Syllabus for B.H.M.S. (Degree) Course
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The Beginnings of Formal Logic: Deduction in Aristotle's Topics Vs
Phronesis 60 (�0�5) �67-309 brill.com/phro The Beginnings of Formal Logic: Deduction in Aristotle’s Topics vs. Prior Analytics Marko Malink Department of Philosophy, New York University, 5 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003. USA [email protected] Abstract It is widely agreed that Aristotle’s Prior Analytics, but not the Topics, marks the begin- ning of formal logic. There is less agreement as to why this is so. What are the distinctive features in virtue of which Aristotle’s discussion of deductions (syllogismoi) qualifies as formal logic in the one treatise but not in the other? To answer this question, I argue that in the Prior Analytics—unlike in the Topics—Aristotle is concerned to make fully explicit all the premisses that are necessary to derive the conclusion in a given deduction. Keywords formal logic – deduction – syllogismos – premiss – Prior Analytics – Topics 1 Introduction It is widely agreed that Aristotle’s Prior Analytics marks the beginning of formal logic.1 Aristotle’s main concern in this treatise is with deductions (syllogismoi). Deductions also play an important role in the Topics, which was written before the Prior Analytics.2 The two treatises start from the same definition of what 1 See e.g. Cornford 1935, 264; Russell 1946, 219; Ross 1949, 29; Bocheński 1956, 74; Allen 2001, 13; Ebert and Nortmann 2007, 106-7; Striker 2009, p. xi. 2 While the chronological order of Aristotle’s works cannot be determined with any certainty, scholars agree that the Topics was written before the Prior Analytics; see Brandis 1835, 252-9; Ross 1939, 251-2; Bocheński 1956, 49-51; Kneale and Kneale 1962, 23-4; Brunschwig 1967, © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���5 | doi �0.��63/�5685�84-��34��86 268 Malink a deduction is (stated in the first chapter of each). -
1 the Aristotelian Method and Aristotelian
1 The Aristotelian Method and Aristotelian Metaphysics TUOMAS E. TAHKO (www.ttahko.net) Published in Patricia Hanna (Ed.), An Anthology of Philosophical Studies (Athens: ATINER), pp. 53-63, 2008. ABSTRACT In this paper I examine what exactly is ‘Aristotelian metaphysics’. My inquiry into Aristotelian metaphysics should not be understood to be so much con- cerned with the details of Aristotle's metaphysics. I am are rather concerned with his methodology of metaphysics, although a lot of the details of his meta- physics survive in contemporary discussion as well. This warrants an investigation into the methodological aspects of Aristotle's metaphysics. The key works that we will be looking at are his Physics, Meta- physics, Categories and De Interpretatione. Perhaps the most crucial features of the Aristotelian method of philosophising are the relationship between sci- ence and metaphysics, and his defence of the principle of non-contradiction (PNC). For Aristotle, natural science is the second philosophy, but this is so only because there is something more fundamental in the world, something that natural science – a science of movement – cannot study. Furthermore, Aristotle demonstrates that metaphysics enters the picture at a fundamental level, as he argues that PNC is a metaphysical rather than a logical principle. The upshot of all this is that the Aristotelian method and his metaphysics are not threatened by modern science, quite the opposite. Moreover, we have in our hands a methodology which is very rigorous indeed and worthwhile for any metaphysician to have a closer look at. 2 My conception of metaphysics is what could be called ‘Aristotelian’, as op- posed to Kantian. -
Metaphysics Translated by W
Aristotle Metaphysics translated by W. D. Ross Book Α 1 All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not going to do anything, we prefer seeing (one might say) to everything else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know and brings to light many differences between things. By nature animals are born with the faculty of sensation, and from sensation memory is produced in some of them, though not in others. And therefore the former are more intelligent and apt at learning than those which cannot remember; those which are incapable of hearing sounds are intelligent though they cannot be taught, e.g. the bee, and any other race of animals that may be like it; and those which besides memory have this sense of hearing can be taught. The animals other than man live by appearances and memories, and have but little of connected experience; but the human race lives also by art and reasonings. Now from memory experience is produced in men; for the several memories of the same thing produce finally the capacity for a single experience. And experience seems pretty much like science and art, but really science and art come to men through experience; for ‘experience made art’, as Polus says, ‘but inexperience luck.’ Now art arises when from many notions gained by experience one universal judgement about a class of objects is produced. -
