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1 PORTUGAL COUNTRY READER TABLE of CONTENTS James PORTUGAL COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS James Cowles Hart Bonbright 1942 Evacuation to US from Hungary, Estoril, Portugal Merritt N. Cootes 1942-1944 Political Officer, Lisbon William B. Dunham 1945-1954 Portuguese Affairs, Washington, DC Harold G. Josif 1949-1950 Political Officer, Oporto James O'Brien Howard 1951-1953 Agricultural Attaché, Lisbon Joseph John Jova 1952-1954 Consular Officer, Oporto 1954-1957 Head of Political Section, Lisbon James Cowles Hart Bonbright 1955-1958 Ambassador, Portugal Robinson McIlvaine 1956-1959 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon Henry E. Mattox 1958-1960 Consular Officer, Ponta Delgada, Azores William L. Blue 1962-1965 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon William Tapley Bennett 1966-1969 Ambassador, Portugal Robert W. Zimmermann 1969-1970 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon Dale M. Povenmire 1969-1972 Labor Attaché, Oporto Ridgway B. Knight 1969-1973 Ambassador, Portugal Gregory L. Mattson 1971-1973 Political Officer, Lisbon Wingate Lloyd 1971 Portuguese Language Training, FSI, Washington, DC 1971-1974 Political Officer, Lisbon Richard St. F. Post 1972-1975 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon James C. Cason 1973-1975 Political Officer, Lisbon 1 Robert S. Pastorino 1974-1977 Commercial Attaché, Lisbon Dale M. Povenmire 1974-1978 Labor Attaché, Lisbon Richard H. Melton 1975-1978 Political Officer, Lisbon Frank Charles Carlucci III 1975-1978 Ambassador, Portugal Joseph G. Sullivan 1975-1979 Political Officer, Libson Keith C. Smith 1976-1978 Desk Officer for Portugal, Washington, DC Wesley Egan 1977-1979 Political Officer, Lisbon John T. Doherty 1977-1979 Labor Attaché, Lisbon James F. Mack 1977-1979 Consul, Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel Island, Azores Joseph P. O'Neill 1977 Portuguese Language Training, FSI, Washington, DC 1977-1980 Consul General, Lisbon Richard Bloomfield 1978-1982 Ambassador, Portugal Edward M. Rowell 1978-1983 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon A. Ellen Shippy 1979-1982 Political Officer, Socialist Party Reporting, Lisbon David M. Evans 1980-1981 Director, Office of International Security Operations, Washington, DC Henry Allen Holmes 1982-1985 Ambassador, Portugal Stephen M. Chaplin 1982-1986 Counselor for Public Affairs, USIS, Lisbon Alan H. Flanigan 1983-1987 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon Mark Lore 1983-1987 Economic Counselor, Lisbon John E. Kelley 1983-1987 Labor Officer, Lisbon Richard A. Virden 1986-1990 Counselor for Public Affairs, USIS, Lisbon John D. Caswell 1987-1989 Portugal Desk Officer, Washington, DC 2 1989-1991 Political/Military Affairs, Lisbon Wesley Egan 1987-1990 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon Edward M. Rowell 1988-1990 Ambassador, Portugal David Michael Adamson 1991-1995 Political Counselor, Lisbon Elizabeth Frawley Bagley 1994-1997 Ambassador, Portugal Gregory L. Mattson 1996-1998 Deputy Chief of Mission, Lisbon JAMES COWLES HART BONBRIGHT Evacuation to the US from Hungary Estoril, Portugal (1942) Ambassador James Cowles Hart Bonbright entered the Foreign Service in 1927. His career included positions in Ottawa, Washington, DC, Brussels, Belgrade, Budapest, Paris, and an ambassadorship to Portugal. Ambassador Bonbright was interviewed by Peter Jessup in 1986. Q: What route did this train take? BONBRIGHT: We took off to the southwest and went through Ljubljana and Slovenia, then to Trieste, across northern Italy to the French Riviera and Marseille. There an important event occurred. Mrs. Pell had a dog that had been suffering from constipation, and she was in great agony over this and upset that she couldn't take the dog out and walk it. Well, the Hungarian protocol officer agreed to do the honors for this, and on the Marseille platform, in full view of everybody, the dog's ailment was cured. Everybody cheered and clapped. From there we went on down to the Spanish border north of Barcelona. There we had to get off in the middle of the night and change trains. In fact, the Soviet Union Spanish railroad tracks were made wider than in the rest of Europe, which causes some inconvenience to peacetime, but it's a useful dodge in wartime to keep the enemy from moving quite so fast over your border. Anyway, we got moved into the other yard and took off. We stopped the next day in Madrid briefly, where people from our embassy came on to greet us and see if everything was all right. Then we went another night and arrived in Lisbon, a sight to see. As I remember, the trip took about three days. We were all taken out to Estoril. Q: I thought you had to have a title to be in Estoril. 