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Delphinium Denudatum Wall.)—A Review

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Delphinium Denudatum Wall.)—A Review Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 5(4), October 2006, pp. 463-467 Unani drug, Jadwar (Delphinium denudatum Wall.)—A review Qudsia Nizami* & MA Jafri *A-7, Second Floor, Johri Farm, Noor Nagar Extn., Okhla, New Delhi110062, Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology); Faculty of Medicine (Unani), Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 4 April 2005; revised 22 August 2005 Jadwar, root of Delphinium denudatum Wall. is an important central nervous system (CNS) active drug of Unani System of Medicine. In various classical texts, it has been mentioned to be sedative, analgesic, brain and nervine tonic, and is recommended for various brain and nervine disorders like epilepsy, tremors, hysteria, atony, numbness, paralysis, morphine dependence, etc. The present paper reviews chemical and pharmacological investigations carried out on Jadwar drug during recent times. Keywords: Anticonvulsant activity, Antidote activity, Delphinium denudatum, Jadwar, Review, Unani medicine IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P25/00, A61P25/02, A61P25/08, A61P25/14, A61P25/20, A61P29/00, A61P39/02, A61P39/04 Delphinium sp. (Larkspurs), an annual or perennial, altitudes of 2,438.4-3,657.6 m. It also occurs in erect and hardy ornamental herbs are grown for their Punjab, Sirmoor and Lahore1,3, 7,9. beautiful flowers. Delphinium ajacis, D. consolida, The rhizome is blackish brown, externally marked D. elatum, D. grandiflorum, D. laxiflorum, by longitudinal wrinkles and bears numerous small D. montanum, D. palmatifidum, D. peregrinum, circular scars that are the remains of lateral roots D. bescens, D. staphisagria and D. triste are used (Fig. 1). At the crown there is a scaly leaf bud 6,7,10. medicinally in Europe, of which, 15 species occur in Flowers few scattered, pale blue, seed small and India, out of which Delphinium denudatum Wall. endospermic1,10. It is externally covered by a (Ranunculaceae) is used medicinally1-4. The generic suberized metaderm. The metaderm comprises of name of Jadwar is derived from a Greek word, which brown tubular cells having somewhat irregular means Dolphin, as the nectary resembles the figure of arrangement10. Root parenchymatous cells contain a dolphin5. The word Jadwar is Arabic form of starch grains, which mostly occur in groups. Fibers, Persian Zadwar, which means the great purifier or calcium oxalate and cork cells are absent. The drug antidote. The Persian name Mah-Parvin (moon and powder appears light yellow in colour. When treated pleaides) is probably given to this plant as it blossoms with NaOH, prepared in methanol, and observed in the beginning of summer when the pleaides rise6. In under ultraviolet light, it became yellowish green11,12. India, Jadwar was named as Narbasi / Nirbisi due to The quantity of reducing sugars in aqueous extract of its antidotal properties2. Nir means to oppose or to Jadwar was 13.74 ± 0.54%. Powdered drug comprises remove and Bisi means Bis or Vish (poison). Bis of mostly of fragments of xylem vessels having Nirbisi are also used for Bish or aconite, as Jadwar is scleriform thickenings, a few parenchyma and lot of the antidote for aconite poisoning8. Antila, Balootul small rounded bodies, i.e. starch grains and few arz, Jadwar, Mahferfin, Zadwar, Jadwar, Nirbishi, prismatic crystals. Powder is semi-fine in nature and Nirbisi, Nirvisi, Apavisha, Avisha, Nirvisha, Nirvishi, grey or ash coloured. The taste is very bitter without and Vishalakarani are some of its vernacular any significant odour10. names3,4,6. Jadwar (Delphinium denudatum) commonly occurrs on the grassy slopes in western Phytochemistry temperate Himalayas, from Kumaon to Kashmir at an Presence of alkaloids like delpho-curarine, staphisagrine, delphinine, condelphine, isotalatizidine, —————— denudatine, talatizidine, hetisinone, delnudine, *Corresponding author delnuline, vilmorri anonymouse, panicutine, 3- 464 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 5, No. 4, OCTOBER 2006 hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, diterpenoid epilepsy, facial palsy, insanity, mania, hysteria, atony, alkaloid 8, acetylhetero-phyllisine and diterpenoid migraine, numbness, tremors, infantile convulsions, alkaloid C25H39NO6 identical with condelphine, have aconite poisoning, snake bite, scorpion sting, opium been reported1,3,13-21. Sterols and fatty acids have been addiction, arthritis, cardiac weakness, palpitation, detected in Jadwar roots22. Oil content (1.47%) rheumatism, toothache, all kinds of pain, leucoderma obtained from Jadwar root yielded, unsaponifiable and for improving skin complexion4, 8, 25-40. Khameera matter (17.75%), and saponifiable matter (82.25%). Gaozaban Ambari Jadwar Ood Saleeb Wala, Habb-e Alcoholic extract of defatted powdered