Зоогеографический Анализ Поясной Структуры Фауны Булавоусых Чешуекрылых Северного Тянь-Шаня (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) И Вопросы Генезиса Фауны Центральной Азии

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Зоогеографический Анализ Поясной Структуры Фауны Булавоусых Чешуекрылых Северного Тянь-Шаня (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) И Вопросы Генезиса Фауны Центральной Азии Кавказский энтомол. бюллетень 8(2): 273–286 © CAUCASIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL BULL. 2012 Зоогеографический анализ поясной структуры фауны булавоусых чешуекрылых Северного Тянь-Шаня (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) и вопросы генезиса фауны Центральной Азии A zoogeographical analysis of the vertical structure of the North Tian-Shanian butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) and the questions of the faunagenesis in Central Asia С.К. Корб S.K. Korb А/я 97, Нижний Новгород 603009 Россия PO Box 97, Nizhny Novgorod 603009 Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Ключевые слова: булавоусые чешуекрылые, Северный Тянь-Шань, фауна, вертикальная поясность, зоогеографический анализ. Key words: Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, North Tian-Shan, fauna, vertical zonality, zoogeographical analysis. Резюме. Производится зоогеографический анализ lowland is predominantly of allochthonous origin (Turan поясной структуры фауны булавоусых чешуекрылых arid zone, South-Tajik depression and Khorezm lowland). Северного Тянь-Шаня. Ареалогическая структура The greatest number of all-altitude species is recorded for фауны включает 46 типов ареалов, объединяемых в the complex of wide areals, the lowest number is for the 3 комплекса (226 видов). Показано, что фауна разделена Central Asian complex; Tian-Shanian complex have no на 4 вертикальных пояса: низкогорный, среднегорный, all-altitude species. It is shown that the origin of butterfly высокогорный и сверхвысокогорный (последний fauna of the Northern Tian-Shan is from the Central Asian формируется из нивального и субнивального protofauna with specialization in superhighland. It is shown растительных поясов с преимущественно автохтонным that the authochtonous formgenesis have more value in the формогенезом). Фауны среднегорья и высокогорья higher located vertical belts. сходны в пределах одного хребта, но несходны между хребтами (за исключением Заилийского Алатау Введение и Кунгей Ала-Тоо, составляющих единый горный узел), имеют смешанное автохтонное и аллохтонное До настоящего времени зоогеографический происхождение (примерно в равных долях). Фауна анализ фаун булавоусых чешуекрылых горных низкогорий имеет преимущественно аллохтонное территорий проводился по традиционной, «плоской», пустынное (Туранская аридная зона, Южно-Таджикская методике, и включал только анализ фауны в целом, депрессия и Хорезмская низменность) происхождение. без анализа фаун отдельных вертикальных поясов. Наибольшее количество всевысотных видов отмечено Главной трудностью при этом является не кажущаяся для комплекса обширных ареалов, наименьшее для очевидной трудоемкость анализа фаун каждого пояса центральноазиатского комплекса; в тянь-шаньском в отдельности с последующим синтезом результатов, комплексе всевысотные виды не представлены. а отсутствие единого подхода к разделению фаун Показано происхождение фауны Rhopalocera Северного на вертикальные