Chapter 4 Topic: Cell Structure Main Concepts
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There Is Not a Latin Root Word Clear Your Desk Protist Quiz Grade Quiz
There is not a Latin Root Word Clear your desk Protist Quiz Grade Quiz Malaria Fever Wars Classification Kingdom Protista contains THREE main groups of organisms: 1. Protozoa: “animal-like protists” 2. Algae: “plant-like protists” 3. Slime & Water Molds: “fungus-like protists” Basics of Protozoa Unicellular Eukaryotic unlike bacteria 65, 000 different species Heterotrophic Free-living (move in aquatic environments) or Parasitic Habitats include oceans, rivers, ponds, soil, and other organisms. Protozoa Reproduction ALL protozoa can use asexual reproduction through binary fission or multiple fission FEW protozoa reproduce sexually through conjugation. Adaptation Special Protozoa Adaptations Eyespot: detects changes in the quantity/ quality of light, and physical/chemical changes in their environment Cyst: hardened external covering that protects protozoa in extreme environments. Basics of Algae: “Plant-like” protists. MOST unicellular; SOME multicellular. Make food by photosynthesis (“autotrophic prostists”). Were classified as plants, BUT… – Lack tissue differentiation- NO roots, stems, leaves, etc. – Reproduce differently Most algal cells have pyrenoids (organelles that make and store starch) Can use asexual or sexual reproduction. Algae Structure: Thallus: body portion; usually haploid Body Structure: 1) unicellular: single-celled; aquatic (Ex.phytoplankton, Chlamydomonas) 2) colonial: groups of coordinated cells; “division of labor” (Ex. Volvox) 3) filamentous: rod-shaped thallus; some anchor to ocean bottom (Ex. Spyrogyra) 4) multicellular: large, complex, leaflike thallus (Ex. Macrocystis- giant kelp) Basics of Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds: Water Molds: Once classified as fungi Fungus-like; composed of Found in damp soil, branching filaments rotting logs, and other Commonly freshwater; decaying matter. some in soil; some Some white, most yellow parasites. -
Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena
Microorganisms – Protists: Euglena Euglena are unicellular organisms classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta. All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment. Euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts like a little motor. The flagellum is located on the anterior (front) end, and twirls in such a way as to pull the cell through the water. It is attached at an inward pocket called the reservoir. Color and label the reservoir grey. Color and label the flagellum black. The Euglena is unique in that it is both heterotrophic (must consume food) and autotrophic (can make its own food). Chloroplasts within the euglena trap sunlight that is used for photosynthesis and can be seen as several rod-like structures throughout the cell. Color and label the chloroplasts green. Euglena also have an eyespot at the anterior end that detects light, it can be seen near the reservoir. This helps the euglena find bright areas to gather sunlight to make their food. Color and label the eyespot red. Euglena can also gain nutrients by absorbing them across their cell membrane, hence they become heterotrophic when light is not available, and they cannot photosynthesize. The euglena has a stiff pellicle outside the cell membrane that helps it keep its shape, though the pellicle is somewhat flexible, and some euglena can be observed scrunching up and moving in an inchworm type fashion. -
Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World?
Southeastern University FireScholars Classical Conversations Spring 2020 Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World? Karina L. Burton Southeastern University - Lakeland, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus Part of the Cell Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Burton, Karina L., "Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World?" (2020). Classical Conversations. 9. https://firescholars.seu.edu/ccplus/9 This Term Paper is brought to you for free and open access by FireScholars. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Conversations by an authorized administrator of FireScholars. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Can Protozoa Prove the Beginning of the World? Karina L. Burton Classical Conversations: Challenge 4; Southeastern University ENGL 1233: English Composition II Grace Veach April 16, 2020 2 Abstract Protozoa are magnificent creatures. They exhibit all of the functions intrinsic to living organisms: irritability, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Within these functions, there are numerous examples of mutations that occur in order for organisms to adapt to their given environments. Irritability is demonstrated in protozoa by their use of pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia for motility; it has been shown that such locomotors exhibit diversity while maintaining similar protein and chemical structures that appear to be a result of evolutionary processes. Metabolism in protozoa is similar to that of larger animals, but their diet is unique. They primarily feast upon bacteria, which have begun mutating to evade easy ingestion and digestion by protozoa, therefore increasing their survival rate and making it necessary for protozoa to adapt. -
Infection Control
