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TAD-Bukenya-Body Text FINAL Meeting Farmer Demand? An Assessment of Extension Reform in Uganda Christopher Bukenya Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. P. Richards Chair Technology and Agrarian Development Wageningen University Prof. dr. ir. C. Leeuwis Professor Section Communication science Wageningen University Co-supervisor Dr. ir. S. Vellema Assistant Professor Technology and Agrarian Development Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. C. Garforth (University of Reading, UK) Prof. dr. V. Hoffmann (University of Hohenheim, Germany) Prof. dr. ir. A. van Huis (Wageningen University) Prof. dr. ir. A.E.J. Wals (Wageningen University) This research was conducted under the auspices of the CERES Research School for Resource Studies for Development Christopher Bukenya Meeting Farmer Demand? An Assessment of Extension reform in Uganda Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University, by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Doctorate Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 6 January 2010 at 4 PM in the Aula. Christopher Bukenya Meeting Farmer Demand? An Assessment of Extension reform in Uganda 307 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2010) With references, with summaries in Dutch an English ISBN 978-90-8585-552-1 Table of contents List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Chapter 1 The changing face of extension in Uganda 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Situating the NAADS prototype in extension thinking......................................................................3 1.2.1 Global trends in extension thinking...........................................................................................3 1.2.2 Extension reforms with reference to Uganda in the 1980’s and 90’s .......................................9 1.3. Research problem..........................................................................................................................12 1.3.1 Problem statement ..................................................................................................................12 1.3.1 Research questions..................................................................................................................12 1.4 Research design and methods........................................................................................................14 1.4.1 Research design .......................................................................................................................14 1.4.2 Data sources and methods ......................................................................................................15 1.4.3 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................22 1.5 Structure of the thesis ....................................................................................................................24 Chapter 2 NAADS in context: national extension history, NAADS prototype and study area 2.1 Developments in Uganda’s agricultural extension service up to the end of the 1990s.................27 2.1.1 Prior to the 1990s ....................................................................................................................27 2.2.2 During the 1990s......................................................................................................................28 2.2: NAADS within the broader policy context .....................................................................................35 2.2.1 Uganda’s vision for agriculture: The Plan for Modernization of Agriculture...........................35 2.2.2 The rationale for the NAADS programme................................................................................37 2.3 The NAADS (extension) prototype..................................................................................................38 2.3.1 NAADS mission and principles .................................................................................................38 2.3.2 NAADS Structure and Functioning...........................................................................................42 2.3.3 Overview: main activities of the advisory and information services component ...................46 2.3.4 Overview of the technology development and market linkages component .........................49 2.3.5 Approach to funding and delivery of (agricultural) services....................................................50 2.4 Study area .......................................................................................................................................53 2.4.1 Choice of study area ................................................................................................................53 2.4.2 Description of study area.........................................................................................................54 2.4.3. Social-economic context.........................................................................................................57 2.5 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................74 i Chapter 3 Getting the Balance Wrong? An analysis of the balance between knowledge and technology services provided by NAADS 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................79 3.2 Data sources and methods of data collection and analysis............................................................80 3.3 The initial enthusiasm for forming and/or joining NAADS-affiliated farmer groups......................81 3.3.1 Widespread expectations for material support.......................................................................82 3.3.2 The initial quest to capture resources: some illustrations ......................................................83 3.3.3 Wider experiences and reflections ..........................................................................................85 3.4 Farmers’ responses to NAADS’ advisory and information services................................................87 3.4.1. The nature of training and demonstration events .................................................................87 3.4.2 Farmers’ reactions to the training activities............................................................................92 3.4.3 The dilemma of ‘training fatigue’ ............................................................................................95 3.4.4 Summarizing farmers’ responses to NAADS’ information services .......................................101 3.5 Farmers’ responses to activities under the technology development component: the “empenduzo” for co-funding? ......................................................................................................102 3.5.1 The characteristics of technology development sites (TDS)..................................................102 3.5.2 Renewed interest in attending training meetings and joining farmer groups ......................104 3.5.3 Increased motivation of farmer groups to meet their co-funding obligations......................105 3.5.4 The persistent shortage in the supply of TDSs: reversing the co-funding trend? .................106 3.5.5 A deteriorating image: the ‘abakugu’ as the ultimate beneficiaries .....................................107 3.5.6 Growing controversy among NAADS implementers and politicians .....................................108 3.5.7 Summary................................................................................................................................110 3.6 Farmers’ perspectives on NAADS: a quantitative exploration......................................................110 3.6.1 Perceived benefits .................................................................................................................110 3.6.2 Constraints experienced and changes suggested..................................................................113 3.7 Discussion......................................................................................................................................115 3.7.1 The importance of expectations and their management......................................................115 3.7.2 Giving cassava stems or cassava tubers? The need to widen the mandate of extension.....117 3.7.3 Questionable assumptions and slow learning.......................................................................118 3.7.4 Disciplining demand...............................................................................................................119 3.8 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................120 Chapter 4 Linking farmers to input and output markets 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................121 4.2 Farmers’ expectations: access to output and input markets .......................................................123 4.3 Linking farmers to output markets ...............................................................................................129
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