The Plate Tectonic Setting of Southeastern Arizona Peter J
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Yale Law School 2007-2008
bulletin of yale university bulletin of yale Series 1o3 8 Number 10, 2007 August 2007–2008 Yale Law School Yale bulletin of yale university August 10, 2007 Yale Law School Periodicals postage paid Periodicals Connecticut Haven, New 06520-8227 CT New Haven Haven New bulletin of yale university bulletin of yale Bulletin of Yale University The University is committed to basing judgments concerning the admission, education, and employment of individuals upon their qualifications and abilities and a∞rmatively Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin of Yale University, seeks to attract to its faculty, sta≠, and student body qualified persons of diverse back- PO Box 208227, New Haven CT 06520-8227 grounds. In accordance with this policy and as delineated by federal and Connecticut law, Yale does not discriminate in admissions, educational programs, or employment PO Box 208230, New Haven CT 06520-8230 against any individual on account of that individual’s sex, race, color, religion, age, Periodicals postage paid at New Haven, Connecticut disability, status as a special disabled veteran, veteran of the Vietnam era, or other covered veteran, or national or ethnic origin; nor does Yale discriminate on the basis of Issued seventeen times a year: one time a year in May, November, and December; sexual orientation or gender identity or expression. two times a year in June; three times a year in July and September; six times a year University policy is committed to a∞rmative action under law in employment of in August women, minority group members, individuals with disabilities, special disabled veterans, veterans of the Vietnam era, and other covered veterans. -
Brief Overview of North American Cordilleran Geology by Cin-Ty Lee Topography Map of North America
Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geology by Cin‐Ty Lee Note: make sure to take notes as I will talk or sketch on the board many things that are not presented explicitly in these slides Topography map of North America Topography map How does the NthNorth AiAmerican Cor dillera fit itinto a glbllobal contt?text? Dickinson 2004 P‐wave tomography: Seismic structure beneath western USA Burdick et al. 2008 Crustal provinces of North America (Laurentia) ‐Proterozoic and Archean terranes were already assembled by 1.6 Ga Hoffman, 1988 Crustal provinces in southwestern USA Hoffman, 1988 Bennett and DePaolo, 1987 Some examples of tectonic margins for your reference Dickinson and Snyder, 1978 1.1 Ga = Rodinia Super‐continent (Grenvillian age) Neo‐Proterozoic = Rodinia breaks up “western” margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin due to opening of the Panthalassan ocean 700‐400 Ma Western margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin Dickinson and Snyder, 1978 400‐250 Ma Passive margin is interrupted in Devonian times by the accretion of island arcs Antler and Sonoma orogenies Accretion of allochthonous terranes to the western margin of the NhNorth AiAmerican craton Antler/Sonoma orogenies result in the accretion of Paleozoic island arc terranes to western North America Permian Formation of Pangea “”“western” margin of NhNorth AiAmerica now didominate d by subduct ion zone 250‐50 Ma Subduction results in continued accretion of fringing island arcs and the generation of continental magmatic arcs Sierra Nevada batholith Sevier and -
Hydrodynamic Mechanism for the Laramide Orogeny
Hydrodynamic mechanism for the Laramide orogeny Craig H. Jones1, G. Lang Farmer1, Brad Sageman2, and Shijie Zhong3 1Department of Geological Sciences and CIRES (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science), University of Colo- rado at Boulder, 2200 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, 1850 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-2150, USA 3Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION subduction and attendant subduction erosion only affected only a narrow (~200 km) swath The widespread presumption that the Far- The Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary of oceanic lithosphere underthrusting present- allon plate subducted along the base of North Laramide orogeny that affected much of south- day southern California (Barth and Schneider- American lithosphere under most of the western North America was not only a major man, 1996; Saleeby, 2003). If so, why was the western United States and ~1000 km inboard mountain building event, but also coincided with shallowly subducting lithosphere so restricted from the trench has dominated tectonic stud- major shifts in the distribution of both igneous spatially, and how could such narrow “fl at-slab” ies of this region, but a number of variations activity and sedimentary depocenters. Despite produce the array of geologic features generally of this concept exist due to differences in the critical role the Laramide orogeny played in attributed to the Laramide orogeny throughout interpretation of some aspects of this orogeny. the geologic evolution of western North Amer- western North America? We contend that fi ve main characteristics are ica, its origin remains enigmatic (e.g., English To address these issues we explore in this central to the Laramide orogeny and must and Johnston, 2004). -