Jadwar Jadwar, Habb-e Jawahar and Jawahar Mohra, revealed the presence of maltose, sucrose, glucose and Marham-e Jadwar, Zimad-e Warm-e Lozatain are fructose. Direct thin layer chromatography (TLC) some of the formulations of Unani System of showed only monoxygenated acids, while argentation Medicine10, 35. TLC showed the spots corresponding to saturates, monoene, diene and triene, and absence of trans- Adulterants and varieties of Jadwar unsaturated components. The gas liquid Jadwar is adulterated with the root of Beesh chromatogarphy (GLC) analysis showed that (aconite), a poisonous herb root that may cause death11. Some roots, similar to Jadwar in appearance, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were present in 6,8,31,37,41 the ratio of 1:3 (ref. 23). Sugar, protein, phenol, are sold as adulterants . Some researcher has mentioned four types of Jadwar, viz white, violet, starch, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and potassium 29 are also present in Jadwar root10. Delphindin, an black and yellow . The people of Khata call yellow anthocyanidin has also been reported24. type Karbi and violet type Barbi. The rest two types, i.e. black and white are of Indian origin. The best Therapeutic activity variety, called Jadwar Khatai is violet in colour and In classical books of Unani medicine, Jadwar is larger in size36. It is harder and heavier, conical in referred as antipyretic, antiseptic, vulnerary, shape and leaves violet colour on paper when rubbed detergent, diuretic, exhilarant, resolvent, anti- with water. The black Indian variety of Jadwar found inflammatory, demulcent, sedative, analgesic, in Kashmir is better than yellow and white varieties. aphrodisiac, antidote, cardiotonic, general tonic, brain White varieties are smaller in size, softer and white, and nervine tonic and tonic for viscera, teeth, both on inside and outside. Black variety, found in a stomach, vision and principal organs. Jadwar has city of ‘Undlus’ (Spain) called Chalpapi and Nitla, is been recommended for the treatment of paralysis, bitter in taste. Other researcher has reported following five varieties of Jadwar8,27,35,37,38: (i) Externally black, internally reddish violet, scorpioid in shape, taste sweet first and bitter afterwards is called Jadwar Khatai as it grows in the hills of Khata. (ii) Yellowish black on both inside and outside, scorpioid in shape, and bitter in taste is inferior to Jadwar Khatai. (iii) Black on both sides, inside and outside. On rubbing it leaves a blue tint. It is bitter in taste and inferior to second variety. The second and third varieties come from Tibet, Nepal, Morong and Rangpore. (iv) Black in colour, olive sized and bitter in taste is found in Deccan hills, and (v) Black in colour, 20-23 cm long, soft and very bitter in taste, called Antila is found in Spain. It often grows in the vicinity of Beesh (Aconite), and has an inhibitory effect on the growth of Beesh. It also mitigates the toxicity of Beesh. NIZAMI & JAFRI: A REVIEW OF UNANI MEDICINE, JADWAR 465 Another reported variety growing in Spain is called the aqueous extract showed better anticonvulsive ef- Faheeque31. It is white in colour, sweet in taste and fect than aqueous extract against pentylenetetrazole has a pleasant fragrance. It also grows near Bachnak and bicuculline induced maximal electroshock test in (Aconite). Fifth and sixth types are respectively given hippocampus52. Ethanolic extract and aqueous frac- the name Antila Sauda, i.e.; Black Antila and Antila tion of Jadwar root showed anticonvulsant activity Baiza, i.e. White Antila. The best reported variety is against maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pen- Jadwar Khatai 8,29,31,33,36. tylenetetrazole, bicuculline, picrotoxin and strychnine Ancient Unani texts distinguished Jadwar tubers tests. FS-1 sub-fraction of an aqueous fraction also from Beesh as both grow together. Beesh is smaller, showed anticonvulsant activities in maximal electro- reddish and its taste is first sweetish, but soon shock test and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole, bicu- 53 becomes acrid, accompanied with a tingling sensation culline, picrotoxin-induced seizures . Aqueous and numbness. If Jadwar is taken afterwards, this fraction showed in vitro inhibition of pentylenetetra- sensation disappears. Strong Beesh may also produce zole and bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity in inflammation, even blisters on the tongue, while rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These anticon- Jadwar is free from such adverse effects. Jadwar is vulsant compounds from aqueous fraction possibly bitterer than Beesh8, 35, 37. Botanical source of genuine interact with GABA (A) receptor to produce blockade 54 Jadwar is the root of Delphinium denudatum42. False of epileptiform activity . Study of the effect of FS-1 drug is rough, uneven and shriveled externally
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