PODZEMNÁ VODA XV 2/2009

CHANGE OF ’S WATER CHEMISM AS A RESULT OF MINE WATER IMPACT

ZMĚNY CHEMISMU VODY V ŘECE OLŠE V DŮSLEDKU VYPOUŠTĚNÍ DŮLNÍCH VOD

Andrzej Harat, Arnošt Grmela

ABSTRACT In the following article, the assessment of mine water from USCB area on the change of water quality in Olza river in years 2000 – 2007 was presented. The impact in this field is confirmed by surface water tests in and . Presented activity is also a great example of long-term and fruitful cooperation between neighboring countries which comes from international agreement in terms of environmental monitoring. Presented results were obtained from Povodí Odry as well as Wojewódzki Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (WIOS).

KEY WORDS Mine water, Olza river, Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), environmental monitoring

KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Důlní vody, řeka Olše, hornoslezská kamenouhlená pánev, environmentální monitoring

INTRODUCTION Czech Republic again below Karviná. Next from The Upper region is one of the most Godow to rivers estuary into is border river again. industrialized areas in Europe, due to a concentration of Location of mining activity in upper courses of mineral deposits including coal, coal, ore, gypsum, salt and Oder causes saltiness of main polish rivers. For and others. Exploitation of above-mentioned minerals, example, we can point out that only in year 2000 coal mines drained to surface water 164 hm3 of sewerage, mainly dynamic development of coal mining, which 3 began at the turn of 18 and 19th century, resulted in including 94.3 hm of salt mine water (Czerwinska number of unfavorable effects for the environment, such et al., 2003). as: draining of water-bearing levels, setting and caving of wide areas, and as a consequence increase of surface WATER RESOURCES IN UPPER SILESIAN retention and water pollution. One of the most crucial COAL BASIN AREA problems and environmental threats connected with The Upper Silesian Coal Basin area is situated in exploitation of coal deposits are mine waters. Mining basins of two polish biggest rivers Vistula and Oder. activity has had a negative impact on natural Watershed which divides basins of those rivers is going environment for a long time. Olza as a border river through central part of USCB area. Dynamic receives mine water from Polish and Czech part of development of coal mining resulted in number of Upper Silesian Coal basin. Exploitation of coal unfavorable effects for local hydrography. It consists of accompanies outflow of mining groundwater which are the following elements: directed to surface water and caused saltiness. The area of Olza basin totals 117.6 km2, and the river is 86.2 km • formerly natural rivers, at present as a result of long (Fig. 1). antropopression transformed, The above-mentioned area is situated in Oder basin. • thick system of drain ditches, Olza’s streams are located in Poland – Silesian . • natural and anthropological reservoirs which were River flows to Czech Republic – near Jasnowice. Next created as a result of different processes, including Olza flows through Jablůnkov, Bystřice and ahead of hutches which came into existence as a consequence become a border river. Then the river flows to of coal mining.

mgr. inź . Andrzej Harat University of Bielsko-Biala, Institute of Engineering and Environmental Protection, [email protected] doc. Ing. Arnošt Grmela,CSc. VŠB-TUO, HGF, IGI, 17. listopadu 15, -Poruba; Univ. of Bielsko-Biala, Inst. EaEP, Poland, [email protected]

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Fig. 1: Basin of Olza river (Olše by Czech) Obr. 1: Povodí řeky Olše (polsky Olza)

