Green Open Space‟S Emission Absorption: a Case of Duri Kosambi, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Green Open Space‟s Emission Absorption: A Case Of Duri Kosambi, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia

Anita Sitawati Wartaman, Benny Benyamin Suharto, Marselinus Nirwan Luru, Anindita Ramadhani, Rezkia Dewi Andajani

Abstract: The study aimed to assess (i) the achievement of green open space planning in integrating the electric power functions of PLN, community, building, and nature, and (ii) the achievement of green open space planning in fulfilling ecological, social and cultural, ec onomic and aesthetic functions, especially to absorb CO2 emissions. The analytical method includes three steps. First, it reviewed the PLN Duri Kosambi landscape plan. Second, it analyzed the ability of each tree to absorb CO2 gas using the ability assessment in CO2 absorption. Finally, it compared the level of ability of trees planted in the PLN Duri Kosambi‟s green open space to absorb CO2 and the total amount of emissions produced by vehicles in West Jakarta. The design of activity types in Duri Kosambi includes (a) administrative and operational activities of PLN installation managers, (b) related corporate guest activities as well as supporting and operational administrative, (c) public activities or the surrounding communities are generally recreational. The total number of trees to be planted in the PLN area is 1.359, consisting of 784 big, 463 medium, and 112 small trees. It showed that (i) the design of land use fulfilling the concept of integrating the functions of electric power, people, buildings and nature are in line with the national targeted commitment to reduce carbon and stabilize the local climate change. Duri Kosambi‟s area contribution in reducing CO2 emission is 7% from the surrounding area or 40% of the government‟s target.

Index Terms: CO2, CSR, emission, gas absorption, GHG, green open space, landscape planning ——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION determined by the extent of green open space but also by its GREEN open space is considered to be the lungs of a city. quality. Therefore, the stock of good quality is extremely Since the city is concerned with CO2 absorption, the green needed, especially in this city. cover of land affects local climate change. However, in In a sense, proper green open space has favorably functioned, Jakarta, it was reported that only less than 10 percent of for instance, the local microclimate regulator, oxygen producer Green Open Space exists in the city concerned [1]. By 2030, and provider of animal habitat and absorber of air, water, and according to the Jakarta Spatial Plan known as Rencana Tata soil media pollutants. The priority in the development of green Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), around 30% of the total area will be space is the level of tree vegetation [5]. In an attempt to developed into Green Open Spaces. Due to such a change, contribute to their provision in the city; one of the state-owned the stock of these is highly needed, especially to reduce companies, namely Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) seeks to accumulated emission. In Indonesia, approximately 70% of create environmentally friendly and sustainable parts in Duri urban pollution has been caused by vehicle emission [2], [3]. Kosambi Substation Area, as it is crossed by major roads Jakarta is the most crowded city, thus, these emissions mainly which are considered to produce very high pollution. The green open space planning in Duri Kosambi is also part of come from gas transportation. Parikesit stated that CO2 emissions from transportation waste in this city increased from PLN's implementation of corporate social responsibility. year to year [4]. By the year 2030, it is predicted to reach 8.3 Besides that, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) alerted Global Response to million tons, equivalent to 1.5 times compared to 2015. In fact, Climate Change in 1992. In this convention, Indonesia started the issue of emission reduction in the city should be seriously to commit targets to reduce GCG emissions by 29% of its taken into account. Emissions reduction is not solely owned ventures and by 41% with international assistance by 2030 [6]. ———————————————— These missions are in line with the national targeted commitment to reduce carbon and stabilize local climate  Anita Sitawati Wartaman, Urban and Regional Planning Department, change, in which adaptation and mitigation constitute an Faculty of Landscape Architecture and integrated and cross-cutting priority of the National Medium-  Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, PH- Term Development Plan [7]. With the baseline and assumption +628161442292. E-mail: [email protected] used for projection and policy scenario 2020-2030, the  Benny Benyamin Suharto, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and projected BAU and emission reduction for the forestry sector  Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: was 17,2% [8]. Implementation of stabilizing GHG [email protected] concentrations embraces a participatory approach system,  Marselinus Nirwan Luru, Urban and Regional Planning Department, where the active involvement of the central, local government, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and and stakeholders is highly expected in reducing greenhouse  Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected] gas emissions [7]. For these reasons, this research seeks to  Anindta Ramadhani, Urban and Regional Planning Department, assess the extent of the progress on the development of green Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, open spaces in Duri Kosambi (6° 7' 8.81" SL, +106° 43' 10.09" Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected] EL). The assessment comprises of (1) the achievement of  Rezkia Dewi Andajani, Department of Earth Resources green open space planning in integrating the functions of PLN, Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] community, building, and nature, and (ii) the achievement of green open space planning in fulfilling ecological, social and 3564 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