пояса. Подавляющее большинство Тянь-Шаня от общей центральноазиатской протофауны исследователей анализирует фауны чешуекрылых с последующей специализацией в сверхвысокогорье. в границах вертикальных поясов растительности. Выявлено увеличение роли автохтонного формогенеза Не подвергая сомнению продуктивность такого с переходом из пояса в пояс. анализа, отмечу, что он был бы справедлив в том Abstract. A zoogeographical analysis performed for случае, если бы анализировались фауны Rhopalocera vertical structures of the butterfly fauna of North Tian- в ларвальной стадии, являющейся фитозависимой; Shan. The arealogical structure of this fauna includes 46 однако он производится для имагинальной types of areals, grouped in 3 complexes (226 species). It стадии, да к тому же чаще всего – по наблюдениям is shown that the fauna is divided into four vertical zones: преимущественно за самцами (самки обычно менее lowland, midland, highland and superhighland (the latter заметны), часто встречающимися достаточно далеко is formed from the nival and subnival vegetation belts with от кормовых растений гусениц. Следует учитывать, что predominantly autochthonous formgenesis). The midlands оплодотворенные самки являются расселительницами and highlands faunas are similar within the same mountain чешуекрылых, однако расселение, как правило, ridge, but dissimilar between the ridges (except for Trans- происходит в горизонтальной, а не в вертикальной Ili Alatau and Kungei Ala-Too, forming single mountain плоскости. massive) and have mixed autochthonous and allochthonous Другой подход к вертикальному делению фаун origin (in approximately equal proportions). The fauna of заключается в использовании общепринятого 274 Зоогеографический анализ поясной структуры фауны булавоусых чешуекрылых Северного Тянь-Шаня Рис. 1. Карта района исследований с точками сбора материала. Fig. 1. Map of the studied region with collecting points. Киргизский хр.: 1 – Боомское ущ.: Красный Каньон, 1700–2100 м; 2 – Боомское ущ.: дорога Кок-Мойнок – Кочкор, 1700–2500 м; 3 – окр. кишл. Жыл-Арык, 1240–1500 м; 4 – долина р. Кызыл-Суу, 1300–1800 м; 5 – ущ. Кегети, 1360–2500 м; 6 – ущ. Шамши, 1600–2600 м; 7 – окр. Токмока, 800–900 м; 8 – ущ. Иссык-Ата. 1775–3200 м; 9 – 11 км ЮВ от Бишкека, с. Беш-Кунгей, 1000–1300 м; 10 – 14 км Ю от Бишкека, с. Байтик, 1150–1550 м; 11 – нац. парк «Ала-Арча», 1500–3400 м; 12 – ущ. Кара-Балта, 1550–1800 м; пер. Тёё-Ашуу, 3200–3800 м; 13 – Аспара, 2800–3400 м; 14 – окр. пос. Арал, 1600–2800 м; 15 – окр. Таласа, 1800–3000 м; 16 – окр. с. Покровка, 800–1500 м. Хр. Кунгей Ала-Тоо: 17 – окр. пос. Чонг-Кемин, 1400–2000 м; 18 – окр. пос. Каинд, 1800–2500 м; 19 – Боомское ущ.: окр. с. Кок-Мойнок, 1550–2000 м; 20 – окр. Балыкчи, 1700–2100 м; 21 – ущ. к С от пос. Торуайгыр, 2000–2800 м; 22 – пер. Кок-Айрык (= пер. Ишкебулак,. 3500–4100 м; 23 – пер. Аксу (= пер. Озерный), 3500–4250 м; 24 – окр. Чолпон-Ата, 1640–1900 м; 25 – окр. пос. Бостери, 1700–2400 м; 26 – местечко Пришиб близ пос. Бостери, 1640–1800 м; 27 – окр. пос. Темировка, 1800–2800 м; 28 – Григорьевское ущ., 1800–3200 м; 29 – окр. кишл. Ак-Булак, 1700–2500 м; 30 – ущ. Кюрментю, 1685–2150 м; 31 – окр. с. Тогузбулак, 2100–2800 м. Хр. Кетмень: 32 – окр. с. Кегень, 1800–2500 м; 33 – ущ. Комирши, 2200–3200 . Хр. Заилийский Алатау: 34 –ущ. Алмаарасан (Б. Алмаатинка), 1400–2500 м; 35 – окр. Алматы, гора Кок-Тобе, 900–1100 м; 36 – окр. Б. Алмаатинского оз., 2700–3600 