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Copy of Feminicidio Uruguay Feminicidio Uruguay An experience of monitoring and mapping feminicide. Date: March 31, 2021 Author: Helena Suárez Val I am a Latin American activist, researcher and social communicator, with a focus on feminism and human rights. I was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, but have lived most of my life in London, UK. I have more than 20 years of experience in the area of d igital and offline communications and campaigns. I have worked with Amnesty International, the Global Call for Action against Poverty (GCAP) and the Uruguayan feminist collective Cotidiano Mujer, among others, currently working independently. I hold a Masters in Gender, Media and Culture from Goldsmiths, University of London (2017) and I am a doctoral student at the Center for Interdisciplinary Methodologies, University of Warwick (2019-2022) - my specialization is in feminist data practices in relation to feminicide. Since 2019, together with Catherine D'Ignazio (Data + Feminism Lab @ MIT) and Silvana Fumega (ILDA), I co-lead an international participatory action-research project, Data Against feminicide, whose objective is to foster a community of practice and develop tools around feminicide data. In 2015, I started a map and database of cases of feminicide in the country that I continue updating to date. This report presents a brief overview of Feminicidio Uruguay, an activist experience of monitoring and mapping feminicide at a national level. Gender-based violence against women in Uruguay 3 Beginnings of Feminicidio Uruguay 4 Methodology 6 Database development 8 Related projects 10 Circulation of Feminicidio Uruguay 11 Analysis of cases between 2001 and 2021 12 Closing 16 References 16 1 List of Images ● Figure 1. Feminicides in Uruguay 2015 (screenshot). ● Figure 2. Map of feminicides in Uruguay 2014-2021 (as of March 31, 2021) (screenshot) ● Figure 3. Feminicides in Uruguay between March 31, 2001 and March 31, 2021, by year. List of Tables ● Table 1. List of fields in the Feminicidio Uruguay database. ● Table 2. Feminicides in Uruguay between March 19, 2001 and March 31, 2021, by department. Acronyms ● CEPAL / ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ● CNCLVD - National Advisory Council for the Fight against Domestic Violence ● SIPIAV - Comprehensive System for the Protection of Children and Adolescents against Violence 2 Feminicidio Uruguay is a record of gender-related violent deaths of women that have occurred in Uruguay from 2001 to date. Women from different parts of the country, of different ages, with different stories and life plans. Women who are not here today. An interactive map and a database comprise this unofficial, and surely incomplete, record of feminicide cases in the country. It is an imperfect tool for denouncing and making visible. It is updated, with pain and anger, with each new case reported in the media or through friends or family. From the website https://feminicidiouruguay.net/acerca-de Gender-based violence against women in Uruguay In Uruguay, more than three out of four women aged 15 years or over (76.7%) have experienced some type of gender-based violence in their lifetime, and almost half (47%) have experienced gender-related violence by a partner or ex-partner, according to the results of the second survey on gender-based violence and generations carried out in 2019 (CNCLVD 2020). Both figures show an increase since the first survey six years earlier (68.8% 1 and 45.4% respectively) (CNCLVD and SIPIAV 2013). Regarding feminicide, understood as the lethal expression of gender-related violence, according to ECLAC’s reports from official data provided by each state, Uruguay has one of the highest rates in Latin America (excluding the Caribbean), 1.4 per 100,000 women, ranking fourth after Bolivia (2.1), Brazil (1.8) and Mexico (1.5) (CEPAL ONU n.d.). The legal framework in Uruguay that contemplates gender-related murders of women began to take shape with the approval in 2002 of the Domestic Violence Law (Ley n.o 17.514), and most recently consolidated with the inclusion of the figure of "femicide" in the Penal Code in 2017 (Ley n. o 19.538) and the adoption of the Comprehensive Law to Guarantee Women a Life Free of Gender-based Violence in 2018 (Ley n.o 19.580). These laws provide a framework for recording of violence against women for reasons of gender. Specifically, the Comprehensive Law requires the State to generate quantitative and qualitative data records on gender-based violence, which consider variables such as age, disability status, ethnic or racial origin, religion, territoriality, among other dimensions of discrimination. (Ley n. o 19.580, art. 11 J). However, official data on feminicide do not necessarily reflect the entire phenomenon, for various reasons. On the one hand, state records are not easily accessible and different state institutions produce “discordant data” (Suárez Val 2021). For example, while the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Social Development record all homicide cases that include a gender component as “femicide”, in order to offer effective citizen care from their different approaches, the Judicial Power only records as "feminicide" 1 New questions were added to the 2019 survey, compared to 2013. According to the comparable questions, the total number of women who experienced some type of gender-based violence throughout their lives was 72.7%, an increase of four percentage points. The 76.7% figure quoted above includes the new questions. 