Four New Species of Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from Northwestern Thailand

Author: Adamski, David Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121(2) : 145-154 Published By: Entomological Society of Washington URL: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.2.145

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FOUR NEW SPECIES OF PROMALACTIS MEYRICK, 1908 (LEPIDOPTERA: OECOPHORIDAE) FROM NORTHWESTERN THAILAND

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AA630321-0027-4D75-9BEC-FAC0160B3C54

DAVID ADAMSKI

Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, MRC-168, NHB-E526, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7A83C29A-1099-45C4-8637-9ACACB6EC882

Abstract.—Four new Promalactis (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) are described herein from Mae Yom National Park, Lamphum Province, in northwestern Thailand, and include: Promalactis faithyella, P. dispar, P. duocaulis, and P.ungula. Images of imagos and digital illustrations of all male genitalia are included. Female genitalia are included as available. Key Words: Gelechioidea, taxonomy, adult morphology DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.121.2.145

The genus Promalactis Meyrick, 1908 (Wang and Zhaohui, 2013) has received represents a large, mostly Indo-Asian ra- limited use. Currently there is no avail- diation of moths (Wang 2006), presently able modern phylogenetic study for the numbering nearly 300 species (Wang and genus using morphological or molecular Jia 2017, 2018). As collecting efforts characters or a combination thereof. continue, especially in China and other Oecophoridae (= Oecophorinae, sensu, southeast Asian countries, there will un- Sohn et al. 2015) generally are plant re- doubtedly be more new species described fuse feeders, scavengers, or forest leaf by present and future workers. feeders (Powell 1980, Powell 1999). Not Many species of Promalactis can be surprisingly, all field-collected larvae of recognized by their small size and typical Promalactis species are associated with patterned forewings with reddish orange rotten logs. Meyrick (1922) first reported or brownish orange ground color with Promalactis cornigera feeding in rot- various white bands, patches, and spots. ten wood or bark of Pinus palustris Mill. A classification of the genus has yet to (= Pinus longifolia Salisb.) (Pinaceae) be proposed, and an attempt to define in India. Park and Park (1998) reported species-groups using wing patterns Promalactis odaiensis Park feeding un-

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der bark of Pinus densiflora Sieb. & (Matsummura, 1931), sharing two diago- Zucc. in Korea. Park and Park (1998) nal, white bands on the basal 1/3 and a reported P. suzukiella (Matsumura) under white costal spot of the forewing. The bark of Prunus persica (L.) (Rosaceae) in genitalia of P. faithyella shares with P. Korea, and Adamski et al. (2009) col- suzukiella an apically divided valvae, an lected larvae of this same moth species elongate saccus, and an elongate phallus in under bark of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae) the male, and a sclerotized ductus bursae and Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae) in in the female. Promalactis faithyella dif- Silver Springs, Maryland, USA. Fujisawa fers from P. suzukiella in having a larger (2002) reported larvae of P. enopisema uncus, a shorter lower apical division of (Butler) feeding under bark of rotting the valvae, two cornuti on the vesica of the wood of Quercus sp. in Japan, male genitalia, and the presence of two The purpose of this article is to de- broadly-rounded, shallowly invaginated scribe four new Promalactis species that bullae between the lamella antevaginalis were collected at light in northwestern and the sixth sternum and absence of a Thailand. signum in the female genitalia. Description.—Adult. Head:Vertex MATERIALS AND METHODS white, except brownish orange along All specimens for this study were posterior margin. Frontoclypeus white, collected at light, and spread within a except brownish orange on frontoventral 24-hour period. They are deposited in region. Outer surface of labial palpus the collection of the National Museum of with palpomeres 1‒2 brownish orange, Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- palpomere 3 dark brown; inner surface tion, Washington, DC (USNM). Kornerup of palpomere 1 pale brownish orange, and Wanscher (1978) is used as a color palpomere 2 pale brownish orange ba- standard for the description of the adult sally gradually darkening to brown along vestiture. Genitalia were dissected as apical margin, palpomere 3 pale brown- described by Clarke (1941), except that ish orange near base, brown to apex. mercurochrome and chlorazol black Scape of antenna white, pecten pale gray; were used as stains. Pinned specimens dorsal flagellum with flagellomeres al- and slide-mounted body parts were ex- ternating brown basally and white api- amined with dissecting and compound cally; ventral surface brownish orange, microscopes. Images were obtained us- males more ciliate than females. Haus- ing a Visionary Digital SystemTM with a tellum white. NikonÒ camera, and Helicon FocusÒ Thorax: Tegula and mesonotum brown- stacking software for extended depth of ish orange. Forewing (Fig. 1) length 4.1‒ field imaging. 4.9 mm (n = 19), brownish orange, with a diagonally curved basal and discal RESULTS white band and a large white post discal Promalactis faithyella Adamski, spot; basal band narrow, extending in new species anal area from CuP to dorsum; discal band about 3X with of basal band, ex- urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F86B7B53-4664- tending from costa to dorsum; both 40C2-B0E3-74D3FE6C17C7 bands delineated by an intermittent row (Figs. 1, 5‒6, 13) of brown scales; post discal spot semi- Diagnosis.—Promalactis faithyella is circular extending from costa to near similar in forewing pattern to P. suzukiella cubitus, delineated by an intermittent

