University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous

2009

Redescription and Immature Stages of Suzukiella (Matsumura) (: ), A New Introduction into the United States

David Adamski Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, D.C., 20013- 7012, U.S.A., [email protected]

Gary F. Hevel Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, NHB - CE716, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, [email protected]

Alan Pultyniewicz 6148 Agail Place, Columbia, MD 21045

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Adamski, David; Hevel, Gary F.; and Pultyniewicz, Alan, "Redescription and Immature Stages of (Matsumura) (Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae), A New Introduction into the United States" (2009). USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory. 51. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda/51

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 111(1), 2009, pp. 204–214

REDESCRIPTION AND IMMATURE STAGES OF PROMALACTIS SUZUKIELLA (MATSUMURA) (GELECHIOIDEA: OECOPHORIDAE), A NEW INTRODUCTION INTO THE UNITED STATES

DAVID ADAMSKI,GARY F. HEVEL, AND ALAN PULTYNIEWICZ

(DA) Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, NHB - E523, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 (e-mail: [email protected]); (GFH) Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, NHB - CE716, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 (e-mail: [email protected]); (AP) 6148 Agail Place, Columbia, MD 21045

Abstract.—Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura) was discovered independently several times over the past 5 years throughout the northeastern United States by private collectors and biophotographers. These discoveries represent the first records of this in the United States and validate its approximate distributional range. Color photographs and a redescription of the adult, including the male and female genitalia, are provided. The larva and pupa of Promalactis are described in detail for the first time, with scanning electron micrographs and chaetotaxal maps. A lectotype for suzukiella Matsumura, 1931, is designated herein. The importance of ‘‘backyard collecting’’ and amateur biophotography is emphasized, and participants are encouraged to continue the documentation of their findings through meetings, publication, and the internet. Key Words: Asia, invasive species, Japan, rotting wood, tree bark

Species of Promalactis are small 1959, Moriuti 1982). Larvae are known , usually brilliantly patterned with to feed under bark of rotting logs. brownish-orange ground color scales, The purpose of this study is to narrow white wing bands, small margin- document Promalactis suzukiella (Mat- al patches or spots, and occasionally sumura) (Oecophoridae) as a new intro- with some metallic or shiny scaled areas. duction in the United States, provide There are about sixty species known evidence that it is established throughout worldwide, and they are found in the many of the north Atlantic states along Eastern Palearctic (Lvovsky 1976, 1985, the east coast, and present details on its 1986a, 1986b) and Indo-Asian regions, biology that are similar to those of its from India to Far Eastern Asia (Meyrick Asian congeners. 1908a, 1908b, 1922, 1931, 1935), includ- Evidence leading to the identity of the ing China, Korea (Park 1980, 1981; Park , Promalactis suzukiella, and its and Park 1998), and Japan (Matsumura biology came from studies of Michael 1931, Inoue 1954, Issiki 1957, Kuroko Gates and Mark Metz of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agri- * Accepted by David R. Smith cultural Research Service, Systematic VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 205

