Green Open Space‟S Emission Absorption: a Case of Duri Kosambi, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Green Open Space‟s Emission Absorption: A Case Of Duri Kosambi, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia Anita Sitawati Wartaman, Benny Benyamin Suharto, Marselinus Nirwan Luru, Anindita Ramadhani, Rezkia Dewi Andajani Abstract: The study aimed to assess (i) the achievement of green open space planning in integrating the electric power functions of PLN, community, building, and nature, and (ii) the achievement of green open space planning in fulfilling ecological, social and cultural, ec onomic and aesthetic functions, especially to absorb CO2 emissions. The analytical method includes three steps. First, it reviewed the PLN Duri Kosambi landscape plan. Second, it analyzed the ability of each tree to absorb CO2 gas using the ability assessment in CO2 absorption. Finally, it compared the level of ability of trees planted in the PLN Duri Kosambi‟s green open space to absorb CO2 and the total amount of emissions produced by vehicles in West Jakarta. The design of activity types in Duri Kosambi includes (a) administrative and operational activities of PLN installation managers, (b) related corporate guest activities as well as supporting and operational administrative, (c) public activities or the surrounding communities are generally recreational. The total number of trees to be planted in the PLN area is 1.359, consisting of 784 big, 463 medium, and 112 small trees. It showed that (i) the design of land use fulfilling the concept of integrating the functions of electric power, people, buildings and nature are in line with the national targeted commitment to reduce carbon and stabilize the local climate change. Duri Kosambi‟s area contribution in reducing CO2 emission is 7% from the surrounding area or 40% of the government‟s target. Index Terms: CO2, CSR, emission, gas absorption, GHG, green open space, landscape planning —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION determined by the extent of green open space but also by its GREEN open space is considered to be the lungs of a city. quality. Therefore, the stock of good quality is extremely Since the city is concerned with CO2 absorption, the green needed, especially in this city. cover of land affects local climate change. However, in In a sense, proper green open space has favorably functioned, Jakarta, it was reported that only less than 10 percent of for instance, the local microclimate regulator, oxygen producer Green Open Space exists in the city concerned [1]. By 2030, and provider of animal habitat and absorber of air, water, and according to the Jakarta Spatial Plan known as Rencana Tata soil media pollutants. The priority in the development of green Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), around 30% of the total area will be space is the level of tree vegetation [5]. In an attempt to developed into Green Open Spaces. Due to such a change, contribute to their provision in the city; one of the state-owned the stock of these is highly needed, especially to reduce companies, namely Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) seeks to accumulated emission. In Indonesia, approximately 70% of create environmentally friendly and sustainable parts in Duri urban pollution has been caused by vehicle emission [2], [3]. Kosambi Substation Area, as it is crossed by major roads Jakarta is the most crowded city, thus, these emissions mainly which are considered to produce very high pollution. The green open space planning in Duri Kosambi is also part of come from gas transportation. Parikesit stated that CO2 emissions from transportation waste in this city increased from PLN's implementation of corporate social responsibility. year to year [4]. By the year 2030, it is predicted to reach 8.3 Besides that, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) alerted Global Response to million tons, equivalent to 1.5 times compared to 2015. In fact, Climate Change in 1992. In this convention, Indonesia started the issue of emission reduction in the city should be seriously to commit targets to reduce GCG emissions by 29% of its taken into account. Emissions reduction is not solely owned ventures and by 41% with international assistance by 2030 [6]. ———————————————— These missions are in line with the national targeted commitment to reduce carbon and stabilize local climate Anita Sitawati Wartaman, Urban and Regional Planning Department, change, in which adaptation and mitigation constitute an Faculty of Landscape Architecture and integrated and cross-cutting priority of the National Medium- Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, PH- Term Development Plan [7]. With the baseline and assumption +628161442292. E-mail: [email protected] used for projection and policy scenario 2020-2030, the Benny Benyamin Suharto, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and projected BAU and emission reduction