cultural, economic and aesthetic functions, especially to adequate stomata, resistance to certain gases and rapid absorb CO2 emissions. growth rate. Assessing the capabilities of each tree in CO2 uptake is as follows [26]: 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1) Large trees higher than 15 meters with green leaf area 2 Designers are easily aware of aesthetic qualities but rarely around 150m , could absorb CO2 up to 2.3 kg/ hour and take note of other physical and environmental benefits. Also, produce O2 up to 1.7 kg/hour trees can be used to provide a more beautiful, comfortable, 2) Medium trees up to 7.5 meters with green leaf area around 2 productive and livable city. In design terms, trees have always 75m , could absorb CO2 up to 1.15 kg/hour and produce O2 been seen as one of the urban planner‟s most useful tools [9]. of 0.85 kg /hour This research therefore integrates landscape planning and gas 3) Small trees up to 3.75 meters with green leaf area around 2 absorption by urban trees in Duri Kosambi. So far, studies on 37,5m , could absorb CO2 up to 0,0575 kg/hour and produce green open space planning have been conducted by several O2 0,425 kg/hour planners, i.e. Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An example of Nanchang, China [10] and Urban 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Park Planning as One of the Attributes Green City in District In addition to climate change mitigation, the Paris Agreement Gedebage, Bandung [11]. The planning method used in adopted in 2015 sets out to reduce global warming to well previous studies is different from the technique used in this below 2 degrees Celsius (° C) [27]. According to Emission Gap research. Previous green open space planning does not take Report 2017, the Paris Agreement covers only approximately emission reduction targets as one of the criteria in planning. In one-third of the emissions reductions needed to be on the contrast, the emission reduction target criterion is used as one least-cost pathway for the achievement of its goal. The gap of the standards for green open space planning in Duri between the reductions needed and the national pledges Kosambi. This is a unique study which shows the active made in Paris is alarmingly high [28]. Furthermore, the number involvement of the private sector in reducing emissions. of global emissions in 2016 increased by double compared to Planning needs to meet the aesthetic considerations in 1970 and has been increasing drastically since 2000 [29]. A accordance with the perception of PLN and emphasize the similar sentiment was expressed by Asher [30] that CO2 effort to reduce emission. This study applies analytical emissions globally have increased for the first time in three methods including three kinds of analyses. First, it reviewed years (2014-2016). As aforementioned, Jakarta is lacking in the PLN Duri Kosambi landscape plan. Second, it analyzed free green open space which covers only 10% of the total the ability of each tree to absorb CO2 gas using its ability area. The availability of green open space is one of the assessment. Finally, it compared the level of ability of trees strategic issues in the preparation of the city's spatial plan in planted in the PLN Duri Kosambi‟s green open space to 2030 [31]. Its development for the ecological balance of the absorb CO2 and the total amount of emissions produced by city is one of Jakarta's spatial planning strategies. The vehicles in West Jakarta. The purpose of this is to measure involvement of private parties to address the shortage of green the extent to which green open space is able to absorb CO2 open spaces is highly expected. Obligation to maintain the based on the area and the types of vegetation covering it. The environment by the organization is regulated through the presence of trees in green open spaces in the city is part of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 26000. the urban landscape ecology which is important in maintaining This provides guidance on how businesses and organizations the balance of the ecosystem [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Urban operates in a socially responsible way. To reduce their trees are significant elements to reduce air pollution [17], [18]. environmental impacts, organizations should adopt an [19]. Trees with complex, ridged or hairy leaves tend to integrated approach that takes into consideration the direct capture more particles than those with broader, smoother and indirect economic, social, health and environmental leaves [20]. In general, all living plants absorb CO2 in order to implications of their decisions and activities [32]. In relation to conduct photosynthesis, but trees process significantly more this, the active involvement of the organization in reducing than smaller plants due to their large size and extensive root greenhouse gas emissions as one of the CSR is highly structures [21]. They further stated that trees, as kings of the expected. In other countries, such as Australia, Canada, plant world, have much more “woody biomass” to store CO2 France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and than smaller plants. Therefore, they are considered as nature‟s the United States, the environment is one dimension of most efficient “carbon sinks.” This characteristic makes corporate social responsibility (CSR). For example, Canada planting trees a form of climate change mitigation. According requires environmental protection as one form of CSR. to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), tree species that Emission reduction targets as one aspect of environmental grow quickly and live long are ideal as carbon sinks [21], [22]. preservation have not been widely used as an approach in Trees are important tools in the fight to stave off global implementing CSR in this country. CSR in the context of warming [23]. They absorb and store the key greenhouse reducing emissions in big cities is still rarely implemented by gases emitted by cars and power plants, and carbon dioxide state-owned enterprises. As stated earlier, the PLN takes the (CO2) before it has a chance to reach the upper atmosphere lead development of green open space in Duri Kosambi as its where it can help trap heat around the Earth‟s surface. CSR project. Duri Kosambi was in the primary area dominated Notably, photosynthesis is the process by which plants use by housing activities, offices, public facilities, and sports energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into facilities. In the Cengkareng West Jakarta District Zoning Plan, sugar and oxygen. Chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves, Duri Kosambi was directed as an office and commerce zone absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to convert six molecules [31]. It is located close to the outer ring road and is about 8 of carbon dioxide and water into one molecule of sugar and six minutes to the bus station. The area is very strategic for molecules of oxygen [24], [25]. There are certain types of trees business investment and looking at its position in the city, it that can absorb carbon dioxide, among other plants with should be more profitable to be developed as an office or 3565 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