infection control JANICE CARR The above photo depicts an E.coli (ATCC 11775) biofilm grown on PC (polycarbonate) coupons using a CDC biofilm reactor. Microorganisms often colonize, and adhere strongly to living and non-living surfaces forming biofilms, and at times, demonstrate an increased resistance to antimicrobials. Biofilms on indwelling medical devices pose a serious threat to public health. BIOFILMS:BIOFILMS: Friend or Foe? By NICOLE KENNY, B.Sc, Assoc.Chem., Director of Professional & Technical Services, Virox Technologies Inc 38 Sanitation Canada - SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2006 JANICE CARR Scanning electron micrograph of a Staphylococcus biofilm on the inner surface of a needleless connector. A distinguishing characteristic of biofilms is the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, primarily polysaccharides, surrounding and encasing the cells. Here, there polysaccharides have been visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Picture yourself a con- “Why didn’t I listen to my mother and take Biofilms can be dangerous or benefi- testant on Jeopardy. Alex more science courses?” But in that split cial depending on where they are found Tribec has just asked you second you also remember a documen- and of which organisms they are com- to choose the category. tary you watched on CNN about whirl- prised. In industry, biofilms are responsi- You’re lagging behind the pool tubs and you know the answer. ble for billions of dollars in lost produc- leader by $400. All but “Alex, what are BIOFILMS?” tivity due to equipment damage, notori- one of the $500 questions ously famous for causing pipes to plug or Phave been taken, and the last category has THE ISSUE corrode. -
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES BY DR JAWAD NAZIR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes One circular chromosome, not in Paired chromosomes, in nuclear a membrane membrane No histones Histones No organelles Organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Binary fission Mitotic spindle Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm Basic shapes: Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic Genus: Stella Genus: Haloarcula Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial cell structure Structures external to cell wall Cell wall itself Structures internal to cell wall Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Association with diseases B. anthracis S. pneumoniae Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Outside cell wall Filament made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Arrangement Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial motility Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. -
Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. -
What Are the Differences Between These Microbial Ecosystems? Wwwwe Now Know That, Like Other Org Gm,Anisms, Bacteria Exhibit Social Behaviors
What are the differences between these microbial ecosystems? WWwwe now know that, like other org gm,anisms, bacteria exhibit social behaviors. Bacterial cell escaping for a rare moment of peace and quiet contemplation Sociomicrobiology I. Cell signaling A. Definition/description B. Intraspecific (within spp.): Myxococcus C. Interspecific (between spp.): Pseudomonas aureofaciens II. Biofilms A. Biofilm formation B. Planktonic cells vs. biofilm cells C. General characteristics, structures D. Biofilms as social entities Small diffusible molecules mediate bacterial communication O O N H AHL O O O N H O http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Often, single cells in a population might benefit from knowing how many cells are present… “A multitude of bacteria are stronger than a few, thus by union are able overcome obstacles too great for few.” -- Dr. Erwin F. Smith, 1905 (Father of Plant Bacteriology) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lungs Xylella fastidiosa in xylem Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Cell-cell signaling enables bacteria to coordinate behavior to respond quickly to environmental stimuli… such as: -presence of suitable host -change in nutrient availability -defense/competition against other microorganisms -many others! CmmiCommunica tion among btbacteri i:a: The example of Myxococcus xanthus, the Wolf Pack feeder of bacteria http://cmgm.stanford.edu/devbio/kaiserlab/about_myxo/about_myxococcus.html Cooperation among cells in a population: myxobacteria. The myxobacteria are Gram-negative, ubiquitous, soil-dwelling bacteria that are capable of multicellular, social behaviour. In the presence of nutrients, “swarms” of myxobacteria feed cooperatively by sharing extracellular digestive enzymes, and can prey on other bacteria. -
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function, TE
Name______________________________ Class __________________ Date ______________ Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Section 7–1 Life Is Cellular (pages 169–172) This section explains what the cell theory is. It also describes the characteristics of two categories of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction (page 169) 1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The cell The Cell Theory (pages 169–170) 2. What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek the first to see in the 1600s? He was the first person to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water. 3. What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? The cork seemed to be made of tiny chambers. 4. What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude? He concluded that all plants are made of cells. 5. What did the German scientist Theodor Schwann conclude? He concluded that animals were also made of cells. 6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work? He stated that where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell. 7. What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory? a. All living things are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. c. New cells are produced from existing cells. Basic Cell Structures (page 171) 8. Complete the table about structures that are common to most cells. COMMON CELL STRUCTURES Structure Description Cell membrane A thin, flexible barrier around the cell Cell wall A strong layer around the cell membrane in many cells © Pearson Education, Inc. -
Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba Proteus