Entomology Laboratory, National Mu- made using a dissecting microscope seum of Natural History, Smithsonian (reflected light) with a calibrated micro- Institution, Washington, D.C. A speci- meter. Genitalia were dissected as de- men of Promalactis suzukiella was reared scribed by Clarke (1941), except Mercu- while trying to obtain specimens of rochrome and chlorazol black were used Balcha indica (Mani & Kaul) (Eupelmi- as stains. The Methuen Handbook of dae), a parasitoid wasp of the emerald Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire was used as a color standard. All (Buprestidae), and specimens of Endo- voucher specimens of adults and imma- mychus flavipes Ashmead (Pteromali- ture stages generated from this study are dae), a parasitoid wasp of Endomychus deposited in the National Museum of biguttatus Say (Endomychidae), from Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- rotting logs. Although the moth’s iden- tion, Washington, D.C. (USNM). tity was not known at the time, the site (39u069300N, 77u019300W) with the log Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura that Gates obtained had a large wood- 1931) pile, which was examined later for (Figs. 1–18) lepidopterous larvae by the authors. Diagnosis.—In the United States, Approximately sixty larvae were dis- Promalactis suzukiella may be confused covered under bark of rotting logs. with Callima argenticinctella Clemens Larvae were collected using soft forceps (5 ) due to similarities in size or a camel’s hair brush and placed into and maculation of the forewings. How- diet cups partially filled with a standard sugarcane borer diet (Southland Prod- ever, P. suzukiella is distinguished by uctsH, Lake Village, AR). Representative having a white frons of the head and forewings with broader white and larvae and pupae were boiled in H2O and preserved in 70% EtOH for later exam- submedian bands, a larger white costal ination. The remaining pupae were patch near the distal 2/3, and a conspic- allowed to complete development. Newly uous brownish-orange ground color. emerged adults were frozen and later Redescription.—Head: Vertex pale spread and double-mounted. Only adults brownish orange; frontoclypeus white; of Promalactis suzukiella were obtained scape of white, flagellum with from the rearing efforts. alternating black and white bands on For SEM study, larvae and pupae were each flagellomere; outer surface of labial cleaned in a full-strength solution of all- palpus with segments 1–2 pale brownish purpose cleaner, Formula 4092 deter- orange, segment 3 brown with white gent, and subsequently dehydrated in apex, inner surface as above but paler; increasing concentrations of alcohol to white. Thorax: Tegula and absolute alcohol. After dehydration, spec- mesonotum pale brownish orange or imens were critical point dried using a brown on anterior 1/3, pale brownish Tousimis critical point dryer, mounted on orange on posterior 2/3. Foreleg with SEM stubs, and coated with gold-palla- coxa and femur gray, tibia gray with 3 dium (40/60%), using a Cressington white spots (equally spaced) on anterior sputter coater. The ultrastructure of the surface, tarsomere-1 white, tarsomere-2 larva and pupa was studied with an gray, tarsomere-3 white, tarsomeres 4–5 Amray 1810 scanning electron micro- black; midleg with femur pale yellowish scope at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. gray, tibia gray with a narrow subapical Gross morphological observations and band and apical band, spurs gray; measurements of larvae and pupae were tarsomeres as above; hindleg with femur 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Figs. 1–3. Adults of Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura). 1, A female from Prince Georges County, Maryland. 2, A female from same locality as above, showing variation in size of costal spot and fusing of basal and submedian bands. 3, Live adult on leaf. white, tibia pale gray intermixed with white. Forewing (Figs. 1–3) Length 4.5– pale brownish-orange scales, tarsomeres 7.0 mm (n 5 161), brownish orange with 1–2 pale gray intermixed with pale a short, narrow, oblique band from base brownish-orange scales, tarsomeres 3–5 of CuP to 1/2 distance from margin; VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 207

Figs. 4–5. Male genitalia of Promalactis suzukiella (Matsummura). 4, Genital capsule. 5, Aedeagus. submedian oblique band white, wider stricted subapically; vinculum with elon- anteriorly, slightly curved inwardly on gate saccus; juxta a rodlike support with posterior 1/2; or rarely, basal band may two short, lateral arms apically; valva be fused posteriorly with submedian narrow basally, gradually widened dis- band, forming a chevron-shaped mark- tally; costa with a small, setose, down- ing (Fig. 2); a large white costal spot on curved lobe near 2/3 length, and a short, distal 2/3 connecting posteriorly with a setose, digitate apical process; outer recurrent shiny, brown band; few to margin broadly scalloped inwardly; ven- several small, shiny brown spots along tral part of valva acutely upturned submargin; outer fringe pale brownish inwardly to beyond middle, with inner orange. Undersurface brownish gray. margin setose mesially, distoventral mar- Hindwing pale gray near base, gradually gin extending dorsolaterally, forming a darkening to apex. Abdomen (Figs. 1–2): slightly dorsoventrally flattened, cuplike Pale gray intermixed with pale-brown process with a dense cluster of several scales dorsally, white ventrally. Male spinelike setae; aedeagus narrow and genitalia (Figs. 4–5) with tegumen elon- elongate, longer than valva, narrowly gate and narrow, no wider than broadest rounded apically, slightly dilated basally. part of valva; uncus hemispheric, open Female genitalia (Fig. 6) with papillae ventrally, with a short, spinelike apical anales slightly divergent apically; apoph- process; gnathos dorsoventrally flat- yses posteriores about twice length of tened, protuberant, wide, slightly con- apophyses anteriores; lamella postvagi- 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

