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Review of North Sea Basin Development Review of North Sea Basin development P. E. KENT CONTENTS Introduction . 436 Older Palaeozoic 436 Devonian 436 Carboniferous 439 5 Permian 44x 6 Trias . AA d 7 Jurassic . 447 8 Late Jurassic/early Cretaceous movements 45 ° 9 Cretaceous .... 45x IO Tertiary .... 454 II Mesozoic and Tertiary Volcanics 455 Mechanism of North Sea subsidence 457 I3 Appendix History of local positive structures (a) Brent . 459 (b) Frigg 460 (c) Piper 46x (d) Forties. 463 (e) Auk 463 (f) Argyll . 464 (g) Ekofisk 465 I4 References . 467 SUMMARY The large amount of data now available on minor faulting only, but in the south inversion the North Sea stratigraphy, and on the history of the troughs took place in late Cretaceous of the positive structures which form the sites and early Tertiary times; this may have had a of the oilfields, provides a basis for a review compressional (orogenic) cause. of basin development. The Tertiary basin developed as a single, The area was initially occupied by two relatively simple synclinal subsidence of the inter-cratonic basins: the Northern Basin whole North Sea area, centred on the main rift had a Devonian ancestor; the Southern Basin system but showing an absence of fault-control. dates back at least to the Carboniferous. Interruptions in deposition on the individual During the Permian and Trias broad inter- structural high areas show wide correspondence cratonic subsidence continued in the south, in the North Sea. Except for a major late but rifting developed across the separating Triassic movement limited to the Netherlands Mid North Sea High and in the Northern and adjoining areas they show also close Basin. Rifting (taphrogenic) control of sub- relation to those in Bdtain. The most notable sidence became widely dominant through the are early middle Jurassic, early upper Jurassic Jurassic and lower Cretaceous, dying away in and end Jurassic/lower Cretaceous. These the upper Cretaceous, with major subsidence produced erosional phases even in the deeper in the Viking Graben in the Northern Basin parts of the basin. They were entirely of and in a series of narrow troughs in the south. epeirogenic type. No opening of the crust was associated with Halokinetic movements of Permian salt the central rifting: deep penetrations have produced many local complications (especially encountered Devonian or Precambdan in the in the Southern North Sea Basin) with con- rift floor. For the most part the upper Cretac- sequent structural and stratigraphical anom- eous sagged into the earlier depressions with aries from the middle Trias onwards. J1 geol. Soc. Lond. vol. xjx , x975. pp. 435-468. x8 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland. 1 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/131/5/435/4885037/gsjgs.131.5.0435.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 436 P. E. Kent i. Introduction SIX MONTHS AGO I had the responsibility of presenting the Keynote Address to the symposium on "Petroleum and the Continental Shelf of North West Europe--the Geology and the Environment," jointly organised by this Society, with the Institute of Petroleum, the Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain and the Institute of Geological Sciences. The proceedings of that sym- posium are due to be published shortly after the date of this Address, but the large amount of new information released has provided an opportunity for a synthesis on the development of the basin and the relation of North Sea history to the classic British geological sequence (Woodland 1975). Others have recently provided broad-brush pictures relating the overall relationship of Northwest Europe to continental plate movements in the light of hypothetical concepts of stress systems. In contrast, the intention here is to deal with North Sea basin development as a problem of palaeogeography and epeiro- genie controls in a lesser area--but still one measuring a thousand miles north- south by four hundred miles east-west. 2. Precambrian and older Palaeozoic According to Sorgenfrei (I969 p. 168), Precambrian rocks have been found at depth in north Jutland and on the Ringkobing-Fyn high. The former at least resemble those of the Fenno--Scandinavian shield, and appear to have been marginal to the Caledonian geosyncline to the north west. Cambro-Silurian rocks occur in southern Scotland and northern England, in the Hardanger and Oslo regions of Norway, and at depth in the southern flanks of the Ringkobing-Fyn high. A continuous inter-cratonic basin extending across the southern North Sea towards the occurrences in the English South Midlands is assumed and is supported by a solitary identification of Silurian beneath the Permian of the Dogger Bank area. Elsewhere the pre-Devonian has not been recorded. The northern North Sea conceals the presumed link between the Caledonian chains of Scotland and Norway, but the pre-Devonian rocks are mostly beyond practical reach of the drill. There are nevertheless rare cases of such penetrations, and these include a report of "Caledonian Basement" rocks beneath the Mesozoic northeast of the Highlands in the Cormorant field, showing that the Scottish structural block continues north-eastwards at least as far as the floor of the Viking Graben system. 