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Water resources of surface water in Upper Silesian coal extracting in Polish mines is about 100 mln t per Coal Basin area are very limited. As mentioned before, year. The biggest polish mines located at USCB area are analyzed region is situated in watershed area of Vistula Borynia, Jas-Mos, Budryk, Krupiński, Pniowek and and Oder basins. It can be characterized by little water Zofiowka (Fig 2). resources. As a consequence water resources of Silesian region per 1 person is 3 times lower, than average value MINE WATER estimate for whole Poland (Czerwinska et al., 2003). Exploitation of minerals accompanies outflow of We must remember, that the last-mentioned are subsoil water into mines excavations. This water is reckoned as one of the lowest in Europe. There is no almost at the same time with minerals extraction doubt that many years of strong antropopression pumped up to the surface. Mine water is considered as resulted in decease of local surface water resources. specific type of waste water. As a consequence of that This process was intensified during last 50 years, fact – mine water is not a product of traditionally mainly because of dynamic development of coal interpreted technological processes. Mine water is mining. In this situation, it is reasonable to reduce varied as regards its chemical composition and value of negative impact of minerals exploitation on change mineralization. Above-mentioned features are basic quality of surface water. factors in so called mining classification of mine water quality, in which we can divide them in four groups also MINING ACTIVITY ON ANALYZING AREA taking into consideration possibility of potential use or Mining activity on Upper Silesian Coal Basin area utilization (Pluta, Grmela, 2006): has had several year traditions, due to a rich • Sweet water – this group is characterized by dry concentration of mineral deposits including coal, ore, residue totaling maximum 1 g·dm-3, as well as total - 2- gypsum, salt and others. Exploitation of above- max content of Cl and SO4 ions concentration up mentioned minerals was performed with both exposure to 0.6 mg·dm-3. This water can be used for different and underground system. Dynamic development of coal purposes. mining on analyzing area occurred in 19th century and • Industrial water – water of this category is was connected with dynamic development of industry in characterized by dry residue from 1 to 3 g·dm-3 as - 2- those days. Exploitation of pit-coal in Czech part of well as Cl and SO4 ions concentration from 0.6 to USCB began in latter part of 18th century. Exploitation 1.8 g·dm-3. This kind of water can be used for some reached maximal level of 24 mln t 40 years ago, industrial processes. presently lessen to 15 mln t (Dopita et al., 1997). After • Water of temperate salinity – this group is Second World War, Czech part of the USCB was characterized by dry residue value from 3 to -3 - 2- divided into 3 parts: 70 g·dm as well as Cl and SO4 ions concentration -3 • Ostravsko-Karvinský region (OKR), which divides from 1.8 to 70 g·dm . Water which belongs to this on 3 basins: group has a limited economic usefulness. • – in the western part of OKR, • Saline water – water of this category is characterized -3 - • Petřvald basin – in the central part of OKR, by dry residue level over 70 g·dm as well as Cl and 2- -3 • Karviná basin – in the eastern part of OKR, SO4 ions contention over 42 g·dm . Due to a high mineralization level, that kind of water presents • Příborsko-cieszynski region – Paskov coal mine, a high threat for surface water. • Podbeskidzki region – (Frenštát coal mine). Mine water characterized by lesser saltiness, mainly In year 1995 exploitation on ODP area was ended. those mentioned in first two groups (sweet and Mine water is pumping up to the surface from depth of industrial water), occurs in underground infiltration - 385 m u.s.l. by specially design installation, which is zone of surface water. Chemical composition is very located at Jeremenko shaft and then drain to diverse, because of the fact that such waters were river in average amount of 140 l·s-1 (Harat et al. 2008). created in different geological formations. From Exploitation of coal in Petřvald basin was ended in year chemical point of view, main hydrochemical types 2000. Mine water is pumping up at Žofie shaft area of above-mentioned waters are: HCO -SO -Ca, from depth of -480 m u.s.l. and then drain to Stružka 3 3 SO -HCO -Ca and Cl-HCO -Na. Water of temperate river in average amount of 37 l·s-1 (Schwalbová, 2007). 4 3 3 salinity include as main types Cl-HCO -Na as well as Nowadays, coal exploitation is continued only in 3 Cl-SO -Na and saline water Cl-Na and Cl-Na-Ca. Karviná basin at four mines. Three of them (Karviná 4

/before ČSA/, ČSM and ) are draining mine POLISH-CZECH MONITORING OF BORDER water to Olza river. The oldest mines in polish part of RIVERS USCB were Murcki (1740), Reden (1785) as well Siemianowice (1788). Nowadays, an average amount of Cooperation on border rivers between Poland and

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Czech Republic began in year 1958. In that year water tests are conducting 24 times per year, apart from international agreement about cooperation on border profile located in Chalupki, where measurements are rivers between Poland and was conducted every day. Activity in sphere of surface water established. After political changes a new agreement in monitoring in Czech side of the border is concentrating this range was signed in year 1996. According to on estimation of Karviná Stream influence on water agreement, tests are realized at the same measurement quality. Karviná Stream is an artificial hydrotechnical points located on both neighboring countries. Surface system, which drains mine water from Karviná basin.

