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Éxito De Anidación Del Maullador Negro Melanoptila Glabrirostris

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Éxito De Anidación Del Maullador Negro Melanoptila Glabrirostris U N I V E R S I D A D A U T Ó N O M A M E T R O P O L I T A N A UNIDAD XOCHIMILCO DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y DE LA SALUD LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA INFORME DE SERVICIO SOCIAL Éxito de anidación del Maullador negro Melanoptila glabrirostris (Passeriformes: Mimidae), en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an, e isla de Cozumel, Quintana Roo, México, 2009 Jesús Gustavo Marina Hipolito Matrícula: 205232557 Asesor Interno: M. en C. Miguel Ángel Mosqueda Cabrera Depto. El Hombre y su Ambiente, UAM-Xochimilco. Asesor Externo: M. en C. Blanca Roldán Clarà Kanché A.C. México, D. F. Enero 2010 Éxito de anidación del Maullador Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris CONTENIDO Índice Pag. RESUMEN vii 1. INTRODUCIÓN 1 2. OBJETIVOS 2 3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 3 3.1. Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an 3 3.2. Isla de Cozumel 4 4. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 5 4.1. Taxonomía de Melanoptila glabrirostris 6 4.2. Descripción 7 4.3. Aspectos rerpoductivos 8 4.4. Ecología y comportamiento 8 4.5. Éxito de nido 9 5. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS 9 5.1. Caracterización de la Vegetación 10 5.2. Búsqueda sistemática de nidos 11 5.3. Supervivencia de nidos 12 6. RESULTADOS 13 6.1. Caracterización de la vegetación 13 6.2. Preferencia de habitat 13 ii Éxito de anidación del Maullador Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris 6.3. Búsqueda de nidos 15 6.4. Probabilidad de supervivencia de nidos 16 6.5.Historia de vida o natural 16 6.5.1. Nidos 16 6.5.2. Dieta 17 6.5.3. Depredadores 17 7. DISCUSIÓN 17 7.1. Vegetación 17 7.2. Éxito de anidación 19 7.3. Tasa de supervivencia en continente e islas 20 8. CONCLUSIONES 22 9. RECOMENDACIONES 22 10. LITERATURA CITADA 24 11. APÉNDICE I iii Jesús Gustavo Marina Hipolito Hay una fuerza motriz más poderosa que el vapor, la electricidad y la energía atómica: La voluntad. Albert Einstein iv Éxito de anidación del Maullador Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris Dedicatoria A mis padres Ricardo Marina González y Ma. Teresa Hipolito Vázquez, qué me apoyaron en todo momento de mi formación y me dieron vida. Les debo TODO Y MÁS. A mi hermana Damaris Marina Hipolito por ser la mejor y única hermana con la que comparto momentos y experiencias de mi vida, eres la mejor y te amo. También y de gran importancia a mis tíos Francisco de los Santos y Dalila Hipolito que estuvieron soportándome por cuatro años de estudio y me otorgaron compañía, me ayudaron muchísimo. A mis primos por ser los que me ayudaron a distraerme en ocasiones de estrés y su compañía fue de gran ayuda en toda ocasión. A mis compañeros y amigos Ricardo (vulgarmente conocido como Chalpa), Ángela (Abi), Hilda, Pita, Margarita (Maggy), Viridiana (Viri), Paola (Débora), Gloria (la China), Edith , que me ayudaron en proyectos escolares, en prestar sus casas para trabajar por días, y el intercambio y exposiciones de ideas. A todos gracias por su apoyo incondicional a ampliar mis conocimientos y estar más cerca de mis metas profesionales. v Jesús Gustavo Marina Hipolito Agradecimientos A la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana y al Laboratorio de Ecología Costera y Pesquerías por usar sus instalaciones para realizar esta investigación. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo gracias a Villanova University por financiar el transporte a Playa del Carmen, Tulum y la isla de Cozumel y otorgar parte de la alimentación. A la CONANP por prestar sus instalaciones y dormitorios en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an. Agradezco a Kanché A.C. por el apoyo brindado Muchísimas gracias a mi asesora M. en C. Blanca Roldán Clarà, por aceptar a este cuasi-biólogo como alumno en todo el verano; por hacerme partícipe en este proyecto, me diste toda la confianza, apoyo y cicatrices (experiencia) sin importar lo difícil que pareció al principio, y también por lo impresionante que resulto ser el congreso que me recomendaste. Gracias Joshua LaPergola por enseñarme tanto en campo, el intercambio de ideas y por muchas cosas fascinantes que ocurrieron en todo el verano, MUCHAS GRACIAS. A Don Felipe Juárez por usar su casa en el pueblo fantasma (Cozumel) así como facilitarnos el transporte en la isla y por tantos favores que nos hizo. A Gioconda Nisco le agradezco usar su local como sito para trabajar en Tulum, la comida deliciosa que solo ella puede preparar a todo el cálido ambiente que viví en Tulum, le agradezco su paciencia en tenerme todo el día quitándole lugares a su clientela. A los capitanes de botes Ángel y Aldo en la Reserva que me ofrecieron tours gratis en la laguna de Campechén y enseñarme cosas locales y un poco de la lengua Maya. A Ricardo Canek Rivera que me ayudo con la digitalización de los mapas. A mi amigo y asesor M. en C. Miguel Ángel Mosqueda Cabrera por soportar a este padawan que solo quiere aprender. Le agradezco que me aceptara como su servidor social y aguantarme todos los días en su cubículo. MUCHAS GRACIAS MIGUEL. vi Éxito de anidación del Maullador Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris Resumen: La tasa de supervivencia de los nidos es un componente clave del éxito reproductivo de las aves silvestres. Estudios realizados con aves tropicales demuestran que el 80% de la pérdida de nidos está asociada a la depredación. El maullador negro Melanoptila glabrirostris es un mímido endémico de la Península de Yucatán, catalogado por la IUCN en 2008 como ―casi amenazado‖. