Cotton 54 Land drainage 4 Wire 29 Linen weaving 54 Farm Engine houses 4 The 19thC steel revolution 31 Artificial fibres 55 Corn milling 5 Alloy steels 32 Clothing 55 Water Corn Mills 5 Forging and rolling 33 11 OTHER MANUFACTUR- Windmills 6 Magnets 34 ING INDUSTRIES Steam corn mills 6 Don Valley & Sheffield maps 35 Chemicals 56 Other foods 6 South Yorkshire map 36-7 Upholstery 57 Maltings 7 7 ENGINEERING AND Tanning 57 Breweries 7 VEHICLES 38 Paper 57 Snuff 8 Engineering 38 Printing 58 Woodlands and timber 8 Ships and boats 40 12 GAS, ELECTRICITY, 3 COAL 9 Railway vehicles 40 SEWERAGE Coal settlements 14 Road vehicles 41 Gas 59 4 OTHER MINERALS AND 8 CUTLERY AND Electricity 59 MINERAL PRODUCTS 15 SILVERWARE 42 Water 60 Lime 15 Cutlery 42 Sewerage 61 Ruddle 16 Hand forges 42 13 TRANSPORT Bricks 16 Water power 43 Roads 62 Fireclay 16 Workshops 44 Canals 64 Pottery 17 Silverware 45 Tramroads 65 Glass 17 Other products 48 Railways 66 5 IRON 19 Handles and scales 48 Town Trams 68 Iron mining 19 9 EDGE TOOLS Other road transport 68 Foundries 22 Agricultural tools 49 14 MUSEUMS 69 Wrought iron and water power 23 Other Edge Tools and Files 50 Index 70 Further reading 71 USING THIS BOOK South Yorkshire has a long history of industry including water power, iron, steel, engineering, coal, textiles, and glass.
    [Show full text]
  • Magna 34 2Pp Brochure.Q:Layout 1
    To Let Warehouse/Industrial unit 29,543 sq ft unit 2 - magna 34 | Sheffield Road | Templeborough | S60 1DX unit 2 - magna 34 Coronation Bridge Bessemer Park AY W NA MAG Blackburn Meadows Fusion At MAGNA 34 I Magna C BUSINESS PARK K EMPLE RD L Halfpenny T E Bridge SHEF S FIEL D RO W AD A6178 A Y Locks Bottom A6178 M1 Locks FERRARS ROAD D OA M R Meadowhall S Templeborough E A A D D N O U W D Chapel Flat Dike ST LAWRENCE ROAD H MEADOWHALL A L SHOPPING L CENTRE W A Y ORBOROUGH RD Golf Course N Leisure Reservoirs Centre G R 34 A N G E L A631 A N HIGHGATE E Sheffield Road | Templeborough | S60 1DX VE A6178 I R D SHEFFIELD H IG LE ERN Location M1 F The property is located in Rotherham, South Yorkshire approximately 5 miles north east of Sheffield and has an urban population of 257,800. It benefits from excellent transport links in the form of the M1 and M18. The M1 provides direct access to the North (Leeds and Wakefield) and South (Nottingham, Milton Keynes and London). In Terms addition, the M18, accessed at Junction 32 of the M1, provides access to the Humberside Ports. The premises are available to let by way of a new lease on FRI terms to be agreed. An estate service Situation charge is also payable under the terms. The property is situated on the successful Magna Business Park development approx. 1.0 mile from J34 M1 giving excellent connectivity to Yorkshire, the Midlands and, via Rateable Value the M18 and M62, to the Humberside ports.