Fig. 2: The area of mining exploitation in Polish and Czech part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin: 1 – open mines, 2 – exploitation area of closed mines Obr. 2: Dobývací prostory v polské a české části hornoslezské uhelné pánve: 1 – dobývací prostory činných dolů, 2 – dobývací prostory uzavřených dolů

Water quality data are received in following In Poland, according to above-mentioned measurement profiles: international agreement – measurements profiles are located in following places: • Karviná Stream – estuary to Olza river; • Olza river – Darkov Ráj – measurement profile • Oder in Chalupki, located over Karviná Stream estuary to Olza river; • Olza river under Kaczyce, • Olza river over Piotrowka stream – profile located • Olza river over Piotrowka stream estuary, under Karviná Stream estuary; • Olza river estuary to Oder. • Olza river estuary – profile situated above Olza river estuary to Oder. In accordance to the applied methodology, the range

128 PODZEMNÁ VODA XV 2/2009 of tests includes: physical indicators (e.g. temperature, reservoirs and discharge installation. Total length of this smell, color), oxide indicators (e.g. dissolve oxygen, system along with mines pipelines is over 100 km. BOD, COD), as well as nitrates, phosphates and essential effect of this system consists in drain to Oder especially crucial for estimation of mine water impact river mine water in amount which doesn’t causes on surface water quality indicators of salinity (RAS, contravene the regulation on permissible level of sulphates and chlorines). Analysis was carried out by pollution. Appropriate dosing of salt mine water allows labs in Poland and Czech Republic. In Poland, surface with over 90 % probability to remain in Oder river total water tests are mainly realized by WIOS in , chlorine and sulphates ions concentration below 500 branch Bielsko Biala. In Czech Republic – Povodí Odry mg·dm-3, according to international agreement between in Ostrava. Poland and Czech Republic (Fig. 3). “Olza collector” system could be an example of MEASUREMENTS RESULTS solution, in which applied suitable development principles allow to join economic effectiveness with During analyze period (2000 – 2007) water quality environmental protection. Continuation of mine water of Olza’s river improved significantly. Main reason of draining from polish mines into Olza river may result to above-mentioned positive changes is activity on polish Olza’s biological degradation. Fig. 4 shows sudden side of Upper Silesian Coal Basin. From year 2006 increase in chlorine and sulphate ions concentration, Polish mines which belongs to Jastrzembska Coal mainly between between 2nd and 3rd measurement Company SA has stopped draining salt mine water into profile. Olza river. In that year the decision about extend of Nowadays, only 3 mines from Ostrava-Karviná Coal “Olza collector” (artificial mine water drain system) to Basin (Karviná /before ČSA/, ČSM and Darkov) are Oder river was finally realized. Essence if this system is draining mine water to Olza river, including Karviná spread of salt mine water from polish mines beyond Stream (Tab. 1). small rivers basins, were mine water may causes There is no doubt, that modification of mine water biological degradation (e.g. Olza) and safely drain to draining in polish mines resulted in significant Oder river. Retention-dosing system “Olza collector” improvement of water quality in Olza river (Fig. 4). includes: surface settlers, pumping stations which pipe away mine water into cumulative collector, storage

