CREOSOTE Treated Timber What you need to know

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 1 Information to help you move forward...

Wood preservation overview 3 Creosote - current position 3 EU market overview 4 What can replace creosote treated timbers 5 What can replace creosote poles 6 What can replace creosote sleepers 8 Wood Preservative systems 12 How does a life cycle assessment compare 14 Normalised impact data 15 Can we trust oil based alternatives 16 Wood preservative testing 17 Characteristics of oil based alternatives 19 Disposal processes 20 Moving to oil based alternatives 22 Lonza Wood Protection 24 Contact 28

PAGE 2 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Why Use Wood Timber is one of the most environmentally friendly construction materials available. Versatile, naturally renewable, warm and beautiful, it is light in weight and yet strong with excellent load bearing and thermal properties. Wood Preservation Wood preservative treatments are essential to Preservative treatment of wood helps to avoid: ensure we make the most of sustainable timber – Wood decay, mould and sapwood products to be used for railway sleepers, stains caused by fungi poles for electricity and telephone lines and fencing projects in the agricultural fencing – Attack from wood destroying insects and revetment projects. They are also very such as termites, carpenter ants and important for the European economy. various beetles – Shortened service life of the timber 6 million m3 products of timber (approx) are preservative treated in the EU every year Creosote – current position Creosote, a distillate product from coal-tar, Creosote currently survives on Social Currently very few products have has been used for many decades as a wood Economic grounds as a comparative been authorised under the BPR or preservative. assessment report carried out by the its predecessor the Biocidal Product Swedish Chemical Agency (KEMI) in 2016 Directive (BPD) that can substitute Creosote is a mixture of many compounds and concluded that not approving creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons creosote products to protect railway would have disproportionate negative (PAHs), some of which have been considered as sleepers, utility poles or fences. It impacts on society when comparing the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, or very has been argued that if a renewal of risks to human health and the environment. persistent and very bioaccumulative. the authorisation is refused, current Creosote is an active substance so will be treaters using creosote would be Creosote therefore meets the Biocidal Products reviewed against its current forced out of the market, putting end Regulation (BPR) exclusion criteria as a result of approval which is due to users under stress. its Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) expire on 31 October 2020. classification as carcinogenic category 1B. October 2020

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 3 EU market overview

The main areas of creosote treated wood are for railway sleepers, utility poles and other markets such as fencing and crib walling.

Other 9% Other Markets Poles Sleepers The total agricultural area in the EU is very large, and wooden fencing can be used to 38% 53% indicate the borders of the property and to enclose animals. The agricultural, equestrian, highway fencing and crib walling sectors all benefit from pressure treated and creosote treated wooden fences and landscaping timbers. These are very important sectors for creosote alternatives as these may be the markets that transition first, due to legislative drivers. This sector is dominated by water based copper organic preservatives. However, long Utility Poles service life performance is desired by landscaping contractors and farmers leading to In many EU countries a large percentage of overhead demand for modern industrial strength oil based preservatives. cable lines are run on creosote treated wooden poles. Creosote treated utility poles are widely used in Railway Sleepers Sweden, Ireland and the UK. Creosote treated Wooden sleeper volume has been constant Creosote treated PINE PINE poles in UK and Around 20-25,000 new poles are installed in at 200,000 m3 per year across the last sleepers in UK Scandinavia Sweden every year. decade. 40 years In UK & Ireland every year – 120,000 utility 30-40 years In 2010, on high speed tracks, wooden SERVICE LIFE poles are replaced and 40,000 new poles are SERVICE LIFE sleepers represented more than 20% installed. of the market share in Sweden, Finland, Creosote treated OAK/ Creosote treated France, Belgium, Poland, Austria, Norway AZOBE sleepers in France Treated Pole market SPRUCE poles in and Switzerland. On the lower speed tracks, Germany wooden sleepers are used in a greater 30-40 years split 50/50 proportion. SERVICE LIFE 30-35 years 50% Copper organic wood preservatives In Sweden, Poland, Norway, France and 50% Creosote. SERVICE LIFE Creosote treated Belgium wooden sleepers represent more BEECH sleepers in For example, in Finland every year than 50% of the whole market share. Germany around 10,000 new wooden poles treated with copper organic are installed. 30-35 years SERVICE LIFE

PAGE 4 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW What can replace CREOSOTE treated timbers?