16): Hypognathous; epicranial suture absent, adfrontal sclerites meeting at base of epicranial notch; notch moder- ately deep forming two adjacent epicra- nial hemispheres; outer integument shal- lowly ridged with irregular polygons; AF2 slightly below apex of frons, at least twice length of AF1; F1 at least twice length as AF2, nearly in line with C1, C2 ventrolateral to C1; P1 in line with AF2 or slightly below, at least twice length of P2; P2 slightly dorsolateral to P1; L1 about half length of and postero- lateral to A3; A3 about equal in length with and in line with A1; A2 in line with or slightly below F1, about half distance closer to A1 than to margin of adfrontal sclerite; six stemmata in an irregular C- shaped pattern, with stemmata 3–5 approximate; S3 posterolateral to stem- ma – 1, S2 equidistant to and posterior to stemmata 2–3; S1 slightly anteroven- tral to stemma – 1; SS3 below S1; SS2 closer to SS3 than to SS1; SS1 posterior to mandibular condyle; mandible with two subequal setae, and two prominant Fig. 6. Female genitalia of Promalactis suzu- dentitions of five; anteclypeal ridge with kiella (Matsumura). a broadly rounded lobe between anten- nal base and mandible; labrum with six nalis broadly notched mesially forming pairs of setae, two subequal median two lateral and setose lobes; lamella pairs, two subequal frontomarginal antevaginalis broad; antrum slightly pairs, two subequal lateromarginal pairs; broadened posteriorly; ductus bursae antennal sensilla as figured (Fig. 9); extending beyond sixth sternum to cor- sensilla of maxillary palpus as figured pus bursae; two broadly rounded, shal- (Fig. 10); spinneret short. Thorax (Figs. lowly invaginated bullae between lamella 13): T1 with L-group trisetose, L1 closer antevaginalis and sixth sternum; corpus to L3 than to L2, on anterior part of bursae with a platelike signum with a pinaculum; pinaculum extending slightly narrowly raised, inwardly directed trans- beneath spiracle; L1 about twice length verse ridge. of L2, about five times longer than L3; Larva (Figs. 7–16). General: Length SV-group bisetose, on anterior part of 7.6–11.6 mm (n 5 20). Body pale gray, pinaculum, SV1 about 1/3 longer than surface texture with microconvolutions SV2; mesal margins of coxae nearly (seen using high magnification); most touching; V1s close, anterior to posterior pinacula darker than body, setal sockets margins of coxae (not shown); shield wide, demarcated by a circular rim; head with SD1 slightly longer than XD2 and capsule, prothoracic shield, thoracic legs, XD1, closer to SD2 than to XD2; SD2 anal plate, and large pinaculum on short, anterior to D2 and D1; D2 longest proleg of A10 amber. Head (Figs. 7–10, seta on shield, slightly closer to D1 than VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 209