commerce building compared to the other land uses. However, purpose open space, (3) employee and public gateway, (4) PLN is more concerned with environmental preservation than community gate, (5) corporate guest parking, (6) engineering financial gain, thus the area was planned to be developed as a campus, (6) green-buffer green space, and (7) detention and green open space. retention pond. The private zone is closed to the general public and only open to the party manager and official guests 3.1 The Duri Kosambi's Landscape Plan of PLN. Access to this area can only be granted based on The total area of Duri Kosambi is 230,000 sqm and currently, recommendations from the company. It covers (1) electrical the land use consists of: (a) building of campus and supporting substation 1, (2) electrical substation 2, (3) management facilities, (b) electrical substation, and (c) green open space. office, (4) research and development facility, and (5) service Planning is focused on the utilization of these spaces for about and emergency-gate. Furthermore, in regard to the spatial and 65% of the total area. The concept of their development is to circulation diagram above, the land use plan of the Duri integrate people, buildings, and nature, as well as fulfill Kosambi Area can be seen in Fig.2. ecological, social, cultural, economic and aesthetic functions. Consequently, specific functional consideration designed at Duri Kosambi are: (a) improving the effectiveness of operational systems of plant operations; (b) maintaining budget efficiency in the management of the installation; (c) securing the installation from threats of puddles/floods, fire hazards and destruction through vandalism; (d) providing alternative green spaces for all activities; (d) contributing to the increase of RTH DKI percentage as the absorber of CO2 gas [33]. Thus, the design of activity types in Duri Kosambi includes (a) administrative and operational/technical activities of PLN installation managers, (b) related corporate guest activities and supporting administrative and operational, (c) public activities or the surrounding communities are generally recreational and sports-related. Furthermore, as stated by Rubenstein [34], 'Site Planning is the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. Land use arrangements Fig. 2. Land Use Plan of Duri Kosambi Area show general functional placements of activity type plans, Source: Urban and Regional Planning Department of Trisakti relations, and density. Therefore, the spatial and circulation University, 2017 design of the Duri Kosambi area is as follows (see Fig.1.). Fig.2. showed that generally, the use of green open space is planned as (1) sports facilities such as a basketball court and jogging track, (2) water recreation, (3) urban park and (4) urban forest. In other respects, the selection of trees is based on consideration, namely: non-toxic, not prickly, limbs not easily broken, and roots do not disturb the foundation. One has a fairly dark and compact header. In addition, plants' height varies from the green color to other balanced color variations, while others have a beautiful statue and canopy shape. From the perspective of growing time, the selection of trees for urban parks is cultivated by plants that have moderate growing pace, in the form of local plant habitats and cultivated plants; annual or seasonal crops; and resistance to plant pests. Above all, the type of urban garden vegetation Fig. 1. Spatial and Circulation Bubble Diagram needs to be able to absorb CO2 and wherever possible, a Source: Urban and Regional Planning Department of Trisakti plant that invites birds. University, 2017 In addition, the selection of plant species also considered the architectural functionality in the formation of the outer space as The spatial diagram above showed that the development of follows: the area consisted of three zones, namely public, semi-private a) In the entrance area (welcome area), selected plants with and private. These three have different functions and services. strong character have the power of attraction and beauty. In detail, the public zone of Duri Kosambi PLN area Plants that fit this criterion are the Cyrtostachis Lakka and encompassed (1) the plaza-orientation, (2) interactive public Tabebuea chrysantha. To strengthen both types, the spaces (interactive park), (3) urban recreation forest, (4) urban background selected plants are Rainbow Eucalyptus, eco-forest, (5) water recreation park, (6) public toilets, (7) while the transition area from the entrance gate to the sports facilities, and (8) recreation. This zone is open to the garden is planted with Manilkara kauki. public, meanwhile, the semi-private areas are only used for the b) In public areas with ponds as water features, the selected activities of companies, communities, or parties concerned plants are those that serve as shade, aesthetics and with the company. The block belonging to the semi-private beautify the surrounding environment. These include zone is an (1) employee's car park, (2) corporate multi- Manilkara kauki and Maniltoa gemmipara. On the edge of 3566 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