Origin of the Colorado Mineral Belt
Origin and Evolution of the Sierra Nevada and Walker Lane themed issue Origin of the Colorado Mineral Belt Charles E. Chapin New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA ABSTRACT Laramide plutons (ca. 75–43 Ma) are mainly may have aided the rise of magma bodies into alkaline monzonites and quartz monzonites in the upper crust from batholiths at depth, but had The Colorado Mineral Belt (CMB) is a the northeastern CMB, but dominantly calc- no role in the generation of those batholiths. northeast-trending, ~500-km-long, 25–50-km- alkaline granodiorites in the central CMB. There is the crux of the enigma. wide belt of plutons and mining districts (Colo- Geochemical and isotopic studies indicate From several decades of fi eld work in the rado, United States) that developed within that CMB magmas were generated mainly states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming, an ~1200-km-wide Late Cretaceous–Paleo- in metasomatized Proterozoic intermediate I became aware of signifi cant differences in geo- gene magma gap overlying subhorizontally to felsic lower crustal granulites and mafi c logic features on opposite sides of the CMB. My subducted segments of the Farallon plate. rocks (± mantle). Late Eocene–Oligo cene roll- goal in this paper is to summarize these differ- Of the known volcanic gaps overlying fl at back magmatism superimposed on the CMB ences, integrate them with the regional tectonic slabs in subduction zones around the Pacifi c during waning of Laramide compression and geochronologic framework, and thereby Basin, none contains zones of magmatism (ca. -
The American Cordillera: a Long Journey Through Time & Space
The American Cordillera: A Long Journey Through Time & Space Part III:The North American Taphrogen Lecture 25: April 25, G. Zandt An overview of the collapse of the American Cordillera 1 Some of the Big Questions • What caused the extreme inboard migration of deformation and magmatism during the Laramide? [Flat Slab] • What caused the mid-Tertiary extensional collapse and ignimbrite flareup? [Slab Rollback] • Why is the extension and associated magmatisn separated into two domains with different spatial-temporal evolutions? • How did the Colorado Plateau escape significant deformation and magmatism during both periods? Major questions we want to address today. 2 North American Cordillera Topography is the first-order expression of orogeny, and high topography extends half way across the continent (>1000 km). And it remains high despite significant extension which normally leads to subsidence. 3 Western US today We will follow Dickinson (2002) in this review of the Cordilleran taphrogen. He follows Sengor in dividing the Basin and Range taphrogen into the Numic and Piman subtaphrogens. Black bodies are core complexes with arrows indicating direction of vergence (movement of upper plate). We will focus today on the relationship between the subtaphrogens and the Colorado Plateau–Laramide Rocky Mountains. Dickinson, W. R., The Basin and Range Province as a Composite Extensional Domain, Int. Geol. Rev., 44, 1-38, 2002. 4 The tectonic evolution of the Cordillera can be divided into 7 frames (Coney): 1) Formation of the continental margin in late Precambrian time and development of the Cordilleran passive margin. 2) Mid- to late Paleozoic brief orogenic events (Antler, Ancestral Rockies, Sonoma orogenies). -
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Kinematics Analysis of Laramide Deformation in North-Central New
