Cyprus: Status of U.N
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From the Commission on Cyprus's Progress
FROM THE COMMISSION ON CYPRUS’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACCESSION *********************** 8 November 2000 Table of contents A. Introduction.............................................................................. 5 a) Preface .............................................................................................................5 b) Relations between the European Union and Cyprus ...................................7 Recent developments under the Association Agreement (including bilateral trade) ........................................................................................................................... 7 Accession Partnership................................................................................................. 8 Community Aid .......................................................................................................... 8 Twinning..................................................................................................................... 9 Negotiations ................................................................................................................ 9 B. Criteria for membership ....................................................... 10 1. Political criteria.................................................................................... 10 Introduction............................................................................................................... 10 Recent developments ............................................................................................... -
Jordan – Palestinians – West Bank – Passports – Citizenship – Fatah
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: JOR35401 Country: Jordan Date: 27 October 2009 Keywords: Jordan – Palestinians – West Bank – Passports – Citizenship – Fatah This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide background on the issue of Jordanian citizenship for persons of West Bank Palestinian descent. 2. What is the overall situation for Palestinian citizens of Jordan? 3. Have there been any crackdowns upon Fatah members over the last 15 years? 4. What kind of relationship exists between Fatah and the Jordanian authorities? RESPONSE 1. Please provide background on the issue of Jordanian citizenship for persons of West Bank Palestinian descent. Most Palestinians in Jordan hold a Jordanian passport of some type but the status accorded different categories of Palestinians in Jordan varies, as does the manner and terminology through which different sources classify and discuss Palestinians in Jordan. The webpage of the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) states that: “All Palestine refugees in Jordan have full Jordanian citizenship with the exception of about 120,000 refugees originally from the Gaza Strip, which up to 1967 was administered by Egypt”; the latter being “eligible for temporary Jordanian passports, which do not entitle them to full citizenship rights such as the right to vote and employment with the government”. -
Role-Play— Refugees
Learning outcomes ◊ Students will gain a greater understanding of some of the key issues at stake with regard to Israel-Palestine ◊ Students will argue views which are not necessarily their own ◊ Students will gain understanding of refugees’ attachment to home Lesson in brief A role-play to explore some of the key questions around one of the most central issues regarding Israel-Palestine— the refugees. National curriculum 1.1a, 1.2a, 1.2c, 2.2a, 2.2b, 2.2c Materials: photocopies of the role play cards Lesson Plan Starter ♦ Begin the class by reminding/informing students that when Israel was established in 1948, over two thirds of the indigenous Palestinian population fled or were expelled. These people and their descendents are refugees and have not been allowed to return home. Their right to return home, known as the Right of Return is enshrined in international law. Activity ♦ Split the students into groups of five and give each student a character card. The characters are: - a Jewish Israeli citizen moved to Israel from the US - a Palestinian refugee living in a refugee camp in Lebanon - a Palestinian refugee living in London - a Palestinian refugee living in Gaza - a Jewish Israeli citizen born in Israel N.B—The religion of the Israeli citizens are noted because Israel conceives of itself as a Jewish state. The non-Jewish citizens of Israel are Palestinians and are in effect second class citizens. They are not represented here, as that would have meant too many characters espousing the Right of Return. ♦ The characters will discuss the following questions ◊ Where should the refugees go? Is the Right of Return valid? ◊ Can the Right of Return be given up? ◊ Who is responsible for ensuring that refugees’ rights are upheld? ◊ Should the refugees get compensation? If so, who from? ◊ What would peace and justice look like to you? Plenary ♦ Bring the class together for a group discussion about the questions raised and the students’ reactions. -
Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues
Order Code RL33497 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues June 27, 2006 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues Summary Cyprus has been divided since 1974. Greek Cypriots, 76% of the population, live in the southern two-thirds of the island. Turkish Cypriots, 19% of the populace, live in the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey, with about 36,000 Turkish troops providing security. United Nations peacekeeping forces (UNFICYP) maintain a buffer zone between the two. Since the late 1970s, the U.N., with U.S. support, has promoted negotiations aimed at reuniting the island as a federal, bicommunal, bizonal republic. In recent times, the U.N. Secretary General’s April 5, 1992, “Set of Ideas” was a major, but unsuccessful, framework for negotiations for an overall settlement. Next, both sides accepted U.N. confidence-building measures only in principle and they were never recorded nor implemented. The prospect of Cyprus’s European Union (EU) accession and its eventual membership intensified and complicated settlement efforts. After five rounds of U.N.-mediated proximity (indirect) talks beginning in December 1999, Secretary General Kofi Annan presented his “observations” on substance and procedure on November 8, 2000, leading Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash to withdraw from the talks for a year. Denktash and (Greek) Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides finally met on December 4, 2001 and agreed to begin direct talks on January 16, 2002. -
Turkey's Deep State
#1.12 PERSPECTIVES Political analysis and commentary from Turkey FEATURE ARTICLES TURKEY’S DEEP STATE CULTURE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ECOLOGY AKP’s Cultural Policy: Syria: The Case of the Seasonal Agricultural Arts and Censorship “Arab Spring” Workers in Turkey Pelin Başaran Transforming into the Sidar Çınar Page 28 “Arab Revolution” Page 32 Cengiz Çandar Page 35 TURKEY REPRESENTATION Content Editor’s note 3 ■ Feature articles: Turkey’s Deep State Tracing the Deep State, Ayşegül Sabuktay 4 The Deep State: Forms of Domination, Informal Institutions and Democracy, Mehtap Söyler 8 Ergenekon as an Illusion of Democratization, Ahmet Şık 12 Democratization, revanchism, or..., Aydın Engin 16 The Near Future of Turkey on the Axis of the AKP-Gülen Movement, Ruşen Çakır 18 Counter-Guerilla Becoming the State, the State Becoming the Counter-Guerilla, Ertuğrul Mavioğlu 22 Is the Ergenekon Case an Opportunity or a Handicap? Ali Koç 25 The Dink Murder and State Lies, Nedim Şener 28 ■ Culture Freedom of Expression in the Arts and the Current State of Censorship in Turkey, Pelin Başaran 31 ■ Ecology Solar Energy in Turkey: Challenges and Expectations, Ateş Uğurel 33 A Brief Evaluation of Seasonal Agricultural Workers in Turkey, Sidar Çınar 35 ■ International Politics Syria: The Case of the “Arab Spring” Transforming into the “Arab Revolution”, Cengiz Çandar 38 Turkey/Iran: A Critical Move in the Historical Competition, Mete Çubukçu 41 ■ Democracy 4+4+4: Turning the Education System Upside Down, Aytuğ Şaşmaz 43 “Health Transformation Program” and the 2012 Turkey Health Panorama, Mustafa Sütlaş 46 How Multi-Faceted are the Problems of Freedom of Opinion and Expression in Turkey?, Şanar Yurdatapan 48 Crimes against Humanity and Persistent Resistance against Cruel Policies, Nimet Tanrıkulu 49 ■ News from hbs 53 Heinrich Böll Stiftung – Turkey Representation The Heinrich Böll Stiftung, associated with the German Green Party, is a legally autonomous and intellectually open political foundation. -
Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: an International Law Analysis Gail J
BADIL - Information & Discussion Brief Issue No. 8, January 2001 Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis Gail J. Boling BADIL-Briefs aim to support the Palestinian-Arab and international debate about strategies for promotion of Palestinian refugees' right of return, restitution, and compensation in the framework of a just and durable solution of the Palestinian/Arab - Israeli conflict. Background Brief No. 8 is the first of three Briefs (covering the right of return, restitution, and compensation), that examine the basis in international law for a framework for durable solutions for Palestinian refugees. This Brief examines the individual right of return of Palestinian refugees displaced in 1948 as set forth in UN General Assembly Resolution 194(III) of 11 December 1948 as grounded in international law. It is important to note that the individual right of return is completely separate from any collective right of return. However, individual and collective rights are not mutually exclusive under international law but rather supplementary and complementary; the exercise of one right can never cancel out the exercise of another and should never be viewed as doing so. In this Brief, the author argues that the right of refugees to return to their homes and properties had already achieved customary status (binding international law) by 1948. UN Resolution 194, therefore, simply reaffirms international legal principles that were already binding and which required states to allow refugees to return to their places of origin, and prohibited mass expulsion of persons - particularly on discriminatory grounds. UN Resolution 194's consistency with international law and practice over the past five decades further strengthens its value as a normative framework for a durable solution for Palestinian refugees today. -
Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?