the pond, the selected plants have the character droop As shown in Table 1, Manilkara kauki trees were selected as (Weeping), namely Salix babylonica. the highest number to be planted in Duri Kosambi and c) In the open space that is directed as a greening area, Manilkara kauki is one of the best CO2 absorbing trees. Other plants that grow fast are planted, including Albizia falcata than that, it is a kind of wood-producing tree of high economic and Rainbow Eucalyptus, while the Samanea saman plant value and is also one of the luxurious wood species widely provides for the accent area. This includes a large tree used by wooden craftsmen [35]. This plant has also been with a crown diameter of about 20 meters. Some other declared as rare (endangered species) and requires fast-growing plants known as greening plants are conservation efforts to prevent extinction. Furthermore, Cassuarina sp., Bauhinia purpurea, Cassia siamea, Samanea saman is also selected as a type of tree with the Cassia fistula, and Cerbera odollam. highest absorption rate of CO2 compared to other plant d) To beautify the edge of the pond in the public area, water species [36]. Meanwhile, Eucalyptus was chosen as one type plants are selected and they include: Typa domingensis, of plant grown in Duri Kosambi for aesthetic purposes. Ipomoea sp., Crotalaria sp., Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea sp, and Echinodorus polifolius. 3.2 The Ability of Duri Kosambi’s Green Open Space to Absorb Carbon Dioxide The plan of the trees planted in PLN Duri Kosambi can be Tree size determines the ability to absorb CO2. Thus, large seen in Table 1. trees were able to absorb more than 2.0 kg, while the smallest could only absorb about 0.0575 kg/hour. The table below TABLE 1 exhibits the total gas absorbed by each tree with different TREES PLANTED IN PLN DURI KOSAMBI AREA sizes

TABLE 2 THE ABILITY OF DURI KOSAMBI PLN GREEN AREA ABSORBS CO2

Source: Authors, 2017

As seen in Table 2, the total gas absorbed from the Duri Source: Urban and Regional Planning Department of Trisakti Kosambi area is 23.421 Kg/Day, assuming that the optimal University, 2017 time of CO2 absorption per day is 10 hours (from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm). Furthermore, to determine the fruitfulness of green Table 1 explained that the total number of trees to be planted open spaces in absorbing the gas, the emissions released by in the PLN area are 1,359 trees, consisting of 784 big trees, motor vehicles around the Duri Kosambi area will be 463 medium trees, and 112 small fruit trees. One of the trees compared. In this case, the volume of CO2 gas absorption planted in Duri Kosambi can be seen in Fig. 3. from the Duri Kosambi area is compared to the emission of motor vehicles on Daan Mogot road which is the primer road near the area concerned. According to DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Agency, the total number of vehicles passing Daan Mogot road are as follows (Table 3)

TABLE 3 NUMBER OF VEHICLES PASSING DAAN MOGOT ROAD

Fig. 3. Rainbow ecalypt as One of The Trees Planted in Duri Kosambi Resource: Urban and Regional Planning Department of Trisakti University, 2017