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 29: 85–90 (2004) © 2004 by Japan Society for Cell Biology Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba proteus Eri Nishihara, Teruo Shimmen, and Seiji Sonobe Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan ABSTRACT. Contractile vacuoles (CVs) released from cells of Amoeba proteus were used to analyze its function in vitro. When CV was transferred to a hypertonic medium, its volume decreased within 10 sec. When it was sub- sequently returned to its original medium, it quickly started swelling. However, it ruptured before recovering its initial volume. These results suggested that the CV membrane is semi-permeable and that the fluid is collected by the osmotic gradient in vivo. The water permeability of membrane of isolated CV was calculated from the rate of osmotic volume change to be 0.94 m/sec · OsM. This high value suggested that CV membrane is equipped with water channel. CV contracted (or burst) quickly upon addition of 1 mM ATP. Contraction was induced by ATP, but not by other nucleotides, GTP, ITP, ADP, or the analogues of ATP, AMP-PNP and ATPS. It was suggested that the contraction of isolated CV was caused by increase in the tension of its membrane by ATP. Key words: contractile vacuole/Amoeba proteus/osmolality/water permeability/ATP Introduction release fluid to cell exterior at systole. The function of CVs has been extensively studied in In higher animals forming multicellular systems, cells and Paramecium (Allen, 2000), in which CV apparatus is body fluids are isotonic. -
Protists: Amoeba
Microorganisms – Protists: Amoeba The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name amoeba comes from the Greek word amoibe, which means change. (Amoeba is also spelled ameba.) Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that don't fit into the other kingdoms. Some protozoans are considered plant- like while others are considered animal-like. The amoeba is considered an animal-like protist because it moves and consumes its food. Protists are classified by how they move, some have cilia or flagella, but the ameba has an unusual way of creeping along by stretching its cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions called pseudopodia. The word "pseudopodia" means "false foot". Label the pseudopodia. When looking at ameba under a microscope, an observer will note that no amoeba looks the same as any other. The cell membrane is very flexible and allows for the amoeba to change shape. Amoebas live in ponds or puddles, and some can even live inside people. Color and label the cell membrane red. There are two types of cytoplasm in the amoeba. The darker cytoplasm toward the interior of the protozoan is called endoplasm. The clearer cytoplasm that is found near the cell membrane is called ectoplasm. On the diagram, the endoplasm is indicated by the dotted area, and the ectoplasm by the white area. Color and label the endoplasm pink. Color and label the ectoplasm light blue. By pushing the endoplasm toward the cell membrane, the amoeba causes its body to extend and creep along. It is also by this method that the amoeba consumes its food. -
Introduction to Microbiology
Introduction to microbiology Prof. dr hab. Beata M. Sobieszczańska Department of Microbiology University of Medicine • http://www.lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/mikrobiologia • schedules, rules, important information • Consulting hours – teachers are always available for students during consulting hours or classes – apart from consulting hours – you must chase ! • Sick leaves (original) must be shown to the teacher just after an absence but not longer than after two weeks otherwise a sick note will not be honored - a copy of the sick note must be delivered to the secretary office • Class tests – 10 open questions • Terms: 1st, 2nd – if failed commission test from the whole material at the end of semester • Students with the average 4.8 will be released from the final exam • Presence on lectures and classes are obligatory • The final grade from classes is the average of all grades during semester Your best friend in this year: Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller Answer questions: • Name important cell wall structures of GP and GN bacteria • What is a role of these structures in human diseases? • Name other than bacterial cell wall structures and explain their role in bacterial pathogenicity • Do you understand the term pathogenicity? • Name five different genera GP and GN bacteria and indicate the colour they have after Gram staining Answer questions: • Name clinically important bacteria producing endospores – why endospores are important? • What is the difference between capsule and glycocalyx layer on GP bacteria? • What is axial filament? What role it plays? What bacteria produce axial filaments? • Name two types of pili and their role in bacterial pathogenicity Most bacteria come in one of three basic shapes: coccus, rod or bacillus & spiral MURRAY 7th ed. -
Contractile Vacuole Complex— Its Expanding Protein Inventory
Contractile Vacuole Complex— Its Expanding Protein Inventory Helmut Plattner1 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 372 2. Basic Structural and Functional Elements of CVC 372 2.1 Basic structure of CVC 373 2.2 Proton pump as a basic constituent 375 2.3 Proteins required for membrane trafficking 376 3. Handling of Calcium by CVC 383 3.1 Calcium uptake by CVC 383 3.2 Ca2 þ release from the CVC by Ca2 þ-channels 385 4. Unique Structural Aspects and Molecular Components 390 4.1 What enables reversible organelle expansion and collapse? 390 4.2 CVC components known specifically from Dictyostelium 391 5. Cytoskeletal Elements, Motor Proteins, Endocytotic Input, and Clathrin 393 5.1 Cytoskeletal components and motor proteins 393 5.2 Endocytotic input and role of clathrin 395 6. The CV Pore and Epigenetic Aspects of Organelle Positioning 396 6.1 Components of the CV pore 396 6.2 Biogenesis and epigenetically determined positioning of CVC in Paramecium 398 7. Conclusions and Hypotheses 400 7.1 Summary of a molecular anatomy of CVC 400 7.2 Generalized scheme of CVC function 401 7.3 Steady-state biogenesis by vesicle trafficking and protein turnover 402 7.4 Hypothetic considerations about de novo CVC biogenesis 404 7.5 Complexity of protein pattern to be expected in future research 406 Acknowledgment 407 References 407 Abstract The contractile vacuole complex (CVC) of some protists serves for the osmotic equili- bration of water and ions, notably Ca2þ, by chemiosmotic exploitation of a Hþ gradient generated by the organelle-resident V-type Hþ-ATPase.