Australian Capital Territory

Nature Conservation (Smoky Mouse) Conservation Advice 2020

Notifiable instrument NI2020–787 made under the

Nature Conservation Act 2014, s 90C (Conservation advice)

1 Name of instrument This instrument is the Nature Conservation (Smoky Mouse) Conservation Advice 2020.

2 Commencement This instrument commences on the day after its notification day.

3 Conservation advice for Smoky Mouse

Schedule 1 sets out the conservation advice for Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus).

Arthur Georges Chair, Scientific Committee 8 December 2020

Authorised by the ACT Parliamentary Counsel—also accessible at www.legislation.act.gov.au

Schedule 1 (see s 3)

Authorised by the ACT Parliamentary Counsel—also accessible at www.legislation.act.gov.au

CONSERVATION ADVICE SMOKY MOUSE Pseudomys fumeus

CONSERVATION STATUS The Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus Brazenor, 1934 is recognised as threatened in the following jurisdictions:

International Vulnerable, International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List National Endangered, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Vulnerable, The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 ACT Endangered, Nature Conservation Act 2014 NSW Critically Endangered, Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 VIC Threatened, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Endangered, Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria

ELIGIBILITY The Smoky Mouse is eligible to be included in the Endangered category of the ACT Threatened Native Species List under the Nature Conservation Act 2014 (NC Act) under the IUCN Criterion B – B2ab(iii,v)c(iv) (Threatened Species Scientific Committee ((TSSC) 2020). The factors that make it eligible include: the area of occupancy is likely to be restricted; the number of locations is limited; there is an inferred continuing decline in the area/quality of habitat and the number of mature individuals; and there are extreme fluctuations in the number of individuals (TSSC 2020).

DESCRIPTION AND ECOLOGY The Smoky Mouse is a large native mouse. It is pale grey to blue-grey/black above, with a pale grey to white belly (Cockburn 1995) and a ring of dark hairs around each of its large, bulging eyes. The feet are pink with white fur (Cockburn 1995). The species is distinguished by its bicoloured tail, which is blue-grey dorsally, white ventrally and lightly furred (Cockburn 1995). It has a head and body length of 85–100 mm, a tail length of Smoky Mouse (Gary Mayo – ANU)

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110–145 mm and weighs between 45–90g (Cockburn 1995). Breeding is seasonal, with females producing one or two litters (of 3–4 young) per year, between October and January (Cockburn 1981; Menkhorst 1995). Breeding may be communal, with several females cohabiting in burrows (Woods & Ford 2000; Ford et al. 2003). Males and females breed in their first year, and many survive to breed in a second year (Cockburn 1981). Generation length is, therefore, estimated at 1–2 years (Woinarski et al. 2014). The population undergoes large annual fluctuations in abundance, with a rapid decline in numbers occurring just before the breeding season due to the death or dispersal of young being forced to vacate their natal territory during autumn as food resources dwindle (Cockburn 1981). Only those finding high quality food are likely to survive the winter (Cockburn 1981). The Smoky Mouse has a dietary preference for legume seed, epacrid fruits and Bogong Moths (Agrotis infusa) during summer months (Cockburn 1995; Ford 1998a). In winter and early spring, when few seeds are produced from the shrubs, the species switches to hypogeous (underground) truffle-like fungi that are common around the roots of certain shrubs and grasses (Cockburn 1995; Ford 1998; Ford et al. 2003).

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT The Smoky Mouse occurs in Victoria, New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), over a wide but disjunct distribution with small and fragmented populations (Menkhorst & Broome 2008). Important areas are The Grampians and South Eastern Highlands in Victoria, and the Eden Hinterland (NSW) which are the designated protection zones for the species, as well as, the discovery of a substantial and significant new population found north of Cabramurra in Kosciuszko National Park (NSW) in 2018-19 (L Broome pers comm 2019 in TSSC 2020). Almost 30 percent of the species’ modelled, likely and known, distribution was within fire affected areas of the 2019-20 bushfire season (DAWE 2020).

