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CAPPARIS DECIDUA EDGEW- A chemical means into potent drugs. WILD MEDICINAL decidua has widely medicinal Sandeep B.Patil , Nilofar S.Naikwade, uses like as analgesic, anthelmintic, Chandrakant S.Magdum, Appasaheb laxative and cardiac troubles etc. Birnale College of pharmacy, South Shivaji nagar, Sangli. Key words: napti, , Corresponding author : phytochemistry, traditional and modern Email: uses. [email protected] INTRODUCTION: ABSTRACT: On a recent survey conducted by the Medicinal herbs are the local heritage world Health Organization (WHO) with global importance. World is globally, around 20,000 medicinal endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal are being used profusely either in herbs. The different variety of plants pharmaceutical industry or in folk with therapeutic properties is quite medicine. Interestingly, about 1.4% do astonishing. In general, natural drug possess well established, widely-proven substances offer four vital and and broadly accepted un-equivocally 1 appreciable roles in the modern system active constituents . The world health of medicine thereby adequately organization (WHO) estimates that about justifying their legitimate presence in the 80% of the populations living in the prevailing therapeutic arsenal, namely: developing countries rely almost Serve as extremely useful natural drugs, exclusively on traditional medicine for Provide basic compounds affording less their primary health care needs. In toxic and more effective drug molecules, almost all the traditional medicine the Exploration of biologically active medicinal plant include the fresh or dried prototypes towards newer and better herb part, whole, chopped or powdered, synthetic drugs, Modification of inactive or an advanced form of the herb usually natural products by suitable biological/ made via extraction by a solvent such as water, ethanol or an organic solvent (eg. acetone), play a major role and

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constitute the backbone of the traditional sandy desert areas where little else medicine2. grows and is an extremely hardy . A large of about 270 species of Geographic distribution:- and erect, climbing , Native: Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, distributed throughout warm regions of Iran, Jordan, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the earth. About 40 species occur in the Pakistan, Senegal, Somalia, South India of which a few are of economic Africa, Sudan and In India from Punjab importance3,4. to South Karnataka, Gujarat, :- Maharashtra and Tinnervelly. Current name: - Capparis decidua Biophysical limits: Authority: - (Forssk) Edgew Altitude range: 300-1200m, Mean : - Capparidaceae annual rainfall: 100-750mm, Mean Synonyms: (S) annual temperature: 25-31oC, Soils: it Capparis aphyla (Heyne) Roth prefers alkaline, sandy and gravelly Capparis sodada R.Br. soils, thriving on shallow, hard soils and Sodada decidua Forssk. rocky outcrops. Other names: Reproductive biology: Sanskrit: Karira, Marathi: Nepati, Flowering occurs at the beginning of dry Hindi: Karil, Kurel, English: season5. plant, Caper , Malayalam: Description: Karimulli, Karimullu, Tamil: Sengam, A climbing shrub with vine- like Sirakkali, Arab: KiaBara, Punjab: Karia, branches hanging in bundles. Bark: The Kannada: Chippuri bark is greenish- yellow and smooth. The thorns are paired, pale brown, Occurrence and Distribution: straight or hooked and to 0.5 cm. History of cultivation: - Leaves: there are only leaves on young Capparis decidua is one of the important shoots that are small and narrow and multipurpose species of desert and soon fall off. Leaves only appear during arid regions of the Indian subcontinent. shorts rain. Flowers: flowers are pink- It provides vegetative cover in dry, hot, red, single or in threes beside leaves and about 1cm across. Flowers appear at the

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beginning of the dry season. Fruits: of Capparis decidua (Forssk) Edgew fruits are red and rounded, about 1cm contains Capparisine, Codonocarpine, across, black when ripe and dry. Seeds: Cadabicine and Isocodonocarpine (a new seed numerous embedded in the pulp6. spermidine alkaloid) 10. Androecium- stamens many, Two sterols (Capparisterol, polyandrous, attached on a disc at the Capparideciduasterol), one diterpine gynophore base, dithecous, dorsifixed, alcohol (Capparisditerpenol), two introrse. Gynoecium- bicarpellary, aliphatic constituents (Butyl-3- syncarpous, superior, unilocular, parietal oxoeicosanoate, Aliphatic hydroxyl placentation, develop on a long ketone) and one diterpinic ester gynophore, style short, stigma bifid.7 (Capparisditerpenyl ester). All the new fruits eaten locally.8 Sodad (arab) fruits compounds have been reported for the are consumed by the sudanes. Buds are first time from the alcoholic extract of cooked when fresh as pot herb. Young C.decidua. Also β-sitosterol, indole flower buds are preserved as pickles or bases, and oxygenated heterocyclic condiment. 9 compounds have been reported from the bark of the Capparis decidua11. Phytochemistry: Capparis decidua fruit is of high Some species of Capparis appears have nutritional value. The edible fruits are been investigated chemically and the rich in protein and minerals and have a isolation of Stachydrine, β-carotene, high seed fat content. Seed contents 20% Rutin, Isothiocynate, Glucosides, oil, 1.7% sugar and 8.6% protein12 Hydrocarbons and Fatty acids. The bark

