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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan Datum November 2020 Pagina 1 van 108 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | november 2020 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (DAF/AB) Pagina 2 van 108 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | november 2020 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Politieke ontwikkelingen en veiligheidssituatie ........................................... 6 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................6 1.1.1 Regering van nationale eenheid .........................................................................6 1.1.2 Verkiezingsgeweld ...........................................................................................7 1.1.3 Presidentsverkiezingen en nasleep .....................................................................7 1.2 Machtsfactoren ................................................................................................9 1.2.1 Macht van oude (mujahidin) facties/politieke partijen ........................................ 10 1.2.2 Corruptie bij de overheid ................................................................................ 11 1.2.3 Akkoord tussen de Verenigde Staten en de Taliban ............................................ 12 1.3 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Veiligheidssituatie algemeen ........................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Burgerslachtoffers ......................................................................................... 20 1.3.3 Centraal (Kaboel, Bamyan, Daikundi, Pansjir, Ghazni, Parwan, Kapisa en (Maydan) Wardak) ....................................................................................................... 26 1.3.4 Noord (Badakhshan, Takhar, Baghlan, Kunduz, Samangan, Balkh, Sar-e Pul, Jawzjan, Faryab) ........................................................................................... 28 1.3.5 Zuid (Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Nimroz, Zabul) .......................................... 29 1.3.6 Oost (Nuristan, Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Logar, Paktia, Khost, Paktika) ......... 29 1.3.7 West (Badghis, Herat, Ghor, Farah) ................................................................. 30 1.3.8 Buitenlandse troepen ..................................................................................... 31 1.3.9 Regeringsstrijdkrachten .................................................................................. 32 1.3.10 Opstandelingengroepen .................................................................................. 34 1.3.11 (Gedwongen) rekrutering ............................................................................... 39 2 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ..................................................... 42 2.1 Documenten ................................................................................................. 42 2.1.1 Tazkera ........................................................................................................ 42 2.1.2 Aanvraag- en afgifteprocedures ....................................................................... 45 2.1.3 Paspoort ....................................................................................................... 47 2.1.4 Documentfraude ............................................................................................ 48 2.1.5 Nationaliteitswetgeving .................................................................................. 49 3 Mensenrechtensituatie .............................................................................. 50 3.1 Juridische context .......................................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Informele rechtssysteem ................................................................................ 51 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) ................................... 54 3.2.2 Transitional justice ........................................................................................ 55 3.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 56 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................. 56 3.3.2 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................... 58 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging .................................................... 60 3.4 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 63 3.4.1 Arrestaties, bewaring en detenties ................................................................... 64 3.4.2 Mishandeling en foltering ................................................................................ 66 3.4.3 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden ........................................................ 68 3.4.4 Doodstraf ..................................................................................................... 68 3.5 Positie van specifieke groepen ......................................................................... 69 Pagina 3 van 108 3.5.1 Personen die worden geassocieerd met of ondersteunend zijn aan de Afghaanse overheid ....................................................................................................... 69 3.5.2 Journalisten en mediamedewerkers ................................................................. 73 3.5.3 Mensenrechtenactivisten ................................................................................ 74 3.5.4 Etnische groepen/minderheden ....................................................................... 74 3.5.5 Sjiieten ........................................................................................................ 77 3.5.6 Niet-moslims ................................................................................................ 77 3.5.7 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 81 3.5.8 LHBT (lesbische vrouwen, homoseksuele mannen, biseksuelen en transgender personen) ..................................................................................................... 90 3.5.9 (Alleenstaande) minderjarigen ........................................................................ 91 4 Migratie ..................................................................................................... 94 4.1 Ontheemden ................................................................................................. 94 4.2 Vluchtelingen ................................................................................................ 95 4.3 Terugkeer ..................................................................................................... 96 4.3.1 Terugkeer vanuit Nederland en de Europese Unie .............................................. 96 4.3.2 Terugkeer vanuit Pakistan en Iran. .................................................................. 97 4.3.3 Omstandigheden na terugkeer ........................................................................ 98 4.3.4 Internationale organisaties ........................................................................... 100 4.3.5 Standpunt UNHCR ....................................................................................... 101 5 Bijlagen ................................................................................................... 102 5.1 Geraadpleegde bronnen ............................................................................... 102 5.2 Kaart van Afghanistan .................................................................................. 108 Pagina 4 van 108 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | november 2020 Inleiding Dit ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van de in de door het ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid opgestelde Terms of Reference (ToR) gestelde vragen en genoemde aandachtspunten. De ToR voor het onderhavige ambtsbericht is vastgesteld op 31 januari 2020. Een geanonimiseerde versie van deze ToR is tezamen met het ambtsbericht gepubliceerd op de website van de rijksoverheid. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht beschrijft de situatie in Afghanistan voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielaanvragen van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dit land en voor de besluitvorming over terugkeer van afgewezen Afghaanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van het algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan van maart 2019. De verslagperiode beslaat de periode maart 2019 tot en met oktober 2020. Relevante ontwikkelingen tot aan de publicatiedatum zijn voor zover mogelijk meegenomen. Dit ambtsbericht betreft een feitelijke, neutrale en objectieve weergave van de bevindingen gedurende de onderzochte periode en biedt geen beleidsaanbevelingen. Dit ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen waarbij gebruik is gemaakt van zorgvuldig geselecteerde, geanalyseerde en gecontroleerde informatie.
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