Figs. 7–12. Scanning electron micrographs of larva of Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura). 7, Head (frontal view). Scale 5 100 m. 8, Head (ventrolateral view). Scale 5 100 m. 9, Right antenna and associated sensilla (apical view); 1 5 sensilla basiconica, 2 5 sensilla chaetica, 3 5 sensillum styloconicum, 4 5 sensillum trichodeum. Scale 5 10 m. 10, Left maxillary palpus and associated sensilla; A2 5 sensillum styloconicum, A1, A3, M1, M2, L1, L2, and L3 5 sensilla basiconica, SD 5 sensillum digitiform. Scale 5 10 m. 11, Proleg. Scale 5 100 m. 12, Setae on anal plate of A10. Scale 5 100 m. 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Figs. 13–16. Chaetotaxal maps of thorax and abdomen, and mandible of Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura). 13, T1–T3 (lateral view). 14, A1–A2 (lateral view). 15, A6–A10 (lateral view). 16, mandible. to SD2, nearly equidistant from XD2 above L1, and anterior to SV1; MV1 on and XD1; D1 slightly closer to median anterior part of segment slightly above axis than XD1. T2–T3 (Fig. 13): D1 SV1; V1 3–4 times farther apart than V1s about 5 times longer than D2, on same on T1, both pairs anterior to posterior pinaculum; SD1 about five times longer margin of coxae (not shown). Abdomen: than SD2, on same pinaculum, anterior A1–A2 (Fig. 14) with D2 slightly longer to D-group; MD1 and MD2 on anterior than and lateral to D1; MD1 on anterior part of segment between D-group and part of segment slightly below D1; SD1 SD-group; a large pinaculum (lacking dorsoanterior to spiracle on A1 and seta) beneath MD-group slightly beneath slightly more anterior on A2; SD2 SD-group pinaculum only on T2; L1 minute, on same pinaculum posterior to slightly longer than L2, on same pinacu- SD1, a small pore on ventroanterior part lum anterior to SD-group; L3 about 1/2 of pinaculum; L1 slightly longer than L2, of L2, in horizontal line with or slightly on same pinaculum, anterior to SD- VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 211

Figs. 17–18. Pupa of Promalactis suzukiella (Matsumura). 17, ventral view. 18, lateral view. group; L3 about twice length of L1, setose; L3 slightly anterior to or in anterior to, in horizontal line with, or vertical line with D2; SV1 slightly posterior to D2; SV-group bisetose on anterior to L3, in line with V1. A9 with A1, trisetose on A2; MV1 on anterior D1 ventroanterior to D2, with other part of segment, even with or slightly setae nearly in a vertical line; MD1 and below SV-group; V1s equidistant to V1s MV1 on anterior part of segment. A10 on T1–T2 and A3–A8 (not shown). A3– (Figs. 12, 15): anal plate with SD2 about A6 (Figs. 12–15) with 4 pairs of protu- 4–5 times farther from SD1 than from berant prolegs, crochets biordinal, in a D2; D1 slightly posterior to SD1; prolegs circle, gradually shortened, uniordinal bearing 27–30 biordinal crochets in a laterally; setae as above except SV-group slight arc. trisetose. A7 as above except, SV-group Pupa (Figs. 17–18): Length 4.2–5.2 (n setae bisetose. A8 with SV-group uni- 5 6). Amber, smooth, subcylindrical; 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON spiracles protuberant. Sclerites of anten- ty), Virginia, central and northern New nae widely separated anteriorly, gradu- Jersey (no counties given), Brooklyn ally convergent from a point beyond and (Kings County), New York (Czaplak et lateral to apical part of sclerites of femur al. 2007, Gould 2006, Line 2007), and of forelegs, fused a short distance beyond Mountville (Lancaster County), Pennsyl- sclerites of maxillae, gradually divergent vania (Roth 2006). This is un- posteriorly, exposing distal part of scler- doubtedly more widespread than report- ites of hindlegs; A5–A6 movable anteri- ed herein. It is unknown how and when orly and posteriorly, A7–A10 fused, P. suzukiella became established and movable as unit; dorsum of A10 bearing whether its introduction into the United a large, cylindrical, ventrally curved, States was due to a single founder event spinelike process. or from several such events from differ- Host.—In the United States, larvae of ent ports of entry. Promalactis suzukiella were found under Type examined.—Lectotype U, desig- bark of rotting logs of chokecherry, nated herein, ‘‘Borkhausenia suzukiella L. (Rosaceae), and M. [handwritten], det. Matsumura’’; , Quercus sp. (Fagaceae). In Asia, ‘‘Kyoto, [illegible]’’; ‘‘U Genitalia on larvae were collected under bark of slide no. O[e]c[o]p[horidae]. 7, T. Ku- , Prunus persica (L.) (Rosaceae), mata, 1940’’; ‘‘Lectotype, Borkhausenia especially among parts damaged by suzukiella Matsumura’’ [red handwritten Synathedon (5 Conopia) hector Butler label]; ‘‘Type Matsumura’’ [red label]. () (Park 1981). Although a female specimen bears a Flight period.—Specimens of Proma- lectotype label, it has not been designat- lactis suzukiella have been taken in ed previously. The lectotype is located in March through to late September indi- the Entomological Institute, Hokkaido cating that this species is at least University, Sapporo, Japan. bivoltine, and may be multivoltine. Other specimens examined.—Twenty- Parasitoids.—No parasitoids were three specimens (3-20 U)ofProma- reared from over sixty larvae collected. lactis suzukiella from Japan were exam- Distribution.—Promalactis suzukiella ined at HUS and 3 specimens at the is known from Korea (Park 1981, Park National Museum of Natural History, and Park 1998), Japan, and Taiwan Department of Entomology, Smithso- (Fujisawa 2002). In the United States, nian Institution, Washington, D.C., the first known specimens of P. suzu- USA. In addition, over 160 specimens kiella were collected by J. Glaser of of P. suzukiella collected in the District Towson, Maryland in August of 2002. of Columbia region (Maryland and Subsequently, other regional entomolo- Virginia) by regional collectors were gists collected P. suzukiella in Ashton, obtained for examination for this study Bear Island (Montgomery County), Che- and are deposited in USNM. verly (Prince George’s County), Scientist Cliffs (Calvert County), and Wittman DISCUSSION (Talbot County), Maryland, and in Fair- The results of this study are solely fax City, Great Falls National Park, and dependent upon the shared information Turkey Run National Park (Fairfax acquired serendipitously by professional County), Virginia. Presently, we know biologists, amateur moth collectors and from biophotographers, that P. suzu- biophotographers. The information from kiella is known from Cheverly and Bowie Gates and Metz initially lead the authors (Prince George’s County), Maryland to the back yard of the home of Gary (Johnson 2006), Oakton (Fairfax Coun- Hevel, the site from which the logs that VOLUME 111, NUMBER 1 213