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Figure of chemical constituents:

O H3C H

H3C CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

R

1 : R=beta-OH, H 1a: R=beta-OAc, H 1b: R=O

Capparisterol

O H CH3 H3C

CH3 CH3

H3C

R H3C

2 : R=alpha-OH,H 2a: R=alpha-OAc, H 2b: R=O

Capparideciduasterol

OH H3C CH3

CH3

O CH3 CH3 HO

3

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O

H C 3 O (CH2)15 CH3

O

4

Butyl-3-oxoeicosanoate

O OR

H3C(H2C) 2 C (CH2)4 CH (CH2)18 CH 2OR

5 : R = H 5a : R = Ac

Aliphatic Hydroxy Ketone

O H3C CH3

O

CH3

O CH3 RO O

CH3 6 : R = H 6a : R = Ac

Capparisditerpenyl ester

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H

N O HN H

O N

O

OMe OH

1

Isocodonocarpine

H

N O HN H

N O

O

OMe OH

2

Codonocarpine

Traditional Medicinal uses of this of ailments such as cough, asthma, plant: intermittent fever and rheumatism.13 All parts of the plant like leaves, fruits Traditionally in Ayurveda, this plant was and root bark are used to relieve a variety mentioned as analgesic, diaphoretic

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(increase in sweating), laxative, preparation of fruit powder and other anthelmintic, good in cough and asthma, recipes were standardized for feeding ulcers and boils, vomiting, piles and all hyperlipidemic subjects. The diet of 15 inflammation urinary troubles, antidote to hyperlipidemic adults (40-60 yrs.) was poison, cardiac troubles, and infections of supplemented with fruit for three months joints. and plasma triglycerides, total lipids and Traditionally in Unani, this plant has a phospholipids were analyzed before and bad smell and taste; carminative, tonic, at the end of the experiment. Significant emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, improves the reductions in plasma triglycerides, total appetite; good for rheumatism, lumbago, lipids and phospholipids concentration hiccough, cough and asthma.14 were noticed.17 The fruit of Capparis Plant used in heart diseases, colicky pain decidua was found to be the richest and loss of appetite and scurvy. Root source of beta carotene and vitamin bark in powder form is used in C.18,19 Antidiabetic treatment with rheumatism, gout, dropsy, palsy, and powered fruit of Capparis decidua haemostatic. Externally the powder is decreased alloxan induced lipid applied to malignant ulcers. Juice of the peroxidation (LPO) significantly in fresh plant is dropped into ear to kill erythrocytes, kidney and heart. worms.15 Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) Young shoots used as plasters for boils activity decreased while the kidney and and swellings. Powdered plant parts are heart (SOD) increased in diabetic useful in toothache. Bark is useful for animals. These alterations in Superoxide cough and asthma. Root bark is given in dismutase were counteracted by insulin intermittent fever.16 as well as with powdered fruit of Modern uses of this plant: C.decidua. Increased Catalase (CAT) The plant has been reported as it is an activity in erythrocytes, liver, kidney and unripe fruit of Capparis decidua is a heart with powdered fruit of Capparis xerophytic bush. It contains 15.1% decidua treatment indicate that the protein and 42.88% fibre. Being a rich treatment may neutralize H2O2 toxicity source of fibre, the process for by its increased decomposition by CAT. 22 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 02 issue 3 Mar-Apr