Fig. 3: Salinity of Odra river in year 2007 Legend: 1 – concentration of chlorides and sulphates in Odra river (measurement profile Bohumín), 2 – concentration of chlorides and sulphates in Odra river after mine water diversion from „Olza collector” (measurement profile Krzyżanowice), 3 – maximal permissible chlorides and sulphates concentration Obr. 3: Mineralizace vod řeky Odra v roce 2007 Legenda: 1 – obsahy chloridů a síranů na hraničním profilu Bohumín, 2 – obsahy chloridů a síranů v Odře za „Kolekotrem Olza" (profil Krzyżanowice), 3 – maximální přípustné obsahy chloridů a síranů ve vodním toku

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Fig. 4: An average TDS concentration and chlorine ions content in selected measurement profiles in water of Olza river in years 2000 and 2007 Legend: 1 – Olza estuary to Odra, 2 – Olza Věřňovice, 3 – Olza Závada, 4 – Olza over Piotrówka, 5 – Karviná Stream estuary, 6 – Olza Stonávka estuary, 7 – Olza Darkov Ráj, 8 – Olza Czech Těšín, 9 – Olza below Czech Těšín, 10 – Olza Ropničanka estuary, 11 – Olza Tyra estuary, 12 – Olza Lomna estuary Obr. 4: Průměrné hodnoty celkové mineralizace a obsahů chloridů ve vybraných monitorovacích profilech na řece Olše v letech 2000 a 2007 Legenda: 1 – Olše ústí do Odry, 2 – Olše Věřňovice, 3 – Olše Závada, 4 – Olše nad Piotrówkou, 5 – ústí Karvinkého potoka, 6 – Olše ústí Stonávky, 7 – Olše Darkov Ráj, 8 – Olše Český Těšín, 9 – Olše pod Českým Těšínem, 10 – Olše ústí Ropničanky, 11 – Olše ústí Tyry, 12 – Olše ústí potoka Lomná

Tab. 1: Amount of mine water [m3] from Czech mines drained in to Karviná Stream in years 2000 – 2007 Tab. 1: Objem důlních vod [m3] z českých dolů vypuštěných do Karvinského potoka v letech 2000 – 2007

Mine 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

ČSA 1174100 1254600 1229600 1216000 1269200 1277650 1676060 1353270

ČSM 1606300 1852100 1636700 1600900 1424500 1657400 1766760 2043580

Darkov 538900 360000 495400 755800 687800 562200 309180 783520

CONCLUSION In particular, the mine water from OKR coal basin. This

Among all factors which caused transformation of water is piped away to Karviná Stream and then to Olza natural environment on Upper Silesian Coal Basin Area, river. In this circumstances, supply of mine water also mining activity brings about to the biggest and most from mines situated in Polish part of USCB could varied changes. Exploitation of coal accompanies resulted in Olza`s river biological degradation. In order outflow of natural groundwater to mines excavations. to minimalize the process, retention-dosing system This water is pumped up to the surface and caused “Olza collector” was built. As a result salt, mine water saltiness of rivers. Olza, as a border river, receives from polish mines are passing over beyond small river sewage from polish and Czech part of USCB area. basins and then safely drain to Oder.

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LITERATURE

CZERWIŃSKA, B., GŁĄB J., SZAMAŃSKA, L. 2003: Stan środowiska w województwie śląskim w roku 2002. Inspekcja Ochrony Środowiska. Wojewódzki Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska. Biblioteka Monitorigu Środowiska, Katowice, s. 57-90, IBSN 83-7217-220-X. DOPITA, M. et al. 1997: Geologie české části hornoslezské pánve. Ministerstwo Praga, Środowiska Republiki Czeskiej 1997, s. 278, ISBN 80-7212-011-5. HARAT, A., GRMELA, A., MISTERKA, K., WANATOWICZ, A. 2008: Alternative Sources of Energy (Alternatywne źródła energii). In: Excursion guide – Morava 2008, Ostrava 05/2008, Vyd. VŠB-TU Ostrava, 2008, s. 19. ISBN 978-80-248-1755-2 PLUTA, I., GRMELA, A. 2006: Odprowadzanie wód kopalnianych do Odry w świetle przepisów prawnych w Polsce i Republice czeskiej. In: Materiały VI Konferencji naukowo-technicznej „Ochrona środowiska na terenach górniczich“, Sosnowiec 2006, Vyd. Zarząd Główny SITG, Katowice, 2006, s. 377-392, ISBN 83-87267-71-6 SCHWALBOVÁ, J. 2007: Vliv důlních vod z dolů karvinské dílčí pánve na změny kvality vody v řece Olši v letech 2000 – 2005. Bakalářská práce - Manuskript. VŠB-Technická Univerzita Ostrava, s 47.

