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Iaea Tecdoc Series Tecdoc Iaea @ IAEA-TECDOC-1803 IAEA-TECDOC-1803 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Trends of Synchrotron Radiation Applications in Cultural Heritage, Forensics and Materials Science Forensics Applications in Cultural Heritage, of Synchrotron Radiation Trends IAEA-TECDOC-1803 Trends of Synchrotron Radiation Applications in Cultural Heritage, Forensics and Materials Science @ TRENDS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION APPLICATIONS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE, FORENSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GEORGIA OMAN ALBANIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PALAU ANGOLA GREECE PANAMA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA GUYANA PARAGUAY ARMENIA HAITI PERU AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA HONDURAS POLAND AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY PORTUGAL BAHAMAS ICELAND QATAR BAHRAIN INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAN MARINO BELIZE ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA BENIN ITALY SENEGAL BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SERBIA STATE OF JAPAN SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL KENYA SLOVAKIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA BULGARIA KUWAIT SOUTH AFRICA BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SPAIN BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SRI LANKA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SUDAN CAMEROON LATVIA SWAZILAND CANADA LEBANON SWEDEN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC LIBERIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHAD LIBYA TAJIKISTAN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN THAILAND CHINA LITHUANIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CONGO MADAGASCAR TOGO COSTA RICA MALAWI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TUNISIA CROATIA MALI TURKEY CUBA MALTA TURKMENISTAN CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EGYPT MYANMAR URUGUAY EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN ERITREA NEPAL VANUATU ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FIJI NICARAGUA VIET NAM FINLAND NIGER YEMEN FRANCE NIGERIA ZAMBIA GABON NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1803 TRENDS OF SYNCHROTON RADIATION APPLICATIONS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE, FORENSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS OF A TECHNICAL MEETING HELD IN VIENNA, AUSTRIA 17–21 OCTOBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2016 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory International Atomic Energy Agency 2444 Seibersdorf Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2016 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2016 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: Trends of synchrotron radiation applications in cultural heritage, forensics and materials science / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2016. | Series: IAEA TECDOC series, ISSN 1011–4289 ; no. 1803 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 16-01064 | ISBN 978–92–0–107116–32 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Synchrotron radiation. | Materials — Research. | Materials — Effect of radiation on. FOREWORD Synchrotron radiation (SR) has been used as a tool for analytical research for over three decades, leading to exponential growth of research in many scientific disciplines. More than sixty synchrotron light sources have been built worldwide, and others are in the construction or planning phase. The IAEA has recognized the importance of SR sources for advanced research and analytical applications. In particular, within the framework of an interregional technical cooperation project, the IAEA supports the training of end users and beamline scientists, as well as the commissioning and operation of the International Centre for Synchrotron Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME). SR offers remarkable analytical capabilities owing to its unique properties, including its high brilliance, wide spectral range (from the infrared to the hard X ray energy region), wavelength (energy) tunability, high degree and selection of polarization, and well defined time–space structure and coherence. These SR features, dynamically coupled with various modes of photon–matter interactions, have led to the development of a wide range of analytical techniques offering structural characterization, high elemental sensitivity, chemical specificity, and three dimensional spatial resolution at the micrometre scale or below. This in turn has boosted analytical applications in a diverse range of scientific disciplines such as materials sciences, energy research, protein crystallography, environmental sciences, chemistry, life sciences/biosciences, microelectronics, geological sciences including extraterrestrial matter and paleoenvironment studies, and industrial applications such as automotive applications, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, semi-conductors, metallurgy, cosmetics and bulk chemical synthesis. Among the emerging scientific fields are characterization of energy storage and conversion related micro- and nanoscale heterogeneous materials such as batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaics and organic semiconductors, and analysis of cultural heritage materials and materials related to forensics. This publication provides an overview of the analytical applications of SR sources in the fields of cultural heritage, forensics and materials science, and presents relevant research projects carried out by 14 IAEA Member States. The papers included in this TECDOC were presented by experts during a Technical Meeting held at the IAEA on 17–21 October 2011. The meeting aimed at providing a forum for specialists in SR applications to review the current status of, and developments and trends in, SR applications, with an emphasis on the fields of cultural heritage, forensics and characterization of energy related materials; to identify and map needs for further improvement in SR instrumentation and analytical methodologies to improve and optimize the analytical performance of SR based techniques; to explore means to exchange and share cross-cutting information and know-how between scientists in the relevant SR applications; and to provide information on how to enhance and support training of young scientists in SR applications (e.g. training courses, advanced schools). The present publication presents all the scientific information and ideas exchanged among the experts at the Technical Meeting, including participants from 14 IAEA Member States (Austria, Australia, Belgium, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Lebanon, Portugal, Serbia, Thailand, Ukraine and the United States of America) and IAEA staff members. It offers a summary of the state of the art of SR applications. The IAEA would like to thank all the participants, and in particular J. Koen (Belgium), for their valuable contributions. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A. Karydas of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the contributors and has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the IAEA or its Member States. Neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this publication. This publication does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as
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