CYPRUS CENTRE 2/2007 REPORT 2/2007 Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking? Shrinking? Cypriot Population Turkish Is the The demography of north Cyprus is one of the most contested issues related to the island’s division. In particular, the number of indigenous Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants living in the north has long been a source of dispute, not only among the island’s diplomats and politicians but also among researchers and activists. Until recently, the political use of demog- raphy has hindered comprehensive study of the ethno-demographic make-up of the north, while at the same time making a thorough demographic study all the more imperative. The present report addresses this situation by providing an analysis of the results of the 2006 census of north Cyprus, comparing these fi gures with the results of the previous census. The report focuses mainly on identifying the percentage of the population of north Cyprus who are of Turkish-mainland origin and also possess Turkish Cypriot citizenship – an important factor given claims that such citizens play an signifi cant role in elections in the north. In addi- tion, the report examines the arrival dates of Turkish nationals in order to analyze patterns of migration. This, in turn, is indicative of the numbers of naturalized Turkish Cypriot citizens who have arrived in Cyprus as part of an offi cial policy. The report also presents estimates for Turkish Cypriot emigration to third countries, based on immigration and census fi gures from the two main host countries: the United Kingdom and Australia. Following analysis of these latter fi gures and the results of the 2006 census, it is argued that claims of massive emigration by Turkish Cypriots to third countries are largely misleading. -
Accession Treaty
23.9.2003EN Official Journal of the European Union 17 TREATY BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM, THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK, THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, IRELAND, THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG, THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA, THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND (MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION) AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC, CONCERNING THE ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA AND THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC TO THE EUROPEAN UNION HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF DENMARK, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SPAIN, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF IRELAND, THE PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE -
Confederation: the Last Chance for Establishing a New Partnership in Cyprus
PERCEPTIONS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS March - May 2001 Volume VI - Number 1 CONFEDERATION: THE LAST CHANCE FOR ESTABLISHING A NEW PARTNERSHIP IN CYPRUS M. ERGÜN OLGUN M. Ergün Olgun is Under-secretary to the President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. BACKGROUND There are two peoples in Cyprus who jealously guard their distinct political, ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identities and separate existence. They are political equals, each with its established equal status, including its separate right of self-determination. The UK government, in 1956 and 1958, recognised the two peoples separate right of self-determination before independence was granted to the partnership Republic. The political equality of the two parties was enshrined in the Constitution of the partnership Republic, where legitimacy ensued from the joint will of the two parties expressed through their separately elected representatives. As an equal party and as a subject of international law, the Turkish Cypriot party, together with the Greek Cypriot party, was a signatory to all the international treaties of 1960, which created the partnership Republic. Since its violent usurpation of the 1960 partnership Republic in 1963, the Greek Cypriot partner has been trying to take full control of the island in order to turn it into a Hellenic Republic. The Turkish Cypriot party, for its part, has fought for and successfully defended its rights, never succumbing to the will of the Greek Cypriot party. Turkish Cypriot pleas during the 1963-1974 period to maintain the 1960 constitutional order were ridiculed, and Greek Cypriots went ahead and unilaterally changed even the unchangeable 'equal partnership' provisions of the 1960 Constitution soon after ejecting the Turkish Cypriot partner from all the organs of the state. -
1 Rule of Law – a Guide for Politicians Mr. Chairman