Greco-Roman Legal Analysis: the Topics of Invention
St. John's Law Review Volume 66 Number 1 Volume 66, Winter 1992, Number 1 Article 3 Greco-Roman Legal Analysis: The Topics of Invention Michael Frost Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/lawreview This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. John's Law Review by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GRECO-ROMAN LEGAL ANALYSIS: THE TOPICS OF INVENTION MICHAEL FROST* I. INTRODUCTION Despite a wealth of commentary on legal reas6ning and legal logic, modern writers on the subject demonstrate a curious and re- grettable disregard for the close connections between classical Greco-Roman theories of forensic discourse and modern theories of legal reasoning and analysis. Two recent treatises on logic and legal reasoning, Judge Ruggero Aldisert's Logic for Lawyers' and Pro- fessor Steven Burton's An Introduction to Law and Legal Reason- ing,2 are exceptions to this rule. Their treatises fall within a 2,000- year-old tradition of rhetorical analysis and discourse especially designed for lawyers. Beginning with treatises on rhetoric by Aris- totle, Cicero, and Quintilian, philosophers and lawyers have re- peatedly attempted, some more ambitiously than others, to de- scribe and analyze legal reasoning and methodology. Judge Aldisert implicitly acknowledges his participation in this ancient tradition with an epigraph drawn from Cicero's Republic, with his choice of subject matter, and with his use of centuries-old rhetori- cal terminology.3 Professor Burton's approach to legal analysis and argument can also be traced back to ancient rhetorical treatises especially written for the instruction of beginning advocates. -
Aristotle on Sign-Inference and Related Forms Ofargument
12 Introduction degree oflogical sophistication about what is required for one thing to follow from another had been achieved. The authorities whose views are reported by Philodemus wrote to answer the charges of certain unnamed opponents, usually and probably rightly supposed to be Stoics. These opponents draw· on the resources of a logical STUDY I theory, as we can see from the prominent part that is played in their arguments by an appeal to the conditional (auvTJp.p.EvOV). Similarity cannot, they maintain, supply the basis of true conditionals of the Aristotle on Sign-inference and kind required for the Epicureans' inferences to the rion-evident. But instead of dismissing this challenge, as Epicurus' notoriously Related Forms ofArgument contemptuous attitude towards logic might have led us to expect, the Epicureans accept it and attempt· to show that similarity can THOUGH Aristotle was the first to make sign-inference the object give rise to true conditionals of the required strictness. What is oftheoretical reflection, what he left us is less a theory proper than a more, they treat inference by analogy as one of two species of argu sketch of one. Its fullest statement is found in Prior Analytics 2. 27, ment embraced by the method ofsimilarity they defend. The other the last in a sequence offive chapters whose aim is to establish that: is made up of what we should call inductive arguments or, if we .' not only are dialectical and demonstrative syllogisms [auAAoyw,uol] effected construe induction more broadly, an especially prominent special by means of the figures [of the categorical syllogism] but also rhetorical case of inductive argument, viz. -
The Use of Animals in Higher Education
THE USE OF P R O B L E M S, A L T E R N A T I V E S , & RECOMMENDA T I O N S HUMANE SOCIETY PR E S S by Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D. PUBLIC PO L I C Y SE R I E S Public Policy Series THE USE OF An i m a l s IN Higher Ed u c a t i o n P R O B L E M S, A L T E R N A T I V E S , & RECOMMENDA T I O N S by Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D. Humane Society Press an affiliate of Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D., has been associate director for education in the Animal Res e a r ch Issues section of The Humane Society of the United States since 1993. Born in England and raised in New Zealand and Canada, Dr . Balcombe studied biology at York University in Tor onto before obtaining his masters of science degree from Carleton University in Ottawa and his Ph.D. in ethology at the University of Tennessee. Ack n ow l e d g m e n t s The author wishes to thank Andrew Rowan, Martin Stephens, Gretchen Yost, Marilyn Balcombe, and Francine Dolins for reviewing and commenting on earlier versions of this monograph. Leslie Adams, Kathleen Conlee, Lori Do n l e y , Adrienne Gleason, Daniel Kos s o w , and Brandy Richardson helped with various aspects of its research and preparation. Copyright © 2000 by The Humane Society of the United States. -
Aristotle-Rhetoric.Pdf