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 5 What can replace creosote treated poles? Wooden Poles Utility Poles Traditional wooden poles are very often the Creosote treated timber already competes preferred solution over concrete or steel poles, with a number of alternative materials: as ground conditions vary widely and wooden poles are comparably light and easier to – Copper organic water based transport. preservative treated wooden poles Wooden telecommunication poles weigh around 100 kg and are often light enough to be moved – Concrete poles Technical & Environmental by hand. advantages of Wooden Poles – Steel poles Wood is a sustainable material and provides – Fibre reinforced composite poles great flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus. – High weight to strength ratio Holes are easily drilled to fit the exact hardware – Flexible in many climates needs and requirements. In addition, fasteners – Easy to handle and install such as lags and screws are easily applied to wooden structures to support outside plant – Do not require earthing like steel (OSP) apparatus. – Insulation properties – Sustainable material – Workable material – Easy to climb – Naturally aesthetic – Good in fire situations

PAGE 6 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Concrete Poles Steel Poles Fibre-reinforced Composite (FRC)Poles The most widespread use of concrete poles is Steel poles can provide advantages for in marine environments and coastal zones high-voltage lines, where taller poles are FRC poles cover a family of pole materials that where excellent corrosion resistance is required required for enhanced clearances and longer combine fibreglass (fibre) strength members to reduce the impact of sea water, salt fog and span requirements. with a cross-linked polyester resin and a variety corrosive soil conditions (e.g., marsh land). of chemical additives to produce a lightweight, Tubular steel poles are typically made from weather-resistant structure. Their heavy weight also helps the concrete poles 11-gauge galvanized steel, with thicker 10- or resist the high winds possible in coastal areas. 7-gauge materials used for some taller poles FRC poles are hollow and similar to the tubular because of their higher strength and rigidity. steel poles, with a typical wall thickness of ¼ to The various designs for concrete poles include For tall tower-type structures, 5-gauge materials ½ inch with an outer polyurethane coating that is tapered structures and round poles made of are used. ~0.002-inch thin. solid concrete; pre-stressed concrete (spun-cast or statically cast); and a hybrid of concrete and Although steel poles can be drilled on-site with As with all the other non-wood poles, FRC poles steel. a annular drill bit or standard twist drill, it is not cannot be mounted with the traditional climbing a recommended practice. As with concrete hardware of hooks and gaffs. FRC poles can be The drilling of installed concrete poles is not poles, bolt holes could be built into the steel pre-drilled by the manufacturer, or holes can feasible. Users can have the attachment pole during manufacture for use as general be drilled on site. Attachments using lag bolts, hardware cast into the concrete during the pole attachment points or places for steps to be teeth, nails, and staples are unacceptable for manufacture. bolted into the pole. FRC poles. Through-bolts are used instead of lag bolts for maximum bonding to the pole and to avoid loosening of hardware.

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 7 What can replace creosote treated sleepers? Wooden Sleepers Advantages of Wooden Railway Sleepers The purchase of wood sleepers has been Sleepers Creosote treated timber already competes constant at around 200,000 m3 per annum in – Wooden sleepers are so light with a number of alternative materials: the last decade. and easy to transport, install – Copper organic water based In 2010, wooden sleepers used on the main and maintain. preservative treated wooden track represented more than 20% of the market – Wooden sleepers have a large railway sleepers share in Sweden, Finland, France, Belgium, application in the railway track, Poland, Austria, Norway and Switzerland. On the – Concrete sleepers suitable for any section. lower speed tracks, wood sleepers are a greater – Steel sleepers proportion. In Sweden, Poland, Norway, France – Traditionally has lower cost – Plastic/composite sleepers and Belgium wood sleepers represent more than other kinds of railway than 50% of the market share. sleeper. In many European countries, wood is used for the switches, due to its flexibility when compared to concrete and steel sleepers. Disadvantages of Wooden In order to maintain existing wooden sleeper Sleepers lines when replacing broken ones, sleepers – Can be affected by humidity. with the same characteristics need to be used. Mixing different materials on one line leads to – Creosote treated sleepers can technical difficulties. be hard to recycle, making them more expensive. 3 types of wooden sleeper – Service life of wooden sleeper are used in Europe: is shorter (10-30 years).