for the forestry sector Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: was 17,2% [8]. Implementation of stabilizing GHG [email protected] concentrations embraces a participatory approach system, Marselinus Nirwan Luru, Urban and Regional Planning Department, where the active involvement of the central, local government, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and and stakeholders is highly expected in reducing greenhouse Environmental Technology, Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected] gas emissions [7]. For these reasons, this research seeks to Anindta Ramadhani, Urban and Regional Planning Department, assess the extent of the progress on the development of green Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology, open spaces in Duri Kosambi (6° 7' 8.81" SL, +106° 43' 10.09" Trisakti University, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected] EL). The assessment comprises of (1) the achievement of Rezkia Dewi Andajani, Department of Earth Resources green open space planning in integrating the functions of PLN, Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] community, building, and nature, and (ii) the achievement of green open space planning in fulfilling ecological, social and 3564 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 cultural, economic and aesthetic functions, especially to adequate stomata, resistance to certain gases and rapid absorb CO2 emissions. growth rate. Assessing the capabilities of each tree in CO2 uptake is as follows [26]: 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1) Large trees higher than 15 meters with green leaf area 2 Designers are easily aware of aesthetic qualities but rarely around 150m , could absorb CO2 up to 2.3 kg/ hour and take note of other physical and environmental benefits. Also, produce O2 up to 1.7 kg/hour trees can be used to provide a more beautiful, comfortable, 2) Medium trees up to 7.5 meters with green leaf area around 2 productive and livable city. In design terms, trees have always 75m , could absorb CO2 up to 1.15 kg/hour and produce O2 been seen as one of the urban planner‟s most useful tools [9]. of 0.85 kg /hour This research therefore integrates landscape planning and gas 3) Small trees up to 3.75 meters with green leaf area around 2 absorption by urban trees in Duri Kosambi. So far, studies on 37,5m , could absorb CO2 up to 0,0575 kg/hour and produce green open space planning have been conducted by several O2 0,425 kg/hour planners, i.e. Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An example of Nanchang, China [10] and Urban 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Park Planning as One of the Attributes Green City in District In addition to climate change mitigation, the Paris Agreement Gedebage, Bandung [11]. The planning method used in adopted in 2015 sets out to reduce global warming to well previous studies is different from the technique used in this below 2 degrees Celsius (° C) [27]. According to Emission Gap research. Previous green open space planning does not take Report 2017, the Paris Agreement covers only approximately emission reduction targets as one of the criteria in planning. In one-third of the emissions reductions needed to be on the contrast, the emission reduction target criterion is used as one least-cost pathway for the achievement of its goal. The gap of the standards for green open space planning in Duri between the reductions needed and the national pledges Kosambi. This is a unique study which shows the active made in Paris is alarmingly high [28]. Furthermore, the number involvement of the private sector in reducing emissions. of global emissions in 2016 increased by double compared to Planning needs to meet the aesthetic considerations in 1970 and has been increasing drastically since 2000 [29]. A accordance with the perception of PLN and emphasize the similar sentiment was expressed by Asher [30] that CO2 effort to reduce emission. This study applies analytical emissions globally have increased for the first time in three methods including three kinds of analyses. First, it reviewed years (2014-2016). As aforementioned, Jakarta is lacking in the PLN Duri Kosambi landscape plan. Second, it analyzed free green open space which covers only 10% of the total the ability of each tree to absorb CO2 gas using its ability area. The availability of green open space is one of the assessment. Finally, it compared the level of ability of trees strategic issues in the preparation of the city's spatial plan in planted in the PLN Duri Kosambi‟s green open space to 2030 [31]. Its development for the ecological balance of the absorb CO2 and the total amount of emissions produced by city is one of Jakarta's spatial planning strategies. The vehicles in West Jakarta. The purpose of this is to measure involvement of private parties to address the shortage of green the extent to which green open space is able to absorb CO2 open spaces is highly expected.