In the ACT, two males were trapped in the Brindabella Ranges in Namadgi National Park, one from near Bulls Head in 1985 (Osborne and Preece 1986) and one from Mt Kelly in 1987 (Mayo 1987). The Smoky Mouse was recorded from a moist gully within wet montane forest, and from heath vegetation on rocky mountain tops. Since the initial discovery in the ACT all surveys for the species and other small mammals have failed to detect the Smoky Mouse in Namadgi National Park (Evans 2018).

A captive breeding colony is being established at the University of Canberra in collaboration with NSW NPWS as an insurance population under the National Recovery Plan conservation priorities (TSSC 2020).

THREATS Threats to the Smoky Mouse are detailed in the Commonwealth Conservation Advice (TSSC 2020) which are drawn from those in the Mammal Action Plan (Woinarski et al. 2014), and include:

• predation by foxes, feral cats and wild dogs. • habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation due to clearing and Cinnamon Fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) • too frequent burning impacting habitat suitability and diversity of fungi • climate change exacerbating changing fire impacts of increasing frequency and intensity.

Currently, the main threats to the species in the ACT are likely to be inappropriate fire regimes and predation by the European Red Fox and cat. Climate change can be speculated to have some future impact on the Smoky Mouse in terms of altered fire regimes and possibly reduced habitat area (ACT Government 2013). Bushfire smoke in combination with rising summer temperatures may also impact

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populations. These will increasingly occur together under climate change predictions and may have caused the death of nine animals during the 2019-20 summer bushfires.

MAJOR CONSERVATION OBJECTIVE The objective of the Action Plan (ACT Government 2013) is to maintain in the long term, viable, wild populations of the Smoky Mouse as a component of the indigenous biodiversity of the ACT and region. However, the species has not been found in the ACT for over three decades, therefore the focus should be to maintain and protect habitat and mitigate threats.

CONSERVATION PRIORITIES Recommended management actions are provided and prioritised in the Commonwealth Conservation Advice (TSSC 2020) and Mammal Action Plan (Woinarski et al. 2014) as well as detailed in the ACT Action Plan (ACT Government 2013). In the ACT, all known habitat for the species is formally protected within Namadgi National Park. The main priorities applicable to Smoky Mouse habitat in the ACT include to: • protect habitat (particularly unburnt areas) and improve understanding of the species ecology, including threats • develop and implement long-term strategies to reduce impacts of exotic predators • undertake predator control following burns where required • undertake research to better understand optimal ecological burning regimes • reduce the incidence and spread of Cinnamon Fungus infection • periodically monitor for extant populations.

Captive Colony

An aim in the National Recovery Plan (Menhorst and Broome 2008 and TSSC 2020) is to establish a captive breeding colony as an insurance population (TSSC 2020) as well as for nutritional studies and potential re-introduction (Menkhorst and Broome 2008). The captive colony established at the University of Canberra contributes to meeting this aim.

Reintroduction to the Wild The Scientific Committee does not currently support releases of the Smoky Mouse to the wild in the ACT, until: (a) a better understanding of the relative importance of habitat suitability, fire history and predation in the contribution to the decline of the species is established (b) the status of other wild populations is established given the recent fire extent.

OTHER RELEVANT ADVICE, PLANS OR PRESCRIPTIONS • ACT Action Plan — Smoky Mouse (ACT Government 2013) • Commonwealth Conservation Advice — Smoky Mouse (TSSC 2020) • National Recovery Plan – Smoky Mouse (Menkhorst and Broome 2008) • Management Interventions for 119 Priority Animal Species (DAWE 2020) • The Action Plan for Australian Mammals (Woinarski et al. 2014)

LISTING BACKGROUND The Smoky Mouse was listed in the ACT as an Endangered species on 12 January 1998 in accordance with section 21 of the Nature Conservation Act 1980. At that time, the Flora and Fauna Committee (now the Scientific Committee) concluded that the assessment satisfied the following criteria:

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1.2 Species is observed, estimated, inferred or suspected to be at risk of premature extinction in the ACT region in the near future, as demonstrated by: 1.2.6 Extremely small population.