Beech 32% Oak 53% Pine Wooden Sleepers 20% 10-30 years SERVICE LIFE

PAGE 8 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Concrete Sleepers Advantages Concrete sleepers are increasingly common – Longer use life compared to wooden with purchase volumes increasing from nearly sleeper (40-50 years). 1,000,000m3 in 2008 to 1.400.000m3 in 2013. – Greater stability because of its VOLUME SALES millions heavier properties. 1.5 – Cost-effective in the long run. 1 0.5 – Need less maintenance. 0 2008 2013 Disadvantages Concrete sleepers are mostly manufactured from pre-stressed concrete. It is a technique which – So heavy that they are difficult to introduces internal tension to the sleeper before handle. casting, which reduces the damage from external – Limited in application - cannot be pressure during service. used in bridges and crossings. In general, concrete sleepers are used in the high – Cannot mix concrete and wood speed railway markets. Concrete can bear more loads, which provides the possibility of higher sleepers. speed. – Ballast beds for concrete sleepers Concrete sleepers were first used in France, and have to be more substantial and can it became common after World War Two. therefore prove to be more costly. At present, concrete sleepers are mainly applied in Asia, Europe and Australia, but have less market share in the United States.

Concrete Sleepers 40-50 years SERVICE LIFE

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 9 Steel Sleepers Advantages Steel railway sleepers are formed from pressed – Steel sleepers are easy to install steel and with a trough-shaped section. The on existing ballast beds, giving low housing for the rail fastening system is welded to cost. the upper of steel sleeper. – Steel sleepers are easy to stack Because they are stronger than wood and because of light weight and shape. cheaper than concrete, steel railway sleepers are usually considered as middle way between – Steel sleepers have a long service wooden sleepers and concrete sleepers. life (more than 50 years). It seems like that steel sleeper is a better choice, – Steel sleepers are recyclable. but steel railway is applied a few area like secondary lines in UK, far less than other types of rail sleeper. Disadvantages – Chemical corrosion of steel Steel Sleepers sleepers. 50 years – Higher maintenance costs. SERVICE LIFE – Steel sleepers can only be used in some special end uses because of insulation problems.

PAGE 10 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Plastic and Composite Advantages Sleepers – Like wood, plastic sleepers can Plastic railway sleepers, also called composite reduce vibration. sleepers, are manufactured from a plastic – Composite sleepers are cuttable composite. and light – easy to install and can Plastic composite is a modern material for be applied in any rail section. making rail sleepers. It is a mixture of plastic – Recyclable - can be reused into new and used or waste rubber. sleepers. Plastic sleepers combine the pliability of wood and durability of concrete.

Disadvantages – Expensive - restricts the possibility of being applied in large scale projects. – Insulation problems.

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 11 If wood is your choice...

Wood Preservative Systems Wood preservatives are typically either oil-based (treatment where the carrier of the preservative is oil) or water-based. The most widely used oil-based preservative is creosote. New Products to replace creosote are being developed and starting to be marketed in Europe.

PAGE 12 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Oil-based preservative favourable properties Oil Based – No swelling, shrinking and cracking during – Products can diffuse within the The main oil-based solution approved treatment and re-drying due to the absence timber; should the timbers split in under the BPR, apart from creosote, is of water. service, this migration property has expected to be Tanasote, which will be the benefit of being able to “heal” – Low corrosivity to metal; this is applicable described in more detail later. It shares the split and prevent internal attack to the materials used in the treatment vessels many of creosote’s desirable properties, from decay fungi. and also the fittings on the treated timber. as shown opposite. – Attractive green colour that weathers to a – No surface hardening of timber; this is light brown. important for poles since they have to be climbed during service. – Long lasting properties; all wood preservatives, if applied correctly, can enjoy – Favourable hydrophobicity properties long service lives. High performance systems Comparison of Oil especially important for sleepers as these that use oil as a carrier will have a longer have the tendency to split. vs Water based service life - typically 40 years. – Low mass uptake during treatment with Oil Based systems are will be used in – Minimal loss of strength due to the absence water-based treatments, the sapwood can of water and no need for re-drying. existing creosote plants absorb 600kg/m3 whereas with Tanasote the keeping investment lower. target is 100kg/m3. The mass of water-based – Ease of treatment compared with water- They will have longer service life treated poles and sleepers can easily exceed based preservatives; deep penetration of 50% of its untreated mass and this limits sapwood and some penetration of heartwood – typically 40 years transportation. is necessary for long-term protection. but will be more expensive than waterbased systems due to the carrier being oil. Water based

– Water-based preservatives contain biocidal – Tanalith E and other water metal compounds (in Europe currently only based copper based wood copper) solubilised in varying ways and organic preservatives are being used biocides. for treatment of utility poles across the EU and have already – Typically, water-based preservative are reached service lives of around 20 years. applied in a similar manner to creosote, but at Tanalith E is also being used for treatment of ambient temperatures. some railway sleepers. – They are used in both above-ground and in-ground situations including construction, fencing, landscaping and engineering applications.

