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Home , Exit Glacier, Harding Icefield, Kenai Mountains, Kenai River, Mountain, Resurrection River

Refuge Notebook • Vol. 19, No. 47 • November 24, 2017

The : A shrinking on the by John Morton

The Harding Icefield, named after President Warren Harding who visited the Territory of in 1923, straddlesthe between Kenai National Wildlife Refuge and Kenai .

There’s something as big as the of Mauion than 30 that feed off the Harding Icefield. the Kenai Peninsula that many locals have not seen One of four icefields remaining in the U.S., the or not seen well. Unless you’re a pilot, your expo- Harding Icefield is the largest wholly within U.S. sure to this mystery blob has likely been constrained to boundaries. It covers over 700 square miles, stretching the hiking trail at Exit , or perhaps to viewing more than 50 miles from the Resurrection south- the tidewater glaciers in Northwestern from a ward to the divide in the Kenai Mountains between commercial tour boat, or perhaps to the edge of Skilak Bradley and Nuka . The icefield embraces Glacier if you’re hunting sheep or goat. These glaciers, Truuli Peak, the highest point in the Kenai Mountains as big as they seem, are three slivers among the more at 6,612 feet above , suggesting that the Hard-

USFWS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge 95 Refuge Notebook • Vol. 19, No. 47 • November 24, 2017 ing is likely a mile deep in some places. gae germinate in response to increased light and melt- We need all that . It’s easy to forget that the water, sending flagellated cells with little tails that freshwater trapped there is the lifeblood of so many of “swim” towards the surface of the . Here, these our glacially-fed and and streams in which algal cells lose their tails and become red due to a our spawn. Meltwater from the Harding Ice- secondary carotenoid pigment that protects the cells field feeds the Fox River and Sheep Creek that form the from intense visible and ultraviolet . This red- headwaters of Kachemak Bay. Tustumena Glacier is colored snow, often to a depth of 10 inches, is called the headwaters of the Kasilof River. The icefield feeds watermelon snow or red snow. Small invertebrates the Killey River, and , all trib- like ice worms and springtails feed on this red alga. utaries of the . It feeds the Resurrection But the salient piece to this story is that water- River at the headwaters of and the melon snow reflects less light than snow andso countless high-gradient mountain streams that sup- heats more in the summer sun. This, of course, means port before cascading into the fjords along more meltwater and larger algal blooms, which in turn the Gulf of Alaska. heats the snow even more. The Harding Icefield has been melting since the Several Alaska Pacific University researchers set Wisconsin Ice Age, known locally as the Naptowne out to figure out how much this algal growth con- Glaciation. At its peak, some 23,000 years ago, it com- tributes to faster melting of the Harding Icefield by pletely covered the Kenai Peninsula except for a few applying fertilizer and water to experimental plots in big nunataks—the Caribou , a small patch on the Kenai Fjords National Park. The fertilizer simulated Tustumena benchlands, and the area around Big In- increasing levels of nutrient input from atmospheric dian Creek in the northwestern Kenai Mountains. deposition. Their findings, recently published in Na- And it has been mostly melting since then with ture Geoscience, showed that watermelon snow, which some obvious exceptions like the Little Ice Age when covers more than a third of the icefield, increased total the northern hemisphere cooled over the five centuries snowmelt by 17 percent! leading up to the 1850s. The problem is that the Hard- The Harding Icefield is a remnant of a much colder, ing Icefield seems to be melting faster now. Bud Rice, prehistoric climate and becoming increasing unique as at the time a University of Alaska Fairbanks graduate mountain glaciers and persistent snowfields disappear student, used aerial photos to estimate a 5% loss in sur- around the globe. In the short term, some of our larger face area between 1950 and 1985. Over roughly that glacial rivers like the Resurrection or the Kenai will re- same period, other researchers estimated the average ceive more meltwater input from the Harding as our ice loss was about 70 feet, or about 0.47 meters in ele- climate warms. But smaller watersheds like the Killey vation per year. A recent paper published in Geophys- River are likely to become more rainwater dependent ical Research Letters, however, estimated the Harding as the Harding recedes from their headwaters on the Icefield lost 0.72 meters in per year inthe western slopes of the Kenai Mountains. 1990s, a 50% increase in thinning rate. This cumula- Anyways, while the Harding Icefield is in no dan- tive ice loss over those five decades from the Harding ger of disappearing anytime soon, don’t pass up an Icefield represents one percent of the total contribu- opportunity to fly over it if you haven’t already. Once tion of all mountain glaciers worldwide to rising seas! you see it, you’ll understand why this white, vast land- Not surprisingly, this accelerating ice melt is due scape is so special. to rapidly warming air temperatures. But here’s a Dr. John Morton is the supervisory biologist at Kenai weird twist to this story. There’s a species of green National Wildlife Refuge. Find more information about alga (Chlamydomonas nivalis) that lays dormant un- the Refuge at http://www.fws.gov/refuge/kenai/ or http: der the snow during winter. In the spring, the al- //www.facebook.com/kenainationalwildliferefuge.

96 USFWS Kenai National Wildlife Refuge