Gates acquired for the rearing of target Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, parasitoids. Osaka, Japan, for access to the micro- Once the reared moths from the Hevel collection; Sugisima Kazu- residence were recognized as the same hiro, Entomological Institute, Hokkaido species collected by Gates and Metz, a University, Sapporo, Japan, for provid- search for the identity of the moth began. ing images of the lectotype of Promalac- After confirmation of the species identity tis suzukiella; Brent Steury, United States of the moth, distributional information National Park Service, who facilitated from several ‘‘backyard’’ collectors was insect surveys at sites along the George made available, in addition to vital Washington Memorial Parkway in Vir- distributional information from biopho- ginia; and Diana Marques, scientific tographers. illustrator, Lisboa, Portugal, for the As a testament to the importance of illustrations of the male and female ‘‘backyard collecting,’’ a four-year insect genitalia, chaetotaxal maps of the larva survey at the Hevel Residence (second and pupa, and the preparation of all the author), approximately 2-acre plot, plates. We also thank John W. Brown, yielded more than 4,000 species of Michael Gates, John Glaser, Jean-Fran- . Of these, two genera and four c¸ois Landry, Mark Metz, Robert Patter- species have been recognized authorita- son, Warren Steiner, and J.M. Swearin- tively as new to science, while others gen for allowing us to examine their currently are being used in ongoing collections of Promalactis suzukiella. taxonomic research programs. Finally, we thank the following biopho- In retrospect, we could not have tographers, Dave Czaplak, Anita Gould, documented the biology, described the Bill Johnson, Larry Line, Arlene Ripley, immature stages, obtained distributional and Lynn Scott for making their images records, or confirmed the identity of and distribution data accessible through Promalactis suzukiella without open the internet. communication among professional bi- ologists and enthusiastic amateurs. In LITERATURE CITED this example, the sharing of information Clarke, J. F. G. 1941. The preparation of slides of lead to a discovery that would not have the genitalia of Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the occurred. We therefore strongly recom- Brooklyn Entomological Society 36: 149– mend that all professional biologists, 161. ‘‘backyard’’ collectors, and biophotogra- Czaplak, D., L. Line, A. Ripley, and L. Scott. 2007. Moth Photographers Group. http:// phers continue to use all forms of mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/Files/Live/ communication available; e-mail, meet- BP/MothTalk/MothTalk022.htm (accessed 7 No- ings, publication, and the internet in vember 2007). order that bioinformation be shared and Fujisawa, K. 2002. The Promalactis (Oeco- used by all. phoridae) from Japan. Journal of the Japanese Heterocerists’ 218: 337–350. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gould, A. 2006. Images of Promalactis suzu- kiella, 1046.99, IMG_3946_edited. http:// We thank Scott Whittaker, Manager, flickr.com/photos/anitagould/251980794/in/ Scanning Electron Microscopy Labora- set-72157594193524242/ (accessed 7 November tory, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- 2007). ton, D.C., USA, for his suggestions on Inoue, H. 1954. Check List of the Lepidoptera of fixation of larvae and scheduling of SEM Japan, Part I. Tokyo. pp. 62–63. Issiki, S. 1957. Oecophoride, pp. 49–52, pls. time; Toshiya Hirowatari, Entomologi- 8, pp. 236–238. In Esaki, et al. eds. Icones cal Laboratory, Graduate School of Heterocerorum Japonicorum in Coloribus Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Naturalibus. Hoikusya, Osaka. 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Johnson, B. 2006. BugGuide, Introduction, Imag- Matsumura, S. 1931. 6000 Illustrations. Insects es, and Information for Insects, Spiders, and Japan-Empire. Tokyo. pp. 1088–1089. their Kin for the United States and Canada. Meyrick, E. 1908a. Descriptions of Indian micro- Promalactis suzukiella photo # 26501. http:// lepidoptera. Journal of Bombay Natural His- bugguide.net/node/view/62501/bgimage (Ac- tory Society 15: 806–812. cessed 7 November 2007). ———. 1908b. New micro-lepidoptera from India Kornerup, A. and J. H. Wanscher. 1978. Methuen and Burma. Records of the Indian Museum 2: Handbook of Colour. 2nd ed. Methuen and 395–400. Co., Ltd., London. 243 pp. ———. 1922. Family Oecophoridae. In Wytsman, Kuroko, H. 1959. Notes on the nomenclature of P. ed. Genera Insectorum, Brussels. 240 pp. some in Japan. Tyh To Ga - ———. 1931. The and micro-lepidoptera Lepidopterological Society of Japan 10(3): of Kwanshien. Bulletin de la Section Scientifi- 34–35. que of the Acade´mie Roumaine 14(3): 66–75. Line, L. 2007. Moths of Maryland and Specimens ———. 1935. Exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. Vol. 4. from other States. http://www.marylandmoths. Taylor and Francis, London. 642 pp. com/ (Accessed 7 November 2007). Moriuti, S. 1982. Family Oecophoridae, pp. 251– Lvovsky, A. 1976. Some little known species of Far 252. In Inoue, et al. eds. Moths of Japan, Part Eastern Oecophorids (Lepidoptera: Oecophor- I, and p. 206; Part II, pl. 11. Tokyo. idae). Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Len- Park, K. T. 1980. A new Promalactis species from ingrad 67: 56–59. Korea (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae). The Ko- ———. 1985. New species of the broadwinged rean Journal of Plant Protection 19(3): moth (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from Pri- 145–147. morye Region. Trudy Zoologichekogo Insti- ———. 1981. A revision of the Genus Promalactis tuta, Leningrad 134: 95–101. of Korea (Lep., Oecophoridae). The Korean ———. 1986a. New species of broad-winged moths Journal of Plant Protection 20(1): 43–50. of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidop- Park, K. T. and Y. M. Park. 1998. Genus tera: Oecophoridae) of the USSR Far East, pp. Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Oecophor- 37–41. In Ler, P. ed. Systematics and Ecology idae) from Korea, with descriptions of six new of Lepidoptera from the Far east of the USSR. species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology ———. 1986b. A review of the broad-winged 1(1): 51–70. moths (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) of the Roth, M. 2006. Small moth - Epicallima. http:// Far East. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, bugguide.net/node/view/56605/bgimage (Ac- Leningrad 145: 72–74. cessed 4 March 2007)