    [Show full text]
  • ELG Haniel Metals Limited – Privacy Notice
    ELG Haniel Metals Limited – Privacy Notice We ask that you read this privacy notice carefully as it contains important information on who we are, how and why we collect, store, use and share your personal data, your rights in relation to your personal data and on how to contact us and supervisory authorities in the event you have a complaint. We take our obligation to protect your personal data seriously and we will ensure that all personal data that we process is: • processed lawfully, fairly and transparently; • processed for specific purposes only, and not in any manner which is incompatible with those purposes; • adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary; • accurate; • not kept for longer than is necessary; • kept confidential and secure; • processed in accordance with your rights. This privacy policy is divided into the following sections: • Who we are • Our website • The personal data we collect and use • How we use your personal data • Who we share your personal data with • Whether data has to be provided by you and if so why • How long your personal data will be kept • Reasons we can collect and use your personal data • Transfer of your data out of the EEA • Cookies and similar technologies • Your rights • Keeping your personal data secure • How to complain • Changes to this privacy notice • Changes to your personal data • How to contact us 1 1. WHO WE ARE ELG Haniel Metals Limited, we collect, use and are responsible for certain personal data about you. When we do so we are regulated under the General Data Protection Regulation which applies across the European Union (including in the United Kingdom) and we are responsible as ‘controller’ of that personal data for the purposes of those laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript of Podcast 039: the People's Republic of South Yorkshire
    Transcript of Podcast 039: The People's Republic Of South Yorkshire {Intro. A crowd singing} You fill up my senses, Like a gallon of Magnet, Like a packet of Woodbines, Like a good pinch of snuff, Like a night out in Sheffield, Like a greasy chip butty, Like Sheffield United, Come thrill me again {intro music – jaunty, bouncy} {Intro standard announcement: Hello. Thank you for tuning in. You're listening to Travel Tales From Beyond The Brochure, a fortnightly series looking at unfamiliar places across the world, and aspects of travelling you may never have thought of. I'm your host, The Barefoot Backpacker, a middle-aged Brit with a passion for offbeat travel, history, culture, and the 'why's behind travel itself. So join me as we venture … beyond the brochure.} {Music fades. Podcast begins} Hello :) Carrying on from last episode's New Year greetings, if you celebrate or otherwise mark it, I hope you had a happy Easter, a kosher and joyous Passover, and/or a Blessed Ostara. It's that time of year when there are many and varied religious and cultural celebrations one after another. It was Holi recently too, an ancient and popular Hindu festival that celebrates both the arrival of spring, and the defeat of evil (Hiranyakashipu) by good (Vishnu). Most outsiders, especially in the West, only know it as 'that festival where everybody throws coloured powder around'. Still, at least they've heard of it, which is a step up I guess. Related, I'm writing this on International Asexuality Day, which … seems to be trending regionally on Twitter, which either shows there's a lot of us, or it doesn't take a lot to trend on Twitter.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Road Project
    The Roman Road Project Excavation and Geophysical Survey of Linear Features at Sheep Hill Farm, Sheffield, South Yorkshire Report and Illustrations prepared by: D. H. Inglis January 2016 Academic Supervisor: C. Merrony Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield Northgate House West Street Sheffield S1 4ET 1 With special thanks to the Hancock family 2 Table of Contents List of Appendices ………………………………………………………………………………..… 4 List of Figures and Illustrations …………………………………………………………….……… 5 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 6 1. Project Background ………………………………………………………………………….… 7 1.1. Location …………………………………………………………...……….………………. 7 1.2. Land Use ………………………………………………………………….…..…………… 7 1.3. Topography and Geology ……………………………………………….……………….. 7 1.4. Aims and Objectives …………………………………………………….…………….….. 7 1.5. Method Statement ……………………………………………………….……………..…. 7 1.6. Dates …………………………………………………………….………..….…………….. 8 1.7. Personnel …………………………………………………………………....…………….. 8 1.8. Health and Safety ………………………………………………………….……………... 8 1.9. Archive ………………………………………………………….…………..……………… 8 2. Documentary Background …………………………………………………………………….... 8 3. Archaeological Background ……………………………………………….………………..…. 9 4. Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………….…… 10 4.1. Trench Location Rationale ………………………………………………………….….. 10 4.2. Excavation ………………….…………………………………………………………….. 10 4.3. Geophysical Survey ………………………………………………………………….….. 10 4.4. Reporting ……………………………………………………………………………….… 11 5. Results ……………………..……………………………………………………………………. 11 5.1. Trench 1 ……………………………………………………………………….………….
    [Show full text]