Figs. 1‒4. Promalactis spp. (holotypes). 1, P. faithyella.2,P. ungula.3,P. dispar.4,P. duocaulis.

row of brown scales; apical 2/3 of costa, about 1/3 shorter than valva. Valva api- outer margin, and tornal area mostly cally divided longitudinally by a mem- brownish red intermixed with brownish branous linear zone, forming costal and scales. Fringe pale brownish orange. saccular parts; costal part about 2/3 Undersurface brownish orange, fringe wider than saccular part, both parts ex- along apical margin grayish orange. tending apically by digitate processes; Hindwing translucent gray on basal 1/3, costal process setose dorsally, denticu- gradually darkening to gray apically. late ventrally; saccular part densely Foreleg femur brownish orange with a setose along apical 2/3 margin. Juxta white apex, tibia brownish orange with extending posteriolaterally, forming two three white bands, basal, middle, and semi-circular lobes near phallus. Phallus apical; tarsomeres 2‒5 brownish orange, nearly 2/3 longer than valva, narrow tarsomeres 1, 3‒4 white. Midleg femur throughout length from a slightly dilated brownish orange, apical tuft and spurs base; vesica bilobate, one lobe with a white, tarsomeres as above. Hindleg pale straight cornutus, one lobe with a longer, brownish gray, with intermittent apical acutely-curved cornutus. Female Geni- banding on tarsomeres. talia (Fig. 13) with papillae anales Abdomen: Shiny gray dorsally, shiny broadly rounded, setose lobes. Apophy- pale gray ventrally. Male Genitalia (Figs. ses posteriores and apophyses anteriores 5‒6) with uncus widened at base, nar- about equal in length. Eighth sternum, a rowed between base and slightly dilated thin sparsely-setose band, with a mesial middle, acuminate apically. Gnathos lobe on posterior margin. A transverse, extending from a large base, upturned crescent-shaped, setose plate posterior to broadly towards apex of uncus. Tegumen ostium. Posterior lip of ostium extending narrow, parallel-sided, and downcurved. from beneath anterior margin to poste- Vinculum V-shaped, saccus elongate, rior margin of seventh sternum, forming

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Figs. 5‒10. Male genitalia of Promalactis spp. 5‒6, P. faithyella, genital capsule and phallus (USNM slide 84269, holotype). 7‒8, P. ungula, genital capsule and phallus (USNM slide 84274, holotype). 9‒10, P. dispar, genital capsule and phallus (USNM slide 84276, holotype).

