Corso Di Laurea Magistrale (Ordinamento Ex D.M

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Corso Di Laurea Magistrale (Ordinamento Ex D.M Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Jagannātha: evoluzione di significato di un'icona tribale d'Odisha Relatore Ch. Prof. Stefano Beggiora Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Rigopoulos Laureando Chiara Tomaini Matricola 831873 Anno Accademico 2015/2016 INDICE Jagannātha: evoluzione di significato di un'icona tribale d'Odisha INTRODUZIONE ….................................................................................................. 6 CAPITOLO 1. PERIODO DI FORMAZIONE Mythomoteur: il tempio di Jagannātha e la figura del re Indradyumna …................ 9 Valutazioni critiche …................................................................................................. 16 Avvento del Viṣṇuismo in Odisha …........................................................................... 21 Analisi dei primi templi di Jagannātha nel periodo di formazione …........................ 30 Inclusivismo: le divinità tribali d'Odisha e la tradizione classica hindu. I casi śakta e śaiva …................................................................................................. 37 Tipologia vaiṣṇava e origine di Jagannātha …......................................................... 48 Componente śaiva nella fase formativa del culto di Jagannātha …......................... 56 CAPITOLO 2. STORIA DELL'ICONOGRAFIA Iconografia vaiṣṇava nella produzione artistica d'Odisha ….................................... 60 Sul concetto di Trinità …............................................................................................ 75 CAPITOLO 3. RICERCA SUL CAMPO Premessa …................................................................................................................ 84 Arte vera, arte fittizia …............................................................................................. 89 Collezionare l'altro …................................................................................................ 94 Raghurajpur: il villaggio degli artisti ….................................................................... 96 Mārga e deśī: natura e prestigio dell'arte …............................................................. 101 Nārāyaṇa, Bhuvaneśvari, Ananta e lo Snāna Yātrā ….............................................. 107 2 Il mercato dell'arte …................................................................................................. 115 OSSERVAZIONI CONCLUSIVE …....................................................................... 120 Galleria fotografica .................................................................................................. 123 Indice analitico dei termini …................................................................................... 135 Bibliografia …........................................................................................................... 140 3 1 Para-brahmāpīdah kuvalaya-dalotphulla-nayano/ nivāsī nīlādrau nihita-caraṇo 'nanta-śirasi/ rasānando rādhā-sarasa-vapur-ālińgana-sukho/ jagannāthah svāmī nayana-patha-gāmī bhavatu me// Lord Jagannath, whose His eyes resemble full-blown lotus petals, is the ornament on Lord Brahma's head. He resides on Nilacala Hill with His lotus feet placed on the heads of Anantadeva. Overwhelmed by the mellows of love, He joyfully embraces Srimati Radharani's body, which is like a cool pond. May that Jagannath Swami be the object of my vision. (Adi Sankaracarya, Kadācit Kālindī Tata Vipina, in Shree Shree Jagannāthāṣṭakam). 4 5 INTRODUZIONE Il mio primo contatto con l'Odisha avvenne secondo modalità del tutto casuali, per soddisfare, diremo, quel senso di ingordigia conoscitiva che assale chiunque disponga dell'opportunità di essere in India. Arrivavo da un'afosa Kolkata, avevo viaggiato per circa nove ore a bordo di un vecchio Satabdi Express. A Mumbai, dove avevo trascorso i due mesi precedenti, qualcuno era finalmente riuscito a procurarmi un biglietto 1AC, First Class Air Conditioned: 439 chilometri per attraversare Karaghpur, Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack e giungere a Bhubaneswar. Un tratto di strada bellissimo, dove l'alternanza repentina tra realtà cittadine e stucchevoli paesaggi verdi, scintillava alla luce di un torrido sole del novembre 2014. Il mio quarto viaggio in India nasceva con l'intento di svolgere una ricerca sul campo a proposito dell'arte contemporanea indiana; prima di partire, perciò, avevo tracciato una mappa fitta di gallerie, musei, centri culturali che mi avrebbe condotta da Nuova Delhi a Mumbai, quindi a Kolkata e, infine, a Bangalore. Avevo raccolto moltissimo materiale, registrato testimonianze di artisti, curatori e conservatori; presenziato a conferenze e manifestazioni artistiche