3 BONBRIGHT: A hardship post. We were placed in a large hotel. I think it was called the Palacio, I don't remember, where we all began to get a little on each other's nerves. There was a Dutch couple there who Sybil and I had known in Belgium, and they kindly invited us to spend a couple of weeks with them in Cintra at a lovely resort just north of Lisbon on the other side of the mountains. Cintra is noted for its beauty and glorious trees and flowers and bushes of all kinds growing in profusion in the summertime, when all the rest of the country is baked hard. What is nice in the summer is not necessarily so in the winter, and that February I think it rained- -and not just trickled, it poured every day that we were there, so the dampness got into you pretty badly. After that, while it was a pleasant visit we had, then we went back to the hotel, but we were anxious to get out of it. There was no sign of the boat coming in or anything, so we looked around and were finally lucky enough to find and lease a little fisherman's cottage on the shore, on the rocks in Cascais, just beyond Estoril. This had been bought by a Portuguese man, very simply made up with enough beds and chairs to be able to be comfortable, and a kitchen. We moved in there and had a really very pleasant time in it. Friends would come out and visit us there. Sybil went out on her painting, did a lot of it, and there was a piano in the house. I played a little golf. It sounded idyllic. It also got on our nerves pretty much. Frankly, we all felt we were slackards. The world was on fire, and everybody else was working, and here we were just sitting, not that there was anything we could do about it; it was just part of the deal. On the side we got debriefed by people in the embassy, but by that time there wasn't anything much in the debriefing to produce anything of any use to them. Q: You would listen to the BBC? BONBRIGHT: Yes, indeed. Occasionally we'd go up in the evening back to Estoril to the casino for dancing and a little gambling. Of course, the place was crawling with spies of all nationalities and refugees, both Jewish and non-Jewish, but the Jewish were in the most trouble and most anxious to get away, because this was really the hot spot in Europe; it was open for anyone with any hope of getting out. We finally got the word that the boat was coming, and it did. I'll look up the date for you. It arrived and unloaded an unsavory bunch of German diplomats. As soon as things were cleared away, we were all put aboard. Q: Was that the DROTTNINGHOLM? BONBRIGHT: Yes. It was a comfortable boat. Actually, there weren't enough of us to fill it, so they added a fair number of refugees. It's not very nice. I was unfavorably impressed by the way a lot of the refugees behaved. While in Lisbon, they were wailing and wringing their hands, going around with long faces. As soon as they got on the boat outside the three-mile limit, a lot of them became arrogant, dissatisfied, rude, and demanding of the officers, a complete turnaround. Outrageous. Q: Were some of these well-to-do people? 4 BONBRIGHT: Not particularly. But it was eye-opening. One of our games in the evening aboard ship, which, of course, had a huge red cross painting on its side, lined with bulbs so that we were all lighted up at night like a Christmas tree, we used to go up in the evening after dinner and peer over the side and make sure that none of the bulbs had burned out. We had a good trip across, nobody bothered us, and we never sighted any other ships or submarines or anything. It was all very uneventful. Q: You didn't have to rescue any torpedoed ships? BONBRIGHT: No, not a thing. We arrived in New York on the second of June of 1942. Q: Pearl Harbor had occurred on December 7, 1941, and it took all that time. BONBRIGHT: Yes. MERRITT N. COOTES Political Officer Lisbon (1942-1944) Merritt N. Cootes was born in Virginia in 1909. Educated in France and Austria as well as at Princeton University. Mr. Cootes joined the Foreign Service in 1931 and served in the Haiti, Hong Kong, Italy, Portugal, the Soviet Union, Pakistan, Algeria, and Washington, DC. He retired in 1969. He was interviewed by Lillian Mullins in 1991-93. Q: So you still had that connection? COOTES: We did. It was established after Pearl Harbor--I mean, after the declaration of war on December 11, 1941, when this connection was set up, through the Swiss Embassies in Rome and Washington. We'd send a telegram to the Swiss Embassy in Rome through the Cerimoniale. The Swiss Embassy would then send a telegram to the Swiss Embassy in Washington. Meanwhile, we'd turnover a despatch containing a copy of what we'd sent to the Swiss Embassy in Rome, which would transmit it to the Swiss Embassy in Washington, via the Swiss Government in Switzerland.
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