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 13 How does a life cycle assessment compare?

In these LCAs many environmental and health The results in the following graphs are In order to assess the impacts impact categories were taken into consideration presented in units known as Normalised on health and the environment, to enable decision makers to avoid a scenario Impacts per European person emission a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for where a decision to replace Creosote by another equivalent which is equal to the impacts Tanasote treated wood, used as product leads to a replacement of one health or in Europe in one year weighted by the poles or as sleepers, has been environmental problem with another. population. undertaken. These LCAs have been independently audited by three LCA practitioners.

The LCAs cover: – the production of raw materials – transport – manufacturing (taking into account the consumption of energy and the production of waste) – the use emissions over the whole lifetime and the end of life management healthenvironment

PAGE 14 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Normalised impact data The lower the normalised impact, the better for the environment and for health.

Utility Poles Sleepers The results show that Tanasote treated wooden poles have the lowest Tanasote still has the lowest overall normalised impact. However, the total impact overall followed by the cast concrete pole. difference is not as large as for utility poles. The impact of each pole material is also presented relative to the The unit assessed in this case is one kilometre of railway track and includes Tanasote treated wooden pole system. sleepers and the relevant ancillary materials for each material type.

Utility Poles LCA - Normalised Impacts Railway sleepers LCA - Normalised Impacts 0.35 600 0.30 500

0.25 400 0.20 300 0.15 200 Normalised impacts

Normalised impacts 0.10 100 0.05 0 (per European person emission equivalents) European (per

(per European person emission equivalents) European (per 0.00 Ecosystems Human Health Resources Total Ecosystems Human Health Resources Total Concrete sleeper Steel sleeper Wooden pole - with Tanasote S-40 Cast concrete pole Fibreglass epoxy pole Fibreglass polyester pole Spun concrete pole environment Steel pole Wooden pole - with Tanasote S-40

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 15 Can we trust the performance of new oil based alternatives?

PAGE 16 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Testing of Wood Preservatives Laboratory Testing Testing wood We conduct the following Laboratory testing as preservatives is a well standard: documented procedure. – Formal EN studies including EN599-1 It requires compulsory (Performance of wood preservatives which laboratory testing to covers testing by Use Class durability, determine performance, ageing test, biological analysis etc) coupled with long term – Fungi and Insect testing field test experience and – BPR conformance and approval knowledge.

When new products are GOING THE EXTRA MILE developed there has to be We also conduct laboratory a range of data bridges to determine performance. testing on aggressive copper Otherwise products have to tolerant fungi. be developed 40 years before they can be sold, which is not commercially feasible. At Lonza we are always pushing beyond that which is compulsory.

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 17 Testing of Wood Preservatives Field Testing Bridging from long-term field We conduct the following field testing as test data for Tanasote standard: We also use data gained from our extensive – Standard field tests in multiple countries long term field studies around the world EN252 (determining effectiveness of a that demonstrate that 3kg/m3 Tanalith® E wood preservative in ground contact) preservative matches the performance of Creosote in 20 year field test studies. GOING THE EXTRA MILE The development of Accelerated field tests in Tanasote has taken this aggressive environments into consideration and it such as Florida. is developed as a higher Fungal cellar tests (UK & performing product Germany) than existing water based copper organic preservative Multiple Pole & Sleeper field products. test studies for case study purposes water

Fungal cellar test being conducted by Freedom on behalf of the UK Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). repellent

PAGE 18 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Characteristics of oil based treatments

The choice of oil is a very important Several species of brown rot fungi What is the conductive nature of new consideration. exhibit extremely high levels of oil based treatments? tolerance for copper when exposed Petroleum vs Bio based Oil Conductivity is largely a function of water to some early copper-based uptake. Being oil-based Tanasote is an Petroleum based oils have already proven preservatives. excellent water repellent with low levels of properties in wood preservation. They offer conductivity. significant water repellent properties and How will wooden poles treated with work well with the wooden substrate. They do Tanasote combat against these fungal The oil is similar to oils being used in the USA not have any odours or any affect on the surface strains? for the treatment of poles today and has an excellent commercial track record of the wood by hardening or encouraging the This was a key consideration when growth of wood destroying fungi that causes developing Tanasote. the staining which can occur with bio based oils such as Talloil, a derivative from the pulp Lonza has data showing excellent performance What is the corrosive nature of new oil industry. against aggressive strains of copper tolerant based treatments? fungi, these being more aggressive than the Petroleum based oils are also better from an compulsory fungi called up in EN test There is excellent data to show that Tanasote operational point of view being more consistent non-corrosivestandards. is non-corrosive to the treatment vessel and in penetration and less likely to sludge in the to metal fittings traditionally in use in the various storage tank. markets. From an environmental point of view Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have shown negligible waterdifference in both these types of oils. resistant repellent