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF LARAMIDE DEFORMATION IN NORTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO ____________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston ____________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ____________________________________________ By Hongge Kan December 2012 KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF LARAMIDE DEFORMATION IN NORTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO _______________________________________________ Hongge Kan APPROVED _______________________________________________ Dr. Alexander Robinson _______________________________________________ Dr. Michael Murphy _______________________________________________ Dr. Ran Zhang _______________________________________________ Dean, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express gratitude to Dr. Alexander Robinson for his direction and supervising this thesis. Dr. Robinson’s attitude towards knowledge and his patience to students taught me what a real geologist and professor is, and will influence me for the rest of my life. I also thank Dr. Murphy for his help and directions. I think he always brought much optimism and happiness to the people around him. I thank Dr. Zhang’s suggestion on my career and further study of Geology. I also appreciate my friends An Li and Yiduo Liu who always cared about my research and shared their sharp opinions with me. I am thankful for the support of my parents who never give up on me. iii KINEMATICS ANALYSIS -
The Variable Lifespan of the Laramide Orogeny
Location, location, location: The variable lifespan of the Laramide orogeny Peter Copeland1, Claire A. Currie2, Timothy F. Lawton3, and Michael A. Murphy1 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA 2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada, 3Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México ABSTRACT our boundary passes through the northwest edge The Laramide orogeny had a spatially variable lifespan, which we explain using a geody- of the classic Laramide province (DeCelles, namic model that incorporates onset and demise of flat-slab subduction. Laramide shortening 2004), we designate this line as the northwest and attendant uplift began in southeast California (USA) at ca. 90 Ma, swept to the northeast to margin of the region we consider below. arrive in the Black Hills of South Dakota (USA) at ca. 60 Ma, and concluded in South Dakota Figure 1B shows the age of the various phe- within ~10 m.y. During subsequent slab rollback, the areal extent of Laramide deformation nomena listed above versus distance along a decreased as the eastern edge of active deformation retreated to the southwest rapidly from line of projection, A-A′ (Fig. 1A), which has a ca. 55 to 45 Ma and more slowly from ca. 45 to 40 Ma, with deformation ultimately ceasing bearing of 045 and passes through the middle of in the southwestern part of the orogen at ca. 30 Ma. Geodynamic modeling of this process the classic Laramide province (DeCelles, 2004). suggests that changes in the strength of the North America plate and densification of the Far- This approach compresses the spatial complex- allon plate played important roles in controlling the areal extent of the Laramide orogen and ity of a continent-scale orogen onto a single line hence the lifespan of the orogenic event at any particular location in western North America. -
How Laramide-Age Hydration of North American Lithosphere by The
InternationalGeologyReview,Vol.45,2003,p.575–595. Copyright©2003byV.H.Winston&Son,Inc.Allrightsreserved. HowLaramide-AgeHydrationofNorthAmericanLithosphere bytheFarallonSlabControlledSubsequentActivity intheWesternUnitedStates EUGENEHUMPHREYS,1 DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,UniversityofOregon,Eugene,Oregon97403 ERINHESSLER,2 DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,UniversityofOregon,Eugene,Oregon97403 KENNETHDUEKER, DepartmentofGeologyandGeophysics,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie,Wyoming82071 G.LANGFARMER, DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,Colorado80309 ERICERSLEV, DepartmentofEarthResources,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,Colorado80523 ANDTANYAATWATER DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,California93106 Abstract StartingwiththeLaramideorogenyandcontinuingthroughtheCenozoic,theU.S.Cordilleran orogenisunusualforitswidth,natureofuplift,andstyleoftectonicandmagmaticactivity.We presentteleseismictomographyevidenceforathicknessofmodifiedNorthAmericalithosphere 200kmbeneathColoradoand>100kmbeneathNewMexico.Existingexplanationsforupliftor magmatismcannotaccommodatelithospherethisthick.Imagedmantlestructureislowinseismic velocityroughlybeneaththeRockyMountainsofColoradoandNewMexico,andhighinvelocityto theeastandwest,beneaththetectonicallyintactGreatPlainsandColoradoPlateau.Structureinter- naltothelow-velocityvolumehasaNEgrainsuggestiveofinfluencebyinheritedPrecambrian sutures.Weconcludethatthehigh-velocityuppermantleisPrecambrianlithosphere,andthelow- velocityvolumeispartiallymoltenPrecambrianNorthAmericamantle. -
Structural Geologic Evolution of the Colorado Plateau
