Gender and Magical Realism in Postcolonial Texts Narrativas

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Gender and Magical Realism in Postcolonial Texts Narrativas Universidade de Departamento de Línguas e Culturas Aveiro Ano 2012 Ana Cristina Gomes Narratives of Women: Gender and Magical da Rocha Realism in Postcolonial Texts Narrativas Femininas: Género e Realismo Mágico em Textos Pós-Coloniais Universidade de Departamento de Línguas e Culturas Aveiro Ano 2012 Ana Cristina Gomes da Narratives of Women: Gender and Magical Realism Rocha in Postcolonial Texts Narrativas Femininas: Género e Realismo Mágico emTextos Pós-Coloniais Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. Kenneth David Callahan, Professor Associado do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro. ii iii o júri Presidente Professora Doutora Maria Aline Salgueiro Seabra Ferreira Professora Associada da Universidade de Aveiro Professor Doutor Lars Jensen Professor Associado da Universidade de Roskilde, Dinamarca (arguente) Professor Doutor Kenneth David Callahan Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro (orientador) iv Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Professor David Callahan, pela ajuda prestada, pelos conselhos sábios e pelo seu entusiasmo, pela paciência inesgotável e pela confiança inabalável nas minhas ideias, o meu sincero agradecimento. Thanks! Aos meus pais, à minha irmã por serem as figuras de referência na minha vida, por acreditarem e me fazerem acreditar no meu trabalho. À minha família pelas histórias/estórias partilhadas. A todos os amigos e amigas, espalhados pelo mundo, os príncipes e as princesas da minha narrativa, com os quais cresci e aprendi imenso, sobretudo que os sonhos fazem parte da vida e que as distâncias são meras coordenadas geográficas. Obrigada por serem parte do meu mundo! Aos livros e autores que li (e que lerei) por me fazerem sonhar e compreender o mundo, porque cada história traz sempre mais histórias numa interminável sequência labiríntica de mundos. Aos meus gatos que são, sem dúvida, seres mágicos! To my dear friends in Denmark with whom I have learnt so many things in a place that I will always call home. Tak! “The universe, somebody said and I know now it is true, is made of stories, not particles; they are the wave functions of our existence. If they constitute the event horizon of our particular black hole they are also our only means of escape.” – André Brink, Imaginings of Sand. v palavras-chave Estudos Pós-coloniais; Estudos de Género; Realismo Mágico; Identidade vs Alteridade; Memória; Hibridismo; Pós-modernismo; Literatura Contemporânea; Representações de Mulheres. vi Resumo Este estudo centra-se na análise de diversos textos pós-coloniais que destacam a relevância de re-imaginar a História através de diferentes perspectivas, nomeadamente a re-invenção do passado com base numa abordagem feminista. A dissolução dos limites entre história e ficção é actualmente aceite como um indicador relevante da "metaficção historiográfica", conforme teorizada por Linda Hutcheon. As obras analisadas neste estudo são, portanto, variantes deste género contemporâneo e das suas interseções com Realismo Mágico. Estas narrativas também têm ainda em comum a preocupação com o papel das mulheres em contextos socio-culturais pós-coloniais, bem como as suas representações nesses mesmos contextos. O presente estudo investiga ainda a forma como determinadas representações são preponderantes na construção de identidades num mundo pós-colonial. As narrativas de mulheres engendram novas histórias que desconstroem, realçam e antecipam várias conclusões oficiais das narrações dominantes da história. Assim sendo, a ficção contemporânea incorpora o Realismo Mágico pelas suas possibilidades subversivas que resistem a um mundo singular com um único conjunto de regras ou leis. Deste modo, rejeita sistemas totalizantes e cria uma "espacialidade dual", onde diferentes realidades convergem. Em certa medida, o mágico funciona como um agente cultural, um constructo complexo através do qual vozes silenciadas podem contar suas histórias. Assim sendo, Realismo Mágico aparece ligado a estudos pós- coloniais, ao pós-modernismo, e a estudos de género. Os autores escolhidos justapõem estas características, de modo a criar espaços imaginários nos quais o real seja retratado mas que também seja sujeito a crítica. Além disso, as suas representações dialógicas permitem a possibilidade de um encontro entre o Eu colonizador e o Outro colonizado como momento potencialmente criativo e uma forma de (re)criar um "terceiro espaço" no qual seja possível inscrever a ambivalência gerada por esse encontro. Os textos seleccionados representam ainda a autoridade de vozes femininas e marginalizadas, tendo em consideração as vozes/estórias silenciadas e "outro subalterno". Consequentemente, a