The Smoky Mouse is eligible for listing as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) as, prior to the commencement of the EPBC Act, it was listed as Endangered under the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). The outcome of a reassessment under the EPBC Act in 2019, to take account of new information, confirmed it is still eligible to be listed in the Endangered category.

REFERENCES ACT Government 2013. Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus) Action Plan No. 23. Second edition. ACT Government, Canberra. https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/View/di/2013-278/current/PDF/2013- 278.PDF Brazenor CW 1934. A new species of mouse, Pseudomys (Gyomys), and a record of the Broad-toothed Rat, Mastacomys from Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 8: 158–161. Burns PA, Rowe KMC, Holmes BP and Rowe KC. 2015. Historical resurveys reveal persistence of Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus) populations over the long-term and through the short-term impacts of fire. Wildlife Research 42: 668–677. Cockburn A 1981. Population regulation and dispersion of the Smoky Mouse, Pseudomys fumeus II. Spring decline, breeding success and habitat heterogeneity. Australian Journal of Ecology 6: 255– 266. Cockburn A 1995. Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus in Complete Book of Australian Mammals. Ed. R Strahan. Angus & Robertson, Sydney: 598–599. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE) 2020. Wildlife and threatened species bushfire recovery research and resources. Australian Government. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/bushfire-recovery/research-and-resources. Evans M 2018. Survey for the Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus) in the ACT. Conservation Research Report Series. Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate, ACT Government, Canberra. https://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1289645/Research- Report-Smoky-Mouse-Survey.pdf Ford FD 1998. Ecology of the Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus) in New South Wales. BSc Hons thesis Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. Ford F 2008. Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus in The Mammals of Australia, Third edition. Eds. S van Dyck and R Strahan. New Holland Publishers, Sydney: 629–630. Ford FD, Cockburn A and Broome L 2003. Habitat preference, diet and demography of the Smoky Mouse, Pseudomys fumeus (Rodentia: Muridae), in south-eastern New South Wales. Wildlife Research 30: 89–101. Hardman B, Moro D and Calver M 2016. Direct evidence implicates feral cat predation as the primary cause of failure of a mammal reintroduction programme. Ecological Management & Restoration 17(2): 152–158. Mayo G 1987. The Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus outside Victoria. Naturalist notes. Victorian Naturalist 104: 188. Menkhorst PW 1995. Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus, in Mammals of Victoria: distribution, ecology and conservation. Ed. PW Menkhorst. Oxford University Press, Melbourne: 219–220.

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Menkhorst P and Broome L 2008. National Recovery Plan for the Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/smoky-mouse-pseudomys-fumeus Osborne WS and Preece MA 1986. The extension of the range of Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus (Rodentia: Muridae) into the Australian Capital Territory. Australian Mammalogy 10(1): 35–36. Short J 2016. Predation by feral cats key to the failure of a long-term reintroduction of the Western Barred Bandicoot (Perameles bougainville). Wildlife Research 43(1): 38–50. Threatened Species Scientific Committee 2020. Conservation Advice Pseudomys fumeus Smoky Mouse Department of the Environment and Energy. Australian Government, Canberra. Woinarski J and Burbidge AA 2016. Pseudomys fumeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18550/22398566. Accessed 7 January 2020. Woinarski JCZ, Burbidge AA and Harrison PL 2014. The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Woods RE & Ford FD 2000. Observations on the behaviour of the Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus (Rodentia: Muridae). Australian Mammalogy 22(1): 35–42.

FURTHER INFORMATION Further information on this species or other threatened species and ecological communities can be obtained from Environment, Planning and Sustainable Development Directorate (EPSDD). Phone: (02) 132281, EPSDD Website: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cpr

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