Rhetoric Aristotle (Translated by W. Rhys Roberts) Book I 1 Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are con- cerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Accordingly all men make use, more or less, of both; for to a certain extent all men attempt to discuss statements and to maintain them, to defend themselves and to attack others. Ordinary people do this either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. Both ways being possible, the subject can plainly be handled systematically, for it is possible to inquire the reason why some speakers succeed through practice and others spontaneously; and every one will at once agree that such an inquiry is the function of an art. Now, the framers of the current treatises on rhetoric have cons- tructed but a small portion of that art. The modes of persuasion are the only true constituents of the art: everything else is me- rely accessory. These writers, however, say nothing about en- thymemes, which are the substance of rhetorical persuasion, but deal mainly with non-essentials. The arousing of prejudice, pity, anger, and similar emotions has nothing to do with the essential facts, but is merely a personal appeal to the man who is judging the case. Consequently if the rules for trials which are now laid down some states-especially in well-governed states-were applied everywhere, such people would have nothing to say. All men, no doubt, think that the laws should prescribe such rules, but some, as in the court of Areopagus, give practical effect to their thoughts 4 Aristotle and forbid talk about non-essentials. -
Colloquium 7 What Use Is Aristotle's Organon? Robin Smith
Colloquium 7 What Use Is Aristotle's Organon? Robin Smith My title is ambiguous. I might be construed as asking what use we, today, as philosophers, can make of the collection of treatises which has been known since the time of the Aristotelian commentators as the "organon." These treatises are, in the main, a collection of works on logic and closely related subjects, including fallacious arguments and demonstrative sci- ence. Tradition regarded them as giving Aristotle's account of scientific philosophical method: the "instrument" necessary for the attainment of knowledge. It was as such that Francis Bacon rejected Aristotle's Organon and offered his own as its replace- ment. Scientific method, he thought, should be a way to attain new knowledge; but he saw in the Aristotelian procedures he had learned at school nothing but rules for argumentation and deduction, which could never lead to the enlargement of what one already knew. For the purposes he took to be important, then, he found the Aristotelian instrument useless. More recent philosophical interpretation of Aristotle has been perhaps more sympathetic to its philosophical superstructure. If we regard the picture of demonstrative science of the Posterior Analytics as an account of scientific explanation rather than an account of scien- tific discovery, its plausibility is much greater. However, the logical theories on which Aristotle relies, especially its theory of inference, are now more or less universally recognized to be inadequate to any formalization even of the sciences Aristotle himself knew: Greek mathematical demonstrations steadfastly resist any translation into categorical syllogisms. Even the use of modern formal methods to interpret Aristotle's works seems at best to permit us to congratulate him for having come close, in his awkward way, to something we have a much better grasp of now. -
Aristotle -- Parts of Animals. Movement of Animals. Progression of Animals
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, O.H., LITT.D. t E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. t W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A, POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.b.hist.soo. ARISTOTLE PARTS OF ANIMALS MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS ARISTOTLE PARTS OF ANIMALS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY A. L. PECK, M.A., Ph.D. FELLOW OF Christ's college, cambriook AND DNIVERSITY LECTURER IN CLASSICS AND A FOREWORD BY F. H. A. MARSHALL, C.B.E., Sc.D., F.R.S. MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY E. S. FORSTER, M.A. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE I'NIVERSITV OF SHEFFIKLD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HAR\^ARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXI First printed 1937 Revised and reprinted 1945, 1955 Revised and reprinted 1961 Printed in Chreat BrUain CONTENTS PAQB PARTS OF ANIMALS Foreword ....... 3 Introduction ...... 8 Text and Translation .... 52 MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS PROGRESSION OF ANIMALS Introduction ...... 43 Text and Translation .... 440 Index to Parts of Animals . 543 Index to Movement and Progression of Animals. ...... 552 From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very diiferent ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle. Charles Darwin to William Ogle, on the publication of his translation of The Parts of Ani- mals, 1882. -