con lo scopo di raccontare l'effervescenza culturale di cui l'India, ormai cosmopolita, fa vanto tra Biennali e Triennali globalmente riconosciute. Ricordo che il 20 novembre 2014 avevo appuntamento alla National Gallery of Modern Art di Bangalore, dove Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, architetto tra i più noti nel Subcontinente, avrebbe dovuto illustrarmi il cambiamento della concezione dello spazio museale quando riferito a collezioni di arte contemporanea. All'epoca della programmazione del viaggio, a Mumbai, però, ricordo che non trovai un volo utile, né un treno disponibile, e decisi, pertanto, con l'intento di avvicinarmi a Bangalore, di concedermi una variazione sul percorso, l'Odisha, e più specificatamente, Puri. Lì, per la prima volta, vidi l'icona di Jagannātha: era ritratta ovunque, sulle facciate delle case, sulle vetrine dei negozi, sulle magliette per turisti, ma soprattutto nei tempietti improvvisati ai bordi delle strade. A Jagannātha era titolato il santuario più importante della città, mastodontico nella sua architettura tradizionale e sempre affollatissimo. Il viso nero tondo, gli occhi grandi bianchi e rossi, la bocca sorridente, il loto, la conchiglia e la ruota: un'iconografia così diversa rispetto all'archivio mentale di immagini divine indiane che avevo collezionato negli anni. Una maschera tout court. Sospinta dal desiderio di conoscerne il significato, ho cominciato la mia ricerca; ho temporaneamente abbandonato gallerie, fiere d'arte internazionali e quando sono arrivata a Bangalore era ormai dicembre inoltrato. Quello che si leggerà nelle pagine seguenti, dunque, è il risultato di uno studio bipartito, così strutturato: la prima parte dell'elaborato è dedicata alla cornice storico-mitologica entro la quale Jagannātha si innesta. Per supportare con fonti storiche quando si dirà, abbiamo attinto a studi 6 pregressi, in particolare a quelli derivati dalla scuola tedesca cui Anncharlott Eschamann ed Hermann Kulke fanno capo, ma di questo si leggerà più nel dettaglio in corso d'opera. Abbiamo deciso di esordire con il racconto del mito di Jagannātha perché ci sembra porre in giusta evidenza il carattere sincretico della divinità, ovvero il tratto che ci ha maggiormente interessati. Nonostante si possa ritenere, a buon diritto, un'espressione del Viṣṇuismo, Jagannātha ci pare includere contributi molteplici e così numerosi da dover essere considerato proprio in forza del suo essere sintetico ed inclusivo. Che Jagannātha sia la divinità più popolare in terra d'Odisha lo testimoniano unitamente, i numerosi santuari a lui dedicati e la longevità del suo culto attestato: il tempio di Puri, infatti, è ascrivibile al 1135, consacrato, con tutta probabilità a Puruṣottama- Jagannātha. Una terra, l'Odisha, per vocazione caleidoscopica, che nel tempo ha saputo accogliere e integrare contributi di tradizioni tra le più disparate: Viṣṇuismo, Tantrismo, Śaktismo e Śivaismo sono i costituenti, accanto all'elemento tribale, della composita immagine di Jagannātha. Il signore del mondo1, diventa, allora, per estensione, autorevole testimonianza della tendenza che è indiana, ad accogliere più che ad escludere. L'iconografia, diremo, ha rappresentato per noi il tramite maggiormente accessibile attraverso il quale il significato reale di Jagannātha, Balarāma, Subhadrā e Sudarśana, si rende visibile. È stato inevitabile, dunque, nel tentativo di comprendere espressioni figurative che esulino dal nostro dominio, imparare a vedere. Raccontare la storia di un'opera, senza correre il rischio di sovrimporle concetti e categorie ad essa estrinseci, del resto, altro non è che descriverla nella sua apparenza; è il concetto dell'òida greco, cioè dell'aver visto, e, dunque, del conoscere. Con l'intento di rintracciare le raffigurazioni storiche di Jagannātha in terra d'Odisha e di coglierne, là dove è stato possibile, eventuali analogie e differenze, ci siamo anzitutto riferiti al portentoso studio di Thomas Eugene Donaldson, come si leggerà nel capitolo secondo. Di fronte ad una tradizione così longeva, però, non abbiamo saputo esimerci dall'interrogarci circa il significato di cui un'immagine così complessa è veicolo. E qui si inserisce la seconda parte del nostro elaborato, ovvero la ricerca svolta in loco nel tentativo di registrare un eventuale mutamento di contesto, contenuto e fruizione. Il villaggio di Raghurajpur ha rappresentato, per la nostra ricerca, il luogo certamente più significativo: è lì che abbiamo preso coscienza della potenza comunicativa di cui un'immagine è capace e della malleabilità dell'artefatto. L'indagine che abbiamo condotto ci ha consentito di ragionare circa il senso di una rappresentazione il cui contenuto, forse proprio in forza del suo essere così popolare, si è prestato a reinterpretazioni e nuove appropriazioni
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