Rachmat., “Calculation Method of Green Open Space Source: DKI Jakarta Provincial Transportation Agency, 2017 Based on Carbon Emission from Transportation Sector in Jakarta”. Journal for Technology and Science, Vol. 28, pp. As shown in Table 3, the total vehicles crossing Daan Mogot 37-41, ELSSN: 2088-2033, 2017. road from 6.00 am to 10.00 pm are 140,666. Those passing [3] Andriono, Ferry., Hanafi, Imam., Yanuwiadi, Bagyo., through that road at the optimum time of CO2 absorption Soemarno, “Green Open Space Scenarios in Reducing (assume from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm) amount to 95.825 vehicles. CO2 Emissions in Malang City, Indonesia: A Dynamic If one vehicle unit produces CO2 emissions of 3,6 kg/unit [37], System Approach”, IOSR Journal of Engineering then the total amount from vehicles passing through Daan (IOSRJEN), Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp 01-13, 2013 Mogot road is 344.970 kg/day. If both are compared, the green [4] Parikesit, D., “Jakarta Emissions Concerned”. National area, PLN Duri Kosambi, would absorb about 7% of total CO2 Daily, 16 May, p. 1, 2016. emissions coming from motor vehicles per day. This means [5] Indriyani, Lies., Sabaruddin, La Ode., Rianse, Usman., & the green open space reduces emissions from the Sudia, La Baco., “Analysis of Availability and Needs of surrounding area by 7%. Compared to the government's Green Open Space in Kendari Southeast Sulawesi target, Duri Kosambi's contribution to reducing emissions is Indonesia”, International Conference on Climate Change. about 40%. pp. 131-139, 2016, DOI: 10.15608/iccc.y2016.559. [6] Wartaman, A. S., Situmorang, R. & Suharto, B. B., 4 CONCLUSION “Enhancing the Open Space of Jabodetabek Area, The development of green areas of PLN Duri Kosambi as part Indonesia”, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental of its CSR program is established well enough to be Science 106 (2017) 012029, pp. 1-6, 2017, considered as quality use of green open space. The design of doi:10.1088/1755-1315/106/1/012029. land use fulfills the concept of integrating the functions of [7] Republic of Indonesia, President Regulation No. 61 of electric power, people, buildings, and nature. This is indicated 2011 on National Action Plan for Green House Gas by the existence of 3 zones, namely public, semi-private and Emission Reduction, 2011. private. The public zone encompassed interactive park, urban [8] Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia First Nationally recreation forest, urban eco-forest, water recreational park, Determined Contribution Republic of Indonesia, 2016. and sports facilities. Meanwhile, the semi-private and private [9] Goodwin, Duncan, The Urban Tree, Routledge Publisher, areas are only used for the activities of companies, New York, pp. 3, 2017. communities, or parties concerned with the company. The [10] Li, H., Chen, W. & He, W., “Planning of Green Space block belonging to the semi-private zone is a corporate multi- Ecological Network in Urban Areas”, International Journal purpose open space, corporate guest parking, engineering of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 12, pp. campus, electrical substation, management office, and 12889-12904, 2015, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012889. research and development facility. Futhermore, the land use [11] Sagala, A. R., Prasetyo, Adityas., Syakur, Dwi Abdul., design is in line with the ecological, social, cultural, economic Amania, Nur Rahmah., 2017. “Urban Park Planning as and aesthetic concepts. This is characterized by the selection One Attribute of Green City in Gedebage Sub-districts, of plant species which should meet the emission reduction Bandung” (“Perencanaan Taman Kota sebagai Salah Satu target and fulfill the aesthetic function of the architectural Atribut Kota Hijau di Kecamatan Gedebage, Bandung”). outlook, such as Samanea saman (7 trees), Manilkara kauki Jurnal Arsitektur, Bangunan, & Lingkungan, 6(3), pp. 85- (392 trees), Cyrtostachis Lakka (60 trees), Tabebuea aurea 90, 2017, https:// www. (52 trees), Albizia falcata (329 trees), Salix babylonica (134 Researchgate.net/publication/318336700. trees) and Rainbow Eucalyptus (385 trees). Duri Kosambi's [12] Fuady, Mirza., Santosa, Happy Ratna., Soemardiono, contribution to reducing emissions is 7% from the surrounding Bambang, “System Dynamic Modelling of Urban Forest as area or 40% of the government's target. 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