an elongate ostial opening. Inception of vae, an elongate juxtal process, and an ductus seminalis on posterior part of elongate vinculum of the male, but those of ductus bursae demarcated by four small ungula have a larger uncus, asymmetri- internal cornuti; posterior part of ductus cally-sized spines on the lower clawlike bursae extending anteriorly, forming two process of the valvae, a more downwardly- convergent arms around opening of curved juxtal process, and a longer phallus corpus bursae. Corpus bursae elliptical. of the male, and an ostium that is on a Holotype ♂, “Thailand: Lamphum protuberant ductus bursa outside the body Province, Mae Yom National Park, wall in the female. 519 m, 18°40’46.5"N, 100°09’31.6"E, Description.—Adult. Head: Vertex 27‒28 OCT[OBER] 2005, blacklight, white, except brownish orange along D. Adamski, F. Deering & K. Nishida”, posterior margin. Frontoclypeus white, “D. Adamski ♂ Genitalia Slide No. except brownish orange on frontoventral 84269” (USNM). region. Inner and outer surfaces of labial Paratypes 12 ♂,4♀, same label data palpus dark brownish orange. Scape of as holotype except “D. Adamski ♂ antenna white, with anterior margin with Genitalia Slide Nos. 84270s‒84272” and a row of dark brownish orange scales “D. Adamski ♀ Genitalia Slide No. extending from base to apex, pecten pale 84273” (USNM). gray; dorsal surface of flagellum with Etymology.—The species epithet, fai- each flagellomere alternating brown ba- thyella, is used in honor of and to thank sally and white apically; ventral surface Ms. Faith Deering, entomologist and dark brownish orange, males more cili- educator, Historic Deerfield, South Deer- ate than females. Haustellum white. field, Massachusetts, for her contributions Thorax: Tegula and mesonotum dark during our collecting expedition in Thai- brownish orange. Forewing (Fig. 2) land in 2005. length 4.8‒5.0 mm (n = 2), brownish orange, with a diagonal basal band and Promalactis ungula Adamski, discal white band and a moderately large new species white post discal spot; basal band narrow, extending in a diagonally straight urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:95549B62-7BEF- line from CuP to dorsum, in anal area; 49DB-A9B1-1052D3D0E3AB discal band about 3X with of basal (Figs. 2, 7‒8, 14) band, extending from radius to dorsum; Diagnosis.—Promalactis ungula is most post discal spot subtriangular, extending similar in forewing wing pattern and geni- from costa to near cubitus converging talia to P. bellatula Wang, 2006. Both towards a smaller subtriangular tornal species share several white markings that spot; two oblique white markings, one include two narrow bands on the basal 1/3, subtriangular distal to discal band along a large costal spot, a crescent-shaped tornal margin, curving towards tornal spot, one spot that spans from the tornus to midwing, obtriangular extending from apex to and an obovate apical patch. Although tornus; all bands, spots, and oblique these marking are similar in both species, markings delineated with intermittent P. ungula has a crescent-shaped marking row of dark brownish orange scales. that is divided near the mid-cell and a di- Fringe pale orange. Undersurface pale agonal apical marking that is not divided. brown. Hindwing translucent gray on The genitalia of P. ungula and P. bellatula basal 1/3, gradually darkening to gray share divided, clawlike apices of the val- apically. Foreleg femur brownish orange

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with a white apex, tibia brownish orange rior lip, forming a wide and elongate with three white bands, basal, middle, troughlike opening; apical part of inner and apical; tarsomeres 2‒5 brownish surface setose. Inception of ductus orange, tarsomeres 1, 3‒4 white. Midleg seminalis demarcated by 3 internal cor- femur brownish orange, apical tuft and nuti. Ductus bursae sclerotized from spurs white, tarsomeres as above. Hind- ostium to area posterior to ductus semi- leg pale brownish gray, with intermittent nalis. Corpus bursae elliptical, spinulate apical banding on tarsomeres. within anterior 2/3, bearing a narrow, Abdomen: Male Genitalia (Figs. 7‒8) tridentate, platelike signum. with uncus setose along marginal Holotype ♂, “Thailand: Lamphum surfaces, nearly parallel-sided from a Province, Mae Yom National Park, widened basal half, gradually tapering 519 m, 18°40’46.5"N, 100°09’31.6"E, near midlength to a narrowly-rounded 27‒28 OCT[OBER] 2005, blacklight, D. apex. Gnathos cylindrical, slightly curved Adamski, F. Deering & K. Nishida”, “D. posterioventrally, basal half with longi- Adamski ♂ Genitalia Slide No. 84274” tudinal mesial cleft on posterior side, (USNM). apex slightly rounded. Tegumen about Paratype ♀, same label data as holo- as long as wide. Vinculum V-shaped, type except, “D. Adamski ♂ Genitalia saccus absent. Valva widened basally, Slide No. 84275” (USNM). gradually narrowing to paired opposable Etymology.—The species epithet, un- and asymmetric clawlike processes; gula, is Latin meaning claw, and refers to right opposable pair larger than left op- the clawlike apices of the valvae of the posable pair; lower process of right pair male genitalia of Promalactis ungula. with one large, conical spine, lower process of left pair with two smaller Promalactis dispar Adamski, conical spines, one subapical spine on new species lower process, one near base of dorsal urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:07C6C6C8-81CB- process. Juxta membranous, with a long, 4CDB-9936-863667DB205F apically-curved tubular process between (Figs. 3, 9‒10) base of valvae and vinculum extending posteriolaterally to apical part of right Diagnosis.—Promalactis dispar is sim- valva; tubular process cleft mesially with ilar in forewing pattern to P. bellatula lateral margins fused beyond midlength, Wang, 2006 and P. ungula, but the white apex bifurcate. Phallus slightly longer bands and spots are wider in the former. than straight line between apex of vin- The genitalia of P. dispar are most similar culum to base of uncus; subapical part to those of P. griselocula Kim et al., 2010. narrowly cleft mesioventrally, widening Both species share elongate and narrow apically forming a ﬂattened dorsal part valvae, a divided valva with the upper with a dentate margin. Female Genitalia partacutelycurvedat3/4,andasimilarly (Fig. 14) with papillae anales broadly- shaped uncus, but P. dispar differs from rounded setose lobes. Apophyses poste- P.griselocula by having a shorter and less riores about 4/5 longer than apophyses setose apical part of the lower division of anteriores. Eighth sternum a broad se- the valva, a longer and bifurcate apical tose band. Ostium between seventh and part of the juxta, and a broader phallus eighth segments, arising at end of pro- with two long cornuti on the vesica. tuberant ductus bursae beyond body Description.—Adult. Head: Vertex wall; ostium with an extended poste- white, except brownish orange along