polivocalidade destas narrativas pode designar um potencial de resistência às convenções opressivas impostas por um poder hegemónico e eurocêntrico. Por conseguinte, estas narrativas têm em consideração o modo como diferentes culturas interagem e/ou se processam mutuamente sem se anularem. O estudo demonstra ainda que os textos partilham uma necessidade mútua em recontar os passados perdidos das suas personagens femininas, bem como as novas perspectivas que são geradas a partir daí. Estas narrativas e representações de mulheres assumem um papel importante na reavaliação da História como meio de recuperar e restaurar histórias silenciadas que fazem claramente parte de um processo de reconstrução de identidades pós-coloniais. vii keywords Postcolonial Studies; Gender Studies; Magical Realism; Identity vs Alterity; Memory; Hybridism; Postmodernism; Contemporary Literature; Represenations of Women. viii Abstract This study focuses on the analysis of several postcolonial texts that highlight the relevance of re-imagining History through different lenses, particularly the re-invention of the past based on a feminist approach. The dissolution of the limits between history and fiction is currently accepted as a relevant indicator of “historiographic metafiction,” as coined by Linda Hutcheon. The novels analyzed in this study are all variations of this contemporary genre and its intersections with Magical Realism. They also share a common preoccupation with the role of women in postcolonial socio-cultural contexts and the representations of women in these contexts. This study thus investigates some of these representations which are connected with the construction of identities in the postcolonial world. The narratives of women selected engender new histories which undermine, enhance, and pre-empt many official conclusions of the dominant narrations of history. In doing this, contemporary fiction incorporates magic realism for its subversive possibilities in resisting a single world with a single set of rules or laws. In this way it rejects totalizing systems, and creates a “dual spatiality” where dissimilar realities converge. To some extent, the magical works as a cultural agent, a complex construct through which silenced voices may tell their stories. Hence magical realism has been connected with postcolonialism, postmodernism and gender studies. The authors chosen juxtapose these characteristics in order to create imaginary spaces that both depict the real and subject it to critique. Furthermore, their dialogic representations allow the possibility of an encounter between the colonizing Self and the colonized Other as potentially creative and a way to (re)generate a “third space” where it is possible to inscribe the ambivalence generated by that encounter. Their texts also enact the empowering of female and marginalized voices, giving agency to the silenced and “subaltern other”. Consequently, the novels’ polivocality may designate a potential resistance to oppressive conventions imposed by a hegemonic and Eurocentric power. Accordingly, the narratives dealt with take into consideration the way different cultures interact and/or process each other. The study shows that the texts share a mutual need to retell the lost pasts of their female characters and the new perspectives they generate. These narratives of women assume a significant role in the re-examination of history as they reclaim and restore unuttered stories that are clearly part of a postcolonial identity process. ix Narratives of Women: Gender and Magical Realism in Postcolonial Texts Henri Rosseau, The Dream 1910. 1 2 Table of Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 – André Brink: The Tangible and Fluid Boundary between Reality and Myths. 19 1.1. – Paradoxes of the Self and the Other: Challenging Otherness in Cape of Storms: The First 31 Life of Adamastor 1.2. – “Our Missing Store of Memories”: Female Voices and Storytelling in Imaginings of Sand. 55 Chapter 2 – Entangled (Hi)stories, Intertwined Bodies: Fragmentation and Hybrid Identities 83 in Kiana Davenport’s Shark Dialogues Chapter 3 – Negotiating Corporeality and Exoticism in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The 105 Mistress of Spices Chapter 4 – Mapping the Exotic India: Body, (In)visibility and Fragmentation as Metaphors 127 of Identity in Siddharth Dhanvant Shanghvi’s The Last Song of Dusk Conclusion 143 Bibliography 155 3 4 Introduction “We fabricate yesterdays for ourselves which we can live with, which make the future possible, even if it remains infinitely variable and vulnerable, a whole bloody network of flickering, and intimate lighting to illuminate the darkness inside.” – André Brink, Devil’s Valley “There is no problem in the world that cannot be solved with a story.” –
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