м; 37 – ущ. Чимбулак, 1800–3200 м; 38 – окр. с. Корам, 1200–2300 м; 39 – ущ. Каскеле, 1400–2450 м. Хр. Терскей Ала-Тоо: 40 – окр. с. Орто-Токой, Орто-Токойское вдхр., 1700–3000 м; 41 – окр. с. Аколенг, 1640–2000 м; 42 – ущ. Кок-Сай, 2500–3700 м; 43 – ущ. Тюрасуу, 2800–3300 м; 44 – окр. с. Каджи-Сай, 1700–2500 м; 45 – ущ. Барскоон, 1900–2400 м; 46 – ущ. Дюнгереме близ ущ. Барскоон, 3200–3700 м; 47 – пер. Сары-Мойнок, 3100–3800 м; 48 – оз. Джашиль-Кёль близ с. Кумтор, 3800–4300 м; 49 – окр. с. Кичи-Джаргылчак, 1700–1900 м; 50 – ущ. Джеты-Огюз, 2000–3400 м; 51 – окр. Каракола, 1900–3500 м; 52 – окр. пос. Теплоключенка, 1950–3500 м; 53 – долина р. Нарынкол, 2200–3500 м. разделения гор на низкогорья, среднегорья и Материал и методы высокогорья. Устоявшаяся типология вертикальной составляющей ареала до настоящего времени не Северный Тянь-Шань – горная система, выработана; Городковым [1984] были выявлены характерной особенностью которой является проблемы, но без конкретных решений или чередование высоких хребтов и межгорных котловин, предложений. Здесь я буду использовать ту разделенных ущельями. Все хребты Северного Тянь- терминологию, которая кажется мне очевидной для Шаня имеют широтное, или близкое, простирание высоких гор Средней Азии. (рис. 2). От основного горного узла и главного центра оледенения Тянь-Шаня – массива Хан-Тенгри (пик Хан-Тенгри, 6995 м н.у.м.), расположенного на крайнем востоке Киргизии – расходятся на запад хребты Северного и Внутреннего Тянь-Шаня. К северо-западу от Хан-Тенгри ответвляются мощные хребты Кунгей Ала-Тоо (Кунгей Алатау, Кунге Алатау, Кунгё Ала-Тоо) и Терскей Ала-Тоо (Терскей Алатау, Терске Ала-Тоо), которые окаймляют с севера и юга высокогорную Иссык- Кульскую котловину (1609 м); эти хребты находятся Рис. 2. Орографическая схема Северного Тянь-Шаня. главным образом в Киргизии, но отдельные их части 1 – Киргизский хребет; 2 – хребет Заилийский Алатау; 3 – хребет располагаются также в Казахстане (Заилийский Алатау, Кетмень; 4 – хребет Кунгей Ала-Тоо; 5 – хребет Терскей Ала-Тоо; 6 – западная часть Киргизского хребта, северные части озеро Иссык-Куль. хребтов Кетмень и Кунгей Ала-Тоо) и Китае (южная Fig. 2. Orographic circuit of North Tian-Shan. 1 – Kirghiz Mts.; 2 – Transili Alatau Mts.; 3 – Ketmen Mts.; 4 – часть хребта Кетмень). Kungey Ala-Too Mts.; 5 – Terskey Ala-Too Mts.; 6 – Issyk-Kul lake. Настоящая работа основана исключительно на С.К. Корб 275 Таблица 1. Распределение булавоусых чешуекрылых по вертикальным поясам Северного Тянь-Шаня. Table 1. Vertical distribution of the butterflies of North Tian-Shan. Кирг. Кунг. Заил. Кетм. Терс. Вид 1234123412341234234 Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) -------------+----- Carcharodus alceae (Esper, [1780]) ++--++--++--++--+-- Syrichtus antonia (Speyer, 1879) -++--++--++ -----++- S. staudingeri (Speyer, 1879) ----+++-+++-------- S. tessellum (Hübner, [1803]) -++--++--++--++-++- S. nobilis (Staudinger, 1882) - - + - - - + ------------ Spialia geron (Watson, 1893) + + + - + + + ------------ S. orbifer (Hübner, [1823]) +++-+++-+++-+++-++- Pyrgus sidae (Esper, [1782]) - + + - - + + ------++---- P. malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) -++--++--++ -------- P. alpinus (Erschoff, 1874) --++--++--++--++-++ Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, [1808]) +++-+++-+++-+++-++- Hesperia comma (Linnaeus,
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