SHRNUTÍ

Region Slezska z polské i české strany patří mezi silně industrializované oblasti Evropy díky koncentraci nerostných surovin – uhlí, rudy, sádrovec, sůl aj. Exploatace těchto nerostných surovin, hlavně pak dynamický rozvoj těžby uhlí v polovině minulého století, se negativně odrážel v dopadech na životní prostředí – drenáží a propojením pří- povrchových a hlubokých zvodní, poklesy povrchu, zátopy rozsáhlých oblastí apod. Jedním z nejkritičtějších problémů, spojených s těžbou uhlí, je likvidace důlních vod. Do hraniční řeky Olše jsou (resp. do roku 2006 byly) likvidovány důlní vody jak z českých, tak polských dolů. V článku jsou posuzovány změny kvality vod v řece Olše (= Olza) vlivem vypouštění důlních vod z přilehlých uhelných dolů z české a polské části hornoslezské uhelné pánve za období 2000 – 2007. V průběhu posledních let se kvalita vody v řece Olše výrazně zlepšila. Hlavní příčinou zmiňovaných pozitivních změn bylo řešení ochrany vodního toku Olše z polské strany hornoslezské pánve. Od roku 2006 polské důlní podniky Jastrzembské uhlené společnosti (Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa SA) zastavily vypouštění slaných důlních vod do řeky Olše. V tomto roce byl zprovozněn tzv. „Kolektor Olza” (umělý drenážní systém) odvádějící důlní vody z této pří- hraniční těžební oblasti až do toku řeky Odra na polském území. Cílem tohoto sytému je odvést slané důlní vody z polských dolů přímo do hlavního toku Odry a nezatěžovat tak malé říční toky, jejíž vody byly mnohdy kvalitativně degradovány vypouštěnými vodami a to jak z dolů (důlní vody), tak i vodami komunálními, průmyslovými i balneologickými (např. Lázně Darkov aj.). Řízené dávkování slaných vod umožňuje s vice jak 90 % pravděpodobností dodržení stanoveného limitu zatížení řeky Odry, zejména chloridy a sírany tak, aby podle mezinárodní dohody mezi Polskem a Českou republikou na hraničním profilu v Bohumíně a na následném toku Odry v Polsku splňovala její voda podle polské klasifikace povrchových vod II. třídu čistoty. “Kolektor Olza” je příkladem řešení, ve kterém aplikace vhodných technických prostředků dovoluje spojit ekonomickou efektivnost s ochranou životního prostředí. Spolupráce ve sféře monitoringu kvality hraničních toků Odry a Olše z polské i české strany započala v roce 1958, kdy byla podepsána mezinárodní dohoda o ochraně těchto vodních toků. Politické změny si vyžádaly renovaci původní smlouvy a nová smlouva byla podepsána v roce 1996. Podle této nové smlouvy testování kvality je prováděno na vybraných bodech, situovaných na obou březích řeky, tj. na polské i české straně hraničního toku Olše. Monitoring kvality hraničního toku Olše a jeho vyhodnocování je zároveň významným příkladem dlouhotrvající a plodné spolupráce mezi sousedícími státy, která vychází z oboustranně zodpovědného dodržování mezinárodní smlouvy v oblasti ochrany kvality hornickou činností postiženého životního prostředí. Prezentované údaje byly poskytnuty jak z příslušných příhraničních dolů české i polské části pánve, tak zejména z podniků Povodí Odry v Ostravě a Wojewódzkého Inspektorátu Ochrony Środowiska (WIOS) v Katowicích, pobočka Bielsko – Biała.

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