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Result shows that treatment with REFERENCE: Capparis deciduas lowers alloxan 1 Kar Ashutosh, ―Pharmacognosy induced LPO and alters SOD and CAT and Pharma biotechnology‖, New enzymes to reduce oxidative stress20,21. age International (p) Ltd, New The Capparis deciduas fruit contains Delhi, P.5, 11. dietary fiber foods like hemicellulose. 2 Mukherjee PK, ―Quality control of Capparis decidua has the most Herbal Drug‖, Business Horizon pronounced hypocholesterolemic effect Pharmaceutical Publishers, 1st which appeared to operate through edition, 2002, P.2. increased fecal excretion of cholesterol as 3 Shastri BM. ―The wealth of India, well as bile acids22,23. The ethanolic A dictionary of Indian raw extract of root bark of Capparis deciduas materials & industrial products‖, of possesss significant anti-inflammatory CSIR, New Delhi, 1995, P. 210- activity against carrageenan induced 212. edema in rats24. 4 Isaac kehimkar, ―Common Indian wild flowers‖, Bombay natural CONCLUSION: history society, oxford university Most people know the uses of medicinal press, Mumbai ,2000, P.no. 36. plant over the years. The nature is true 5 Vogt KA, ―Field guide to the wealth of man and has many mysteries to identification, propagation and uses its credit. For every problem of man and of common trees and of dry disease there is a cure in the beautiful and land Sudan‖. SOS Sahel wonderful nature. With the passage of international (UK), 1995. time, man is exploiting nature to the 6 Oudhia P, Medicinal herbs of utmost. Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses (Capparis deciduas Edgew family capparidiaceae). Ethnobotany, (03),2005, P.2

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7 Jagdale SV., Bachulkar MP., 14 Kirtikar K.R., Basu B.D. ―Indian Hardikar KS. , Dhere RS., Mane medicinal plant‖, 2nd edition, Vol- PN., Modarn Botany paper III & I, 1975, P.210. IV Narendra Prakashan, Pune, P.7- 15 Nadkarni K.M., ―Indian Materia 8. Medica‖, vol. I, Bombay popular 8 George usher, ―A dictionary of Prakashan 1976 P.265. plants used by man‖, CBS 16 Singh, U., Wadhwani A. M. and publishers & Distributors, Delhi. P Johri B. M., ―Dictionary of no. 121. Economic Plants in India‖. 9 Tyozaburo tanaka, Tanaka‘s Indian Council of Agricultural Cyclopedia of edible plants of the Research, New Dehli,1983, P. 288. world, 1976, Keigaka publication, 17 Goyal R, Grewal R.B. ―The Tokyo, Japan. influence of Teent (Capparis 10 Ahmad VU, Nargis ismail and decidua) on human plasma A.U. Rahman Amber, triglycerides, total lipids and “Isocodonocarpine from Capparis phospholipids‖, Nutr. Health. deciduas” Phytochemistry, 1989; 2003; 17(1): P.71-76. 28(9):P. 2493. 18 Chaturvedi Y. Ngar R. ―Levels of 11 Gupta J. and Ali M. , beta carotene and effects of ―Phytocostituents of Capparis processing on selected fruits and Decidua Root barks‖, Journal of vegetables of the arid zone of medicinal and aromatic plant India‖, Plant Foods hum Nutr., sciences, 1998; 20: P. 683-689. 2001;56 (2): P.127-132. 12 Rai et al., 1987 & Chauhan et al., 19 Duhan A., Chauhan B.M., Punia D. 1986 in Scoones et al., 1992 The ―Nutritional value of some non- Hidden Harvest: P. 127, 138. conventional plant foods of India.‖ 13 Durga N. Tewari R.P. Tripathi Plant foods hum Nutr. 1992 ; 42 R.D. and Ahuja A.P. Proc. Nat. (3):193-200. Acad. sci. (42), 1972, P. 24. 20 Yadav P., Sarkar S., Bhatnager D., ―Lipid peroxidation and 24 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 02 issue 3 Mar-Apr

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antioxidant enzymes in 23 Agarwal V., Chauhan B.M., erythrocytes and tissues in aged ―Effect of feeding some plant diabetic rats‖ Indian J Exp. Biol. foods as source of dietary fibre on 1997 ; 35(4):389-392. biological utilization of diet in 21 Yadav P., Sarkar S., Bhatnager D., rats.‖ Plant foods hum Nutr. 1989; ―Action of capparis deciduas 39 (2):161-7. against alloxan-induced oxidative 24 Ageel A.M.,Parmar N.S., Mossa stress and diabetes in rat tissues‖ J.S., Al-Yahya M.A., Al-Said Pharmacol Res. 1997;36 (3): 221- M.S., Tariq M., ―Anti- 8. inflammatory activity of some 22 Agarwal V., Chauhan B.M., ―A Saudi Arabian medicinal plants‖ Study on composition and Agent Actions.1986 ; 17(3-4): 383- hypolipidemic effect of dietary 384. fibre from some plant foods.‖ Plant foods hum Nutr. 1988; 38 (2):189- 197.

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