Geological Society of America 3300 Penrose Place P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, CO 80301 (303) 357-1000 • fax 303-357-1073 www.geosociety.org This PDF file is subject to the following conditions and restrictions: Copyright © 2009, The Geological Society of America, Inc. (GSA). All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited copies for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. For any other use, contact Copyright Permissions, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA, fax 303-357-1073, [email protected]. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. This file may not be posted on the Internet. The Geological Society of America Memoir 204 2009 Structural geologic evolution of the Colorado Plateau George H. Davis Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA Alex P. Bump BP Exploration and Production Technology, Houston, Texas 77079, USA ABSTRACT The Colorado Plateau is composed of Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks overlying mechanically heterogeneous latest Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic crystalline basement containing shear zones. The structure of the plateau is dominated by ten major basement-cored uplifts and associated mono- clines, which were constructed during the Late Cretaceous through early Tertiary Laramide orogeny. -
Dear Friends
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2005 Annual Newsletter 2005 Newsletter Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Tennessee, Knoxville Editors: Larry McKay and Bill Deane Cover photos: Top Right: Geology 586 – Field and Lab Methods in Hydrogeology – goes caving. Photo courtesy of Larry McKay. Top Left: This specimen measuring 40 mm is Pentremites robustus from the Sloan's Valley Member of the Pennington Formation, Upper Mississippian from near Berea, Kentucky. Photo courtesy of Colin Sumrall. Bottom: No, this is not the Vol Navy! Larry McKay and Vijay Vulava are preparing to collect sediments from Chattanooga Creek. Photo courtesy of Larry McKay. The University of Tennessee does not discriminate on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, or veteran status in provision of educational programs and services or employment opportunities and benefits. This policy extends to both employment and admission to the University. The University does not discriminate on the basis of race, sex or disability in the educational programs and activities pursuant to the requirements of the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. Inquiries and charges of violation concerning Title VI, Title IX, Section 504, ADA or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) or any of the other above referenced policies should be directed to the Office of Equity and Diversity (OED), 1840 Melrose Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996-3560, telephone (865) 974- 2498 (V/TTY available) or 974-2440. -
Colorado Plateau Magmatism and Uplift by Warming of Heterogeneous Lithosphere
Vol 459 | 18 June 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature08052 LETTERS Colorado Plateau magmatism and uplift by warming of heterogeneous lithosphere Mousumi Roy1, Thomas H. Jordan2 & Joel Pederson3 The forces that drove rock uplift of the low-relief, high-elevation, Colorado Plateau and, additionally, that this mechanism explains the tectonically stable Colorado Plateau are the subject of long-standing observed rates of encroachment of the onset of Cenozoic magmatism debate1–5. While the adjacent Basin and Range province and Rio onto the plateau. Grande rift province underwent Cenozoic shortening followed by The widespread distribution of shallow-marine and coastal-affinity extension6, the plateau experienced 2 km of rock uplift7 without sediments of late-Cretaceous age on the Colorado Plateau suggests significant internal deformation2–4. Here we propose that warming relatively uniform elevation of the region at or near sea-level at that of the thicker, more iron-depleted Colorado Plateau lithosphere8–10 time. The present-day elevations of these strata can be reconstructed over 35–40 Myr following mid-Cenozoic removal of the Farallon (including eustasy) to determine spatially varying net rock uplift and plate from beneath North America11,12 is the primary mechanism erosion functions across the plateau7, with a mean of ,1.9 km net driving rock uplift. In our model, conductive re-equilibration not Cenozoic rock uplift (Fig. 1a) and net Cenozoic erosion of ,481 m only explains the rock uplift of the plateau, but also provides a (Fig. 1b). These reflect net deposition in early-Cenozoic time, mid- robust geodynamic interpretation of observed contrasts between Cenozoic stability and then enhanced erosion since drainage integ- the Colorado Plateau margins and the plateau interior.