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la tasa de supervivencia de nidos de M. glabrirostris, en la zona costera de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an (RBSK) y la isla de Cozumel, Quintana Roo, en la temporada reproductiva Mayo-Agosto de 2009. Se utilizó el método estandarizado de búsqueda y monitoreo de nidos de Martin y Geupel. Con el método de Mayfield se calculó la tasa de supervivencia diaria, la cual resultó ser más elevada en la isla de Cozumel (0.9720, n = 18) que en la RSBK (0.9194, n = 58), La probabilidad de supervivencia de nidos en todo el ciclo en Cozumel fue de 45.2% y en RBSK de 9.5%, lo que indica una diferencia notable entre ambas zonas. La alta tasa de supervivencia en Cozumel puede estar relacionada con una baja presencia de depredadores en comparación con la zona continental, y/o a las diferencias de la estructura y ubicación de los nidos. En la RBSK la mayor parte de los nidos se encontraron en la palma Chit Thrinax radiata y en el arbusto Pithecellobium keyense, en cambio en la isla de Cozumel los nidos se encontraron frecuentemente en semi- cavidades de árboles muertos, estos siendo más escondidos, lo que podría aumentar la tasa de supervivencia. Palabras clave: éxito reproductivo, dzibabán, depredación, mímido, endémico. vii Éxito de anidación del Maullador Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El éxito de nido, componente clave de la tasa reproductiva para muchas especies de aves, es la probabilidad que tiene el nido de sobrevivir desde que éste inicia hasta que termina y sus descendientes dejan el nido. Consecuentemente, la estimación del éxito de nido es crucial para estudios poblacionales de aves, y los métodos para estimar esta tasa vital han recibido atención considerable (Rotella et al., 2004). Además, la información generada sobre el éxito de nido es importante para predecir disminuciones en las poblaciones, así como comprender las causas de la disminución poblacional, y desarrollar estrategias de manejo para frenar o prevenir esta disminución (Manolis et al., 2000). La depredación es la causa principal de la mortalidad de nidos e induce una fuerte influencia en el comportamiento reproductivo. La depredación de nidos también es la mayor causa de extinción de aves en islas como también la introducción de especies exóticas (Stutchbury y Morton, 2001; Rotella, 2004; Yamaguchi et al., 2005; Cristinacce et al., 2009). En las islas, la avifauna ha evolucionado en ausencia de mamíferos depredadores y cuando los depredadores son introducidos la mortalidad de los nidos puede aumentar dramáticamente (Sachtleben, 2005). El Maullador Negro o dzibabán (Maya) Melanoptila glabrirostris (Aves: Mimidae), es endémico de la península de Yucatán y la IUCN (2008) lo cataloga como ―casi amenazado‖; sin embargo en México no está considerada en la NOM-059-ECOL 2001. Melanoptila glabrirostris habita desde las zonas húmedas a semiáridas, en matorrales y bordes de bosques de la península de Yucatán, México; así como en Belice, y Guatemala. En la isla de Cozumel su estatus es entre común a frecuente. También se encuentra desde el Este de Quintana Roo, México, hasta Ambergris Caye, Belice. En Belice es común a poco común en Caye Caulker, Lighthouse Reef y Glover’s Reef, y tal vez estacional (principalmente de noviembre a mayo) en la mayor parte de la península de Yucatán, al Oeste de Campeche, México (Stattersfield, 2000). En México se considera a la especie común en la isla de Cozumel, y común a abundante a lo largo de la franja costera a partir de 15 km al sur de la ciudad de Tulum y 1 Jesús Gustavo Marina Hipolito continuando hacia Punta Allen en la Bahía de la Ascención, en la reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an (RBSK) (Miller & Miller, 1991, Roldán-Clarà, 2009). En las zonas tropicales actualmente los bosques están siendo sometidos a una gran presión resultado del avance de la frontera agrícola y otras actividades humanas vulnerabilizando a muchas especies vegetales y animales que son interdependientes (Kraker, 2005). Además en Quintana Roo, destaca a nivel nacional el turismo, la industria azucarera, la actividad forestal, la agricultura, principalmente de autoconsumo, bajo el sistema tradicional de roza-tumba-quema (Sánches y Rebollar, 1999).
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