127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and Related Meetings October 21-26, Québec, Canada Rule of Law – A guide for politicians Message by video-recording from Ambassador Hans Corell, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Lund University, Sweden Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Delegates, Friends, It gives me great pleasure to address you today, in particular since 24 October is the UN Day. The purpose of my address is to introduce you to a publication – Rule of Law – A guide for politicians – that you should have received by now. An interesting coincidence is that exactly one month ago, on 24 September, the High-level Meeting of the UN General Assembly adopted a Declaration on the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels. I am sure that you are aware of the well-deserved mentioning of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in that Declaration. My name is Hans Corell. I am a former judge and later legal adviser to three Ministers of Justice and three Ministers for Foreign Affairs in my native Sweden. I served as the Under- Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel of the United Nations from 1994 to 2004. Having now retired from public service, I am addressing you in my capacity as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Lund University in Sweden. Let me first tell you about the genesis of the Guide. There is an organisation called the InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government. -
15 June 2004 Excellency, Thank You for Your Letter of 7 June 2004
06/14/2004 MON 17:24 FAI 1 212 963 3829 1002 THE 15 June 2004 Excellency, Thank you for your letter of 7 June 2004, about my report on my good offices mission on Cyprus (S/2004/437), dated 28 May 2004, and our meeting of 3 June 2004. As you will have inferred from my report, I take a different view from you on most of the ground covered in your letter and its annex. I do stand fully by my report, including the narrative and the analysis contained therein, the appeals 1 have formulated and the recommendations I have put forward, to which I hope the Greek Cypriot side will respond positively, it follows that 1 do not share your characterization of the conduct of the effort by the United Nations. Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. Kofi A. Annan His Excellency Mr. Tassos Papadopoulos Nicosia 06/14/2004 MON 17:24 FAX 1 212 963 3828 1003 H 6 H 1 If JUN U2004 Note to Mr Riza EXEC_. LETTER TO MR PAPADOPOULOS OFTHESECfl Thank you for Informing me of the Secretary-General's preference not to /f sign the draft letter to Mr Papadopoulos that I sent for his consideration /I last week. I understand the Rrtocrjpolemics with / ree with him. That is why, in my earlier note informing him of Mr Papadopoulos' letter (and despite my inclination to demolish him point-by-poiut) I recommended a very restrained response, avoiding to engage him on the substance. The purpose of the very spare draft i seint, with the improvements suggested "by Mr Prendergastj was jrjcis«^MSit'ojf cutting off P?teroics_and bringing closure while at the same timei dispetllng" aiiy impression that we acquiesce to Papadopbuios' arguments. -
The Gordian Knot: American and British Policy Concerning the Cyprus Issue: 1952-1974
THE GORDIAN KNOT: AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLICY CONCERNING THE CYPRUS ISSUE: 1952-1974 Michael M. Carver A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2006 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Gary R. Hess ii ABSTRACT Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor This study examines the role of both the United States and Great Britain during a series of crises that plagued Cyprus from the mid 1950s until the 1974 invasion by Turkey that led to the takeover of approximately one-third of the island and its partition. Initially an ancient Greek colony, Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, which allowed the native peoples to take part in the island’s governance. But the idea of Cyprus’ reunification with the Greek mainland, known as enosis, remained a significant tenet to most Greek-Cypriots. The movement to make enosis a reality gained strength following the island’s occupation in 1878 by Great Britain. Cyprus was integrated into the British imperialist agenda until the end of the Second World War when American and Soviet hegemony supplanted European colonialism. Beginning in 1955, Cyprus became a battleground between British officials and terrorists of the pro-enosis EOKA group until 1959 when the independence of Cyprus was negotiated between Britain and the governments of Greece and Turkey. The United States remained largely absent during this period, but during the 1960s and 1970s came to play an increasingly assertive role whenever intercommunal fighting between the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot populations threatened to spill over into Greece and Turkey, and endanger the southeastern flank of NATO.