posterior margin. Frontoclypeus white, erolaterally pointed digitate process. A except brownish orange on frontoventral mesial semielliptical band slightly ante- region. Outer and inner surfaces of labial rior to gnathos supporting two elongate, palpus with palpomere 1 dark brownish sparsely microtrichiate saclike lobes; orange, palpomere 2 dark brownish or- each lobe extending from base of gnathos ange on basal half, white on distal half, to inwardly curved digitate process except a ring of dark brownish orange connected to and extending from ante- scales along apical margin; palpomere 3 rior part of tegumen. Valvae asymmet- white on basal 1/3, dark brownish orange rical, apically divided; right valva with on apical 2/3, with or without an white narrower base of costal lobe than left apical tip; scape of antenna white, pecten valva; right valva with saccular part pale gray; ﬂagellum with each ﬂagel- bearing a slightly-curved digitate apical lomeres brown basally, white apically; process, left valva with saccular part males densely ciliate. Haustellum white. bearing an narrow and angular apical Thorax: Tegula and mesonotum dark process. Vinculum V-shaped. Juxta bi- orange; dorsal pronotum and meta- furcate, with two elongate, subequal, scutum white. Forewing (Fig. 3) length posteriorly-pointing, acuminate processes, 3.8‒3.9 mm (n = 2), dark orange, with each originating from a common stem. two bands on basal 1/4; a diagonal basal Phallus slightly longer than juxta, with white band on anal area and a transverse an irregularly-shaped, shallowly-dentate, discal white band on basal part of cell; a apical plate; vesica bearing two elon- white comma-shaped post discal spot gate, subequal, acuminate cornuti. converging near mid-cell with a white Female unknown. oblique band originating from dorsum Holotype ♂, “Thailand: Kanchanaburi basal to tornus; subapical area white to Province, Thong Pha Phum National Park, apex; all white bands and other markings 943 m, 14°41’45.4"N, 098°24’25.7"E, 31 delineated by an intermittent row of OCT[OBER] - 2 NOV[EMBER] 2005, brown scales. Fringe pale dark orange. blacklight, D. Adamski, F. Deering & K. Undersurface brownish orange, fringe Nishida”, “D. Adamski ♂ Genitalia Slide along apical margin grayish orange. No. 84276” (USNM). Hindwing translucent gray on basal 1/3, Paratype ♂, same label data as holo- gradually darkening to gray apically. type (USNM). Specimen not dissected. Foreleg femur brown with a white apex, Etymology.—The species epithet, dis- tibia brown with three white bands, par, is Latin meaning, unequal, and refers basal, postbasal, and apical; tarsomeres to the difference in lengths of the apical 2‒5 brownish orange, tarsomeres 1, 3‒4 bifurcations of the juxta of the male white. Midleg femur brown, apical tuft genitalia of Promalactis dispar. and spurs white, tarsomeres as above. Hindleg pale brownish gray, with in- Promalactis duocaulis Adamski, termittent apical banding on tarsomeres. new species Abdomen: Shiny gray dorsally, shiny urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7B342DB9-30ED- pale gray ventrally. Male Genitalia 480E-B30F-0EE8CF39848D (Figs. 9‒10) with uncus setose, broad (Figs. 4, 11‒12) basally, abruptly constricted about 2/3 length, narrowing to an acuminate apex. Diagnosis.—Although Promalactis Gnathos asymmetric, with a small pos- duocaulis differs markedly in wing pat- teriorly pointed mesial lobe and a post- tern from P. atrofasciella Lvovsky, 1988,