The Logical Grammar of Kant's Twelve Forms of Judgment : a Formalized Study of Kant's Table of Judgments
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1972 The logical grammar of Kant's twelve forms of judgment : a formalized study of Kant's table of judgments. Kirk Dallas Wilson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Wilson, Kirk Dallas, "The logical grammar of Kant's twelve forms of judgment : a formalized study of Kant's table of judgments." (1972). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2172. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2172 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LOGICAL GRAMMAR OF KANT'S TWELVE FORMS OF JUDGMENT- A FORMALIZED STUDY OF KANT'S TABLE OF JUDGMENTS A Dissertation Presented By Kirk Dallas Wilson Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February, 1972 Philosophy Kirk Dallas Wilson All Rights Reserved ) ) ) IHE LOGICAL GRAMMAR OF ICANT’S TWELVE FORMS OF JUDGMENT A FORMALIZED STUDY OF KANT'S TABLE OF JUDGMENTS A Dissertation By Kirk Dallas Wilson Approved as to style and content by: irman of Committee) ^Head of Department) (Member (Member) ^Member (Month (Year acknowledgments My deepest gratitude and thanks is extended to Professor Leonard H. Ehrlich whose incisive questions and criticisms forced me to think hard about the topics explored in this dissertation. -
Exploring How Animals Are Viewed in Society Over the Past 150 Years Within Classic Chidren's Literary Works
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses Environmental Studies Program Spring 5-2019 Exploring How Animals Are Viewed in Society Over the Past 150 Years Within Classic Chidren's Literary Works Ambrosia Keefe University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses Part of the Environmental Education Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Disclaimer: The following thesis was produced in the Environmental Studies Program as a student senior capstone project. Keefe, Ambrosia, "Exploring How Animals Are Viewed in Society Over the Past 150 Years Within Classic Chidren's Literary Works" (2019). Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses. 232. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/232 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Studies Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Exploring How Animals Are Viewed in Society Over the Past 150 Years Within Classic Children’s Literary Works. An Undergraduate Thesis By Ambrosia Keefe Presented to The Environmental Studies Program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science Major: Environmental Studies Emphasis Area: Wildlife in Society Thesis Advisor: Name: Larkin Powell Thesis Reader: Name: Jenny Dauer Lincoln, Nebraska Date: May 1, 2019 Introduction: Literary works, fiction or non-fiction have helped change the way people envision, consider, display change through time, and function with animals since people had time to sit down and read a book. -
Humans and Nature: Finding Meaning Through Metaphysics Justin Stone [email protected]
Rollins College Rollins Scholarship Online Master of Liberal Studies Theses 2013 Humans and Nature: Finding Meaning through Metaphysics Justin Stone [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls Part of the Metaphysics Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Stone, Justin, "Humans and Nature: Finding Meaning through Metaphysics" (2013). Master of Liberal Studies Theses. 42. http://scholarship.rollins.edu/mls/42 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Liberal Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Humans and Nature: Finding Meaning Through Metaphysics A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Liberal Studies by Justin S. Stone May, 2013 Mentor: Dr. Hoyt Edge Reader: Dr. Robert Vander Poppen Rollins College Hamilton Holt School Master of Liberal Studies Program Winter Park, Florida Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 – Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle 7 Chapter 2 – Medieval Philosophy: From Augustine to Aquinas 22 Chapter 3 – The Scientific Revolution: Descartes and Bacon 34 Redefine Nature Chapter 4 – Spinoza: God in the Machine 48 Chapter 5 – Heidegger: Return of Metaphysics 56 Conclusion 67 Index of References 72 1 Introduction Such, in outline, but even more purposeless, more void of meaning, is the world which Science presents for our belief. Amid such a world, if anywhere, our ideals henceforward must find a home. That man is the product of causes which had no provision of the end they were achieving; that his origin, his growth, his hopes and fears, his loves and his beliefs, are but the outcome of accidental collisions of atoms… - Russell Bertrand Before the 19th Century, individuals who studied the natural world were called natural philosophers.