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 19 What is the Disposal Process for end of life? Creosote Tanasote The re-use of Creosote treated wood is strictly There are currently no similar regulations controlled. applying to Tanasote treated wood. EU regulation 552/2009 prohibits the placing on In the UK, Tanasote treated end of life wood is the market of any Creosote treated wood for covered by Waste Exemption U8 irrespective re-use where treatment was applied after 31 of the treatment date. This allows the placing December 2002. on the market of re-used wood as long as it does not need treating in any way (e.g. Wood treated before 31 December 2002 can unsound areas cut-out etc) before being sold. still be placed on the market but with close restrictions on the end-use. End of life Tanasote treated sleepers, for example, could be placed on the market The wood must need no prior treatment for certain end-uses prescribed in Waste (unsound areas cut out etc) before being placed Exemption U8. These end uses include on the market. construction of buildings, fencing, barriers, containment or similar above ground construction. CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER NO RE-USE EU REG 552/2009

Energy Recovery Both Creosote and Tanasote treated wood can be incinerated. Incineration with energy recovery, preferably in combined heat and power plants, is the environmentally preferred route.

PAGE 20 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW A Modern Twist on an Old Classic

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 21 When, why and how should we move to Creosote alternatives?

PAGE 22 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Transitioning from Creosote

The transition from a well respected preservative such as Creosote to an emerging alternative is never an easy decision. The main strategic factors that require consideration are:

Market Considerations Supply Considerations Transition – What are my current & future – What product fits my current Considerations market drivers? operation best? – Does my supplier have the – How do I want to be seen in the – Am I clear on what my customers resources to give me a seamless market place - am I market leader want from me when Creosote is transition? or follower? restricted or banned? – Can my supplier help me – What product will best continue to – Do I have a trusted relationship communicate and educate my service my customers effectively? with recognised suppliers? customers? – Am I engaging with this issue – Am I engaging enough with trusted – Will my supplier support me enough? suppliers? technically to ensure that we use the new products effectively? – Does my supplier have a long term pipeline to ensure future proofed supply?

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 23 REAL WORLD THINKING. REAL WORLD PERFORMANCE.

At Lonza we believe that we have the Our mission is to help you make For over 80 years we have been pioneering technologies and the resources that the most of this sustainable and developing customer and market focused industrially applied preservatives for timber. can assist you to have a strategy in and adaptable material with place to effect a successful transition Brands such as TANALITH, VACSOL and ANTIBLU away from Creosote. tried, tested and trusted have built an international level of recognition wood protection products and and use by architects, specifiers, builders, Lonza Wood Protection has some of the most contractors, merchants, as well as the general recognised and respected product brands in the services that will give you and public. world of timber protection. your customers real world We are proud of our dedicated and talented We are passionate about timber. We love performance. employees who provide focused and its warmth, its beauty, its strength, its responsive support services that will ensure versatility. that the total experience of transitioning away from creosote will be as seamless as possible for all stakeholders.

PAGE 24 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW - the Trusted Name in Wood Preservation

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CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 25 - the Trusted Name in Wood Preservation

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PAGE 26 CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW Lonza Technologies for Poles, Sleepers, Agricultural Fencing, Equestrian, Highway Fencing and Industrial Landscaping/ Revetment Markets

Lonza offer the following wood protection technologies to help you deliver assured treated timbers to your markets. BARRIER SYSTEMS

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TANASOTE - Oil Based Heavy Duty Preservative TANALITH - Water Based Copper Organic BARRIER Systems – Highly durable coatings - 40 years Service Life in Pine - designed as a Preservative - 15-30 years Service Life (species for ground line and below. Designed to further direct replacement for Creosote for all markets. dependant) - designed for residential and enhance treated timbers in ground contact industrial markets. applications.

40YEARS 15-30YEARS + 50-60YEARS SERVICE LIFE SERVICE LIFE BARRIER SERVICE LIFE SYSTEM

CREOSOTE TREATED TIMBER - WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW PAGE 27 If you need Lonza Wood Protection Wheldon Road further help Castleford West Yorkshire and advice WF10 2JT 01977 714000 please get in [email protected] touch... www.lonzawoodprotection.com/eu

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