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Figs. 11‒14. Male and female genitalia of Promalactis spp. 11‒12, P. duocaulis, genital capsule and phallus (USNM slide 84277, holotype). 13, P. faithyella, female genitalia (USNM slide 84273, paratype). 14, P. duocaulis, female genitalia (USNM slide 84275, paratype).

they have very similar genitalia. The two valva that is acutely curved inwardly; an share a shortened tegumen; a lower part elongate lower part of the juxta and sac- that is curved inwardly, overlapping cus, and a narrowly-elongate and broadly- most of the inner surface of the valva; an curved phallus. Promalactis duocaulis apical part of the lower division of the differs from P. atrofasciella by having

a notched gnathos, an acutely-curved with a laterally projecting digitate pro- apical part of the lower division of the cess on left side and an acutely-curved valva that is lacking a spinose process, a ventrally projecting process on right wider posterior part of the saccus, and a side. Tegumen as wide as long. Valvae more elongate anterior part of the juxta. asymmetric, semitubular, with apical Description.—Adult. Head:Vertex part broadly rounded and inwardly brown. Frontoclypeus white, except curved. Left valva narrower than right brown on frontoventral and frontodorsal valva, dorsal wall produced into a tri- regions. Outer surface of labial palpus angular process, outer surface of saccu- with palpomere 1‒2 orange, gradually lus setose from 1/4 length, apical margin paler from basal half to apical half; pal- truncate, setose; a notchlike space be- pomere 3 pale brown on basal 1/3, brown tween apical part of sacculus and in- on apical 2/3; inner surface as above buy wardly-curved apical part; apical part paler. Scape of antenna white, pecten pale with many inwardly-curved setae. Right gray; ﬂagellum white. Haustellum white. valva with dorsal wall extending beyond Thorax: Tegula and mesonotum saccular wall; sacculus setose from 1/3 brownish orange. Forewing (Fig. 4) length, apical margin produced into a length 4.0 (n = 1), dark orange between broadly-rounded lobe with a dense white basal and mid-cell bands and be- cluster of setae; a wide notchlike space tween white post discal spot and apical between apical part of sacculus and region; basal band diagonal and parallel inwardly-curved apical part; apical part with anal vein, mid-cell band oblique with many inwardly-curved setae. arising from dorsum, extending to mid- Vinculun V-shaped, as long as saccus. width of cell; basal band bordered by Juxta, a posteriorly produced, mesially brown scales along inner margin, mid- emarginate plate, originating from an cell band intermittently bordered by elongate stem. Phallus narrow, broadly- brown scales on both sides; anal lobe, curved, slightly dilated basally and api- area between mid-cell band and post cally, narrowly cleft apically at 3/4 discal spot, and apical region brown in- length. Female genitalia unknown. termixed with brownish-orange scales. Holotype ♂, “Thailand: Kanchanaburi Fringe brown near radials, orange near Province, Thong Pha Phum National Park, cubitus, and brown to base. Undersur- 943 m, 14°41’45.4"N, 098°24’25.7"E, 31 face brown intermixed with pale gray OCT[OBER] - 2 NOV[EMBER] 2005, scales within apical area. Hindwing blacklight, D. Adamski, F. Deering & K. translucent gray on basal 1/3, gradually Nishida,” “D. Adamski ♂ Genitalia darkening to gray apically. Foreleg fe- Slide No. 84277” (USNM). mur brownish orange dorsally, white Etymology.—The species epithet, duo- ventrolaterally; tarsomeres 3‒4 with caulis, is a compound Latin term, meaning apical half white. Midleg and hindleg two-stemmed, and refers to the two long pale gray intermixed with white scales. stems of the juxta and saccus of the male Abdomen: Shiny gray dorsally, shiny genitalia of Promalactis duocaulia. pale gray ventrally. Male Genitalia (Figs. 11‒12) with uncus sparsely setose, dig- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS itate, with a slightly swollen apical part, base extending ventromesially, forming I thank Nantasak Pinkeaw, Department a bilobate mesial process. Gnathos of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at an asymmetric, shallowly-curved, band Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University,

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