Thesis Final Christian Kakuba
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Université Paris Descartes Ecole doctorale 180 CEPED / Education et Savoirs au Sud EVOLUTION OF INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS TO SECONDARY SCHOOLING IN UGANDA Par Christian KAKUBA Thèse de doctorat de Socio-démographie Dirigée par Marc PILON Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 25/11/2014 Devant un jury composé de : M. BOURDON Jean, Docteur Emérite, CNRS (IREDU) Université de Bourgogne, Rapporteur Mme CUSSO Roser, Professeure, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Rapporteure Mme GOLAZ Valérie, Chargée de Recherche, Institut National d’Etudes Démographiques M. PILON Marc, Directeur de Recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement M. RUTAREMWA Gideon, Associate Professor, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 7 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................ 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 11 RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER ONE: THE ROLE OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY FACTORS IN INFLUENCING SCHOOLING OUTCOMES .............................................................................................................. 23 1.1 Child factors and primary schooling ..................................................................................... 24 1.1.1 Sex of child ................................................................................................................... 25 1.1.2 Age of Child .................................................................................................................. 26 1.1.3 Relationship to household head .................................................................................... 27 1.1.4 Orphanhood status......................................................................................................... 29 1.2 Household level factors and primary schooling .................................................................... 29 1.2.1 Household wealth or income ......................................................................................... 29 1.2.2 Parents’ education ......................................................................................................... 31 1.2.3 Family size .................................................................................................................... 33 1.2.4 Sex of household head .................................................................................................. 33 1.2.5 Household size and structure ........................................................................................ 34 1.2.6 Religion and ethnicity ................................................................................................... 35 1.2.7 Employment of parents ................................................................................................. 36 1.2.8 Marital status ................................................................................................................. 37 1.3 Community factors and primary schooling ........................................................................... 38 1.3.1 Place of residence.......................................................................................................... 38 1.3.2 Region of residence ....................................................................................................... 40 1.3.3 Distance to school ......................................................................................................... 41 1.4 The role of demand and supply factors in secondary schooling ........................................... 42 1.4.1 Individual factors and secondary schooling .................................................................. 42 1.4.1.1 Sex of child ............................................................................................................... 42 1.4.1.2 Age of child ............................................................................................................... 43 1.4.1.3 Relationship to household head ................................................................................ 43 1.4.2 Household factors and secondary schooling ................................................................. 44 1.4.2.1 Household wealth or income ..................................................................................... 44 1.4.2.2 Education of Parents ................................................................................................. 45 1.4.2.3 Household size and structure .................................................................................... 45 2 1.4.2.4 Religion of head ........................................................................................................ 46 1.4.2.5 Employment of parents ............................................................................................. 46 1.4.3 Community factors and secondary schooling ............................................................... 46 1.4.3.1 Place of residence...................................................................................................... 47 1.4.3.2 Distance to school ..................................................................................................... 47 1.5 Emerging issues from the review of Literature ..................................................................... 47 CHAPTER TWO :THE PROBLEMATIC, METHODOLOGY AND COUNTRY CONTEXT 53 2.1 Growth of schooling populations .......................................................................................... 56 2.2 Survival to the end of primary and transition to secondary .................................................. 58 2.3 Quality of Education ............................................................................................................. 60 2.4 Privatization of Education ..................................................................................................... 62 2.5 The Role of Government....................................................................................................... 64 2.6 Other structural challenges to accessing secondary schooling.............................................. 66 2.7 Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................... 67 2.8 Objectives and hypotheses of the Study ............................................................................... 71 2.9 Data and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 72 2.9.1 Uganda National Household Survey data ..................................................................... 72 2.9.2 Independent Variables as used in Modelling ................................................................ 74 2.9.3 Qualitative Data from the field ..................................................................................... 80 2.10 Data Analysis and Modelling ................................................................................................ 82 2.10.1 Other methodological considerations ............................................................................ 84 2.11 Demographic and Economic Context of Uganda .................................................................. 86 2.11.1 Demographic context .................................................................................................... 87 2.11.1.1 Population growth and dependency ...................................................................... 90 2.11.2 Economic Context ......................................................................................................... 92 2.11.2.1 Economy and Education Financing ...................................................................... 95 2.12 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................. 96 CHAPTER THREE: EDUCATION POLICY AND EVOLUTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR EDUCATION SINCE INDEPENDENCE ............................................................ 99 3.1 The 1963 Castle Commission ............................................................................................. 100 3.2 The 1977 Education Policy Review Commission ............................................................... 101 3.3 The 1989 Education Policy Review Commission ............................................................... 102 3.4 The 1992 Government White Paper .................................................................................... 105 3.5 The advent of Universal Primary and Secondary education ............................................... 107 3.6 Education Strategic Investment Plan-ESIP (1998-2003)