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Facilities Renaming Initiative Update 4.20.21 Committee Meeting PUBLIC FEEDBACK UPDATE

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Facilities Renaming Initiative Update 4.20.21 Committee Meeting PUBLIC FEEDBACK UPDATE Facilities Renaming Initiative Update 4.20.21 Committee Meeting PUBLIC FEEDBACK UPDATE • Public feedback closes 4.30.21 • Public Meetings • April 27, 2021 • May 3, 2021 Initial List of Facilities Recommended to Move Forward in the Renaming Process Site/Facility Name Slave Owner/ Confederate Official/ Segregation Supporter Allen, Henry W. Confederate Official/ Segregation Supporter Audubon School Slave Owner Fortier, Alcee Segregation Supporter Franklin, Benjamin ES Slave Owner Franklin, Benjamin HS Behrman, Martin Segregation Supporter Jackson, Andrew Slave Owner Lafayette, Marquis de Slave Owner Livingston, Edward Segregation Supporter Lusher, Robert Mills Segregation Supporter McDonogh, John Slave Owner McDonogh 07 McDonogh 15 McDonogh 28 McDonogh 32 McDonogh 35 (Kelerec) McDonogh 35 (Phillips/Waters) McDonogh 42 Walker, O. Perry Segregation Supporter Wright, Sophie B. Segregation Supporter Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE "Henry Watkins Allen moved to Louisiana in 1852 and built Allendale, an estate in West Baton Rouge Parish where he grew sugarcane and owned approximately 125 slaves. He was elected to the Louisiana Legislature, serving from 1853 to 1854. In 1861 he published The Travels of a Sugar Planter in 1861. During the Civil War, he was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 4th Louisiana Regiment, and rose to the rank of brigadier Allen, Henry W. general. After his military service, he was elected governor of Confederate Louisiana on November 2, 1863. He was sworn into office on January 25, 1864. During his tenure, he worked to restore the state’s economic and industrial standing. After leaving office on June 2, 1865, Allen went into exile, settling in Mexico, and establishing the Mexico Times, an English-language newspaper. Governor Henry W. Allen passed away on April 22, 1866 in Mexico City. He was buried at the Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE Jean Jacques Audubon gave himself an English name, John James Audubon, when he came to the United States. In "The Myth of John James Audubon," Gregory Nobles, the noted biographer of Audubon, says of the ornithologist, "he was a man of many identities: artist, naturalist, woodsman, adventurer, storyteller, mythmaker (who) traveled North America in the 19th century...to document all of the continent's avian life, he is above all known as a champion of birds. ... Audubon was also a slaveholder." To those who say "he was a man of his time," Nobles notes that there were abolitionists in Audubon's time, as well, who took a "stand against the institution of slavery." Audubon "dismissed the abolitionist movement on both sides of the Atlantic." Audubon and his wife, Lucy Bakewell Audubon, "took a stand for slavery by choosing to own slaves." They owned nine John James Audubon enslaved people in the early 1800s while living in Henderson, Kentucky. It was the beginning of Audubon's use of humans as chattel. Variously through his life, he bought slaves, and as he did with the nine, he sold them when faced with hard financial difficulties. This occurred during the 1820s and 1830s. He made use of expertise of Indigenous and African enslaved peoples to understand birdlife; never giving them credit. Nobles shows that Audubon created a false narrative about his birth, claiming his mother as a "lovely and wealthy `lady of Spanish extraction' from Louisiana." Actually, Audubon was born in Saint Domingue (Haiti) "to one of his father's two mistresses on a sugar plantation (which) suggests that he may have shared some measure of African descent." His mother's death at her young age caused his father to send the young Audubon and his sister to France, where his father's wife reared and educated them. He arrived in Pennsylvania to live on his father's estate. From there, his remaining story is a journey in this country, eventually to Louisiana. Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE Alcée Fortier (1856-1914) was an internationally acclaimed writer and historian who served as a professor of Romance languages and an administrator at Tulane University for thirty-five years. His publications in English and French included folktale collections, a novel, literary criticism, and histories of France, Mexico, and Louisiana. In addition to serving as the longtime president of the Louisiana Historical Society, he was president of the Modern Language Association (MLA) in 1898 and chaired the history jury at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Fortier was also a strong proponent of public education who advocated for compulsory education, higher teacher's' salaries, and better school facilities as a member of the city's Public School Alliance. Fortier's commitment to white supremacy, however, influenced all of these endeavors. Like Robert Lusher, whose work he praised, Fortier viewed public support for the education of white children as a means of fortifying white dominance. Early in his life, Fortier fought with the White League during the 1874 Battle of Liberty Place in an unsuccessful Fortier, Alcee effort to overthrow the Republican state government because of its commitment to racial equality. This was not a fleeting engagement with white supremacy. In his later academic writing, he celebrated the White League and regularly articulated his belief in white superiority and Black inferiority. Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE According to noted historian Gordon S. Wood's biography, Benjamin Franklin owned slaves, later repudiated the institution, and became president of the Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. His is a trajectory "supposedly enlightened" bondsman to avid anti-slavery proponent. Wood noted, "In a statement in November, 1789, signed by Franklin, the society declared that slavery was `such an atrocious debasement of human nature, that its very extirpation, if not performed with solicitous care, may sometimes open a source of serious evils." In February 1790, Franklin Franklin, Benjamin signed a memorial to the new federal Congress requesting the abolition of slavery in the United States. "The petition predictably outraged many in the Congress and the country, and Franklin and the Quakers were viciously attacked. Congressman James Jackson of Georgia was especially vociferous in defending slavery in the House of Representatives." Jackson argued for continued enslavement of people of African descent, claiming that the "fields of the South" would be left untended, as he asked, "Who else could do the work in the hot climate?" When Franklin read Jackson's speech, he ridiculed it in his newspaper, the Federal Gazette. Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE BEHRMAN, Martin, politician, Mayor of New Orleans., School Board member. Born, New York City, Family moved to New Orleans, 1865; parents died while Martin still a teenager. Married Julia Collins, 1887, and had 11 children, only two of whom survived to adulthood. Wholesale grocery salesman until 1888; deputy city assessor, 1888-1892; clerk of New Orleans city council, 1892-1896; member, board of education, 1892-1906; state senator, 1904. Mayor of New Orleans, 1904-1920, 1925-1926. Behrman was a colorful turn-of-the-century urban “boss”, more attuned to patronage than to progress. A capable if conventional machine politician, Behrman did lead several improvements and modernization of infrastructure, public services, and sanitation. He was enduringly popular as shown by the length of his service as mayor. Behrman, Martin Behrman was an active participant in the denial of 14th and 15th Amendment rights to Louisiana citizens via the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1898 in his role as Delegate and by his acknowledged support of the poll tax. He provided the political and logistical support for a massive public school building program between 1910 until his death, which carried over through the 1930s. However, that program in the segregated school system provided then-state-of-the -art schools for White children and inadequate and under-capacity schools (elementary only) for Black children. He is believed to be the last NOLA Mayor to have educated his children in the public schools. Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE "Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slave owning planter. By the time he was elected president, he owned nearly one hundred slaves; an estate inventory following Jackson’s death counted 161 slaves, split between The Hermitage and a Mississippi plantation. Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole Jackson, Andrew War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate His presidency marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the party ""spoils system"" in American politics. In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly removed most members of the major tribes of the Southeast to Indian Territory; these removals were subsequently known as the Trail of Tears. " Historian Team Rationale NAME RATIONALE Marquis de Lafayette, in full Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, Lafayette also spelled La Fayette, (born September 6, 1757, Chavaniac, France—died May 20, 1834, Paris), French aristocrat who fought in the Continental Army with the American colonists against the British in the American Revolution. Later, as a leading advocate for constitutional monarchy, he became one of the most powerful men in France during the first few years of the French Revolution and during the July Revolution of 1830. Although Lafayette initially owned slaves, he became actively involved in the abolitionist cause. He worked to free slaves in the Caribbean where the slave trade was booming, and also made a proposal to George Washington that they consider a joint venture for gradual emancipation. With Jefferson’s help, he composed a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which he presented to the Assembly on July 11.
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