3 those cases judged as such.2 On the other hand, because the term raises penal controversies (Toledo Vásquez 2009, 62–78), its legal definition does not necessarily include all the modalities that are constructed from feminist theorizations. The lack or insufficiency of data on feminicide in Uruguay, those “missing data” that data feminism (pre)occupies itself with (D’Ignazio and Klein 2020), were part of the motivation to start an activist record of cases of feminicide in 2015. However, the driving force was outrage at the cases of feminicide and its treatment in the media (Suárez Val 2014). Beginnings of Feminicidio Uruguay Feminicidio Uruguay is a labour of feminist activism, and it aims to denounce and make visible the phenomenon of feminicide in Uruguay through monitoring, systematizing, mapping and publishing reusable data backed up with sources. At the same time, the project constitutes a memorial to the women murdered due to their gender. The initiative arose as part of the mobilizations against feminicide that began in November 2014, when the news of the feminicide of Yamila Rodríguez shook participants in the First Encounter of Feminisms of Uruguay3, spontaneously calling us to take to the streets to protest against violence against women and the objectifying and revictimizing media treatment of the cases. At that meeting, the Coordinadora de Feminismos del Uruguay4 and its commission "Feministas en Alerta y en las Calles", of which I was initially a part, whose function was to quickly communicate the calls for "Alertas feministas", actions to take public space that still take place with each new case of feminicide (ver Furtado Alonzo and Grabino Etorena 2018; La Internacional Feminista 2018). As part of our communication work for the alerts, in March 2015 the commission decided to create a collaborative spreadsheet in Google Docs, where all members could document the cases we were protesting, including the name and age of the woman and her relationship with the feminicide, the date and place of the feminicide, a brief description of the events and a link to a news item on the case. For November 25, 2015, as a contribution to the actions to raise awareness of feminicide in Uruguay planned by the Coordinadora within the framework of the International Day to Eliminate Violence against Women, I put together an interactive map of the cases in the Google Spreadsheet, using the ZeeMaps application 5. The intention was to create a visualization of the cases of feminicide in Uruguay that could reverberate 2 In some cases the prosecution may not request the aggravating circumstance, due to lack of probative evidence or preference, given the lack of familiarity with a relatively new figure. It may also happen that the aggravating factor is requested but the judge rejects the classification for lack of evidence, ignorance or bad disposition. 3 See https://encuentrofeminismos.wordpress.com. 4 See https://www.facebook.com/coord.feminismos.uy. 5 See https://zeemaps.com. 4 through social media and through bodies (Suárez Val 2018). A map full of markers/tears 6 as a form of “open grieving” (Butler 2009, 39; ver también 2020): a public display of feminist grief, pain and indignation, opposed to indifference and inaction in the face of feminicide (Suárez Val 2018). Figure 1. Feminicides in Uruguay 2015 (screenshot). This first mapping of cases was the beginning of the Feminicidio Uruguay project. Starting in 2016, I continued to independently record feminicide cases, exchanging information or links about the cases with feminist activists such as artist-researcher Hekatherina C. Delgado, who at that time was leading the street intervention La Caída de las Campanas also in response feminicides (ver Delgado 2016; Stevens 2020), and communicator Sol Bauzá7. In 2017, the activist Yoselin Machin Castro began to collaborate regularly with the project, contributing and corroborating information about the cases. In summary, Feminicidio Uruguay constitutes a continuous and constantly evolving record and mapping of data on feminicide and other violent deaths of women in Uruguay. It is voluntary and unremunerated activist work. The data is available to view, share, or download on the project website and dedicated accounts on social networks, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.8 The project is available to anyone who wants to collaborate with the monitoring, use the data for their research, or develop communications, pedagogical instances or other events related to the data, to deepen our understanding of feminicide in Uruguay.
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