3. Devonian The Devonian saw the establishment of the framework of resistant blocks which controlled British basinal development throughout the Mesozoic and Tertiary. At this time the Caledonian orogenic belt was fragmented into the separate massifs of Wales, East Anglia-Brabant, the northern Pennines, Southern Uplands and Highlands, between which the smaller downwarps of the British Isles devel- oped (Kent 1975). Only Cornubia apparently remained to be developed later Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/131/5/435/4885037/gsjgs.131.5.0435.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 Review of North Sea Basin development 437 by the Hercynian orogeny. On the other side of the North Sea, stable blocks of the Ringkzbing-Fyn high beneath Denmark and the Fenno-Scandian massif stood in the same relationship, framing the easterly and northeasterly tides of the North Sea basins. A Devonian history of subsidence is not yet documented within the intervening 5°.W ~i°E 1~3° , / /ou.u.L~,~.~~ ~ ~ • ~, CORMOI~ANT00BRENT O~ O/:-~ : i: i~ C"~'~ ~J t I '~,: =: ~, ,.a.,~ "a'~ SHETLAND IS ~1¥ I I "~-..d" m, i -,60"N "J~ ~ ' ~ Z : / .% EAST'~ -)~-~,'0 ~ . FENNO /FRIGG . " ~ ) ._ k~/ SHETLAND ( L ~.~ z • SCANDIAN ~>~/...P~TFO.M ~&l~ 'TAQAN~r~" ~..- ~ J "%,%_ ~ >- / FORTH 065. ~ "%% "~.PPROACH "~'~ \ "'""""'"~ / /../../.~.. _ °% o°° o° "~'-.%: ARG YLJ,,,.~, X %o"'"... ~'o,~ ........~ / ........... ..o s~A ~'G~ / \., tq"- i ~~ '"......... .../ °. •i °° -°°='°°"°...... °°'°°° I°°o°oo N.W. GERMAN ,d •-~.'.~"..-, ~ I BASIN \ _ " c • ., " -'<... -..._,~.,. ...... k" ". i °°.°o0 QOO°I ~,,,,'" , / ".. ~,.,,.- ,. , % | , , Fro. x. Major Mesozoic and Tertiary structural units in the North Sea. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/131/5/435/4885037/gsjgs.131.5.0435.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 438 P. E. Kent basins; it is partly inferred from the histories of the stable blocks but in the case of more westerly basins (Irish Sea) has been deduced also from gravity data by Bott and others. There is nevertheless at least a partial congruence of the northern North Sea Basin with the Orcadian basin which has its western margin in north- eastern Scotland and the Moray Firth, but data in the easterly part are scanty. Old Red Sandstone rocks have been touched in a few wells in the northern North Sea, including one within the Viking Graben. The most important section is the penetration in the Argyll Field (Pennington z975) , where well 3o/24-3 ++++++++ \ ÷+~++++++++++++++++++~ ++++÷÷++÷++÷++++÷÷+++~ ÷++÷+÷++÷+÷++~+÷+ ÷ ;t ......... *÷*+++÷++++~+**÷+++~+i++~++++++.............. :::+1: + +~÷~ +++÷+++++ ,++.+ I++**÷÷ i~:::::'+"...... t::: ........+÷+++++ it:: ................... ÷÷+~÷+~+÷÷+÷+÷+++~ ===========================.......... ~÷++~÷+++,÷+++++÷++~÷+~÷*+++++++++i '~ii ++++++÷÷+++++~+++I"":::::::: ~÷++÷++~++,++++++ ÷++ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ,..:.:..:.:..:::::: ~-:#-::::::':':':':::::;"/~i ,~,,::-:,::::::::::~: m:.:::-.:'#....-...-.............;#" ' ~ ................ :;;"" ~L~:':':::':::::-I"~!:':'::':::'::::': W/CLti:~i" ::::::::~::::::Lr'............. " iiiTi!}iiiiii! iii!{iiTii:l r: ~i~:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:~:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:!:i:~:il;_................................................ i~!}} .....::::: / ' ""::::!:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:!:i:i:i:p.i:i:i:i:i:i:?::i:::::::::::::: +++ ++, \ W • .~....x._---.. ~ i t~l _k.. _ ST STEPHANIAN W WESTpHAUAN ° NAMURIAN VISEAN / CL. TOURNAISIAN .J ::f>/l..... oEvou ./ .++ / + OLDERPALAEOZOIC ./ "++,e.+ + AND /...-. ~.........~--" I •+ + METAMORPHIC BASEMENT, +++ Fxo. ~. PalaeogeologicaJ map of pre-Permian, formations. The shape of outcrops in the northern North Sea is largely conjectural. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-pdf/131/5/435/4885037/gsjgs.131.5.0435.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 Review of North Sea Basin development 439 penetrated about 800 feet (24 ° m) of upper Devonian in Old Red Sandstone facies upon 382 feet (93 m) (incomplete) of marine middle Devonian. The upper Devonian is described as uniformly dipping anhydritic siltstones, fine grained sandstones and shales, with Frasnian spores. The middle Devonian consisted of shales and limy dolomites containing ostracods, overlying "a thick fossiliferous limestone containing both rugose and tabulate corals"-a reefal tendency-proved to an incomplete thickness of
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