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SETL for Internet Data Processing
SETL for Internet Data Processing by David Bacon A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Computer Science New York University January, 2000 Jacob T. Schwartz (Dissertation Advisor) c David Bacon, 1999 Permission to reproduce this work in whole or in part for non-commercial purposes is hereby granted, provided that this notice and the reference http://www.cs.nyu.edu/bacon/phd-thesis/ remain prominently attached to the copied text. Excerpts less than one PostScript page long may be quoted without the requirement to include this notice, but must attach a bibliographic citation that mentions the author’s name, the title and year of this disser- tation, and New York University. For my children ii Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Jack Schwartz, for his support and encour- agement. I am also grateful to Ed Schonberg and Robert Dewar for many interesting and helpful discussions, particularly during my early days at NYU. Terry Boult (of Lehigh University) and Richard Wallace have contributed materially to my later work on SETL through grants from the NSF and from ARPA. Finally, I am indebted to my parents, who gave me the strength and will to bring this labor of love to what I hope will be a propitious beginning. iii Preface Colin Broughton, a colleague in Edmonton, Canada, first made me aware of SETL in 1980, when he saw the heavy use I was making of associative tables in SPITBOL for data processing in a protein X-ray crystallography laboratory. -
Modern Programming Languages CS508 Virtual University of Pakistan
Modern Programming Languages (CS508) VU Modern Programming Languages CS508 Virtual University of Pakistan Leaders in Education Technology 1 © Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan Modern Programming Languages (CS508) VU TABLE of CONTENTS Course Objectives...........................................................................................................................4 Introduction and Historical Background (Lecture 1-8)..............................................................5 Language Evaluation Criterion.....................................................................................................6 Language Evaluation Criterion...................................................................................................15 An Introduction to SNOBOL (Lecture 9-12).............................................................................32 Ada Programming Language: An Introduction (Lecture 13-17).............................................45 LISP Programming Language: An Introduction (Lecture 18-21)...........................................63 PROLOG - Programming in Logic (Lecture 22-26) .................................................................77 Java Programming Language (Lecture 27-30)..........................................................................92 C# Programming Language (Lecture 31-34) ...........................................................................111 PHP – Personal Home Page PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (Lecture 35-37)........................129 Modern Programming Languages-JavaScript -
Latest Results from the Procedure Calling Test, Ackermann's Function
Latest results from the procedure calling test, Ackermann’s function B A WICHMANN National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex Division of Information Technology and Computing March 1982 Abstract Ackermann’s function has been used to measure the procedure calling over- head in languages which support recursion. Two papers have been written on this which are reproduced1 in this report. Results from further measurements are in- cluded in this report together with comments on the data obtained and codings of the test in Ada and Basic. 1 INTRODUCTION In spite of the two publications on the use of Ackermann’s Function [1, 2] as a mea- sure of the procedure-calling efficiency of programming languages, there is still some interest in the topic. It is an easy test to perform and the large number of results ob- tained means that an implementation can be compared with many other systems. The purpose of this report is to provide a listing of all the results obtained to date and to show their relationship. Few modern languages do not provide recursion and hence the test is appropriate for measuring the overheads of procedure calls in most cases. Ackermann’s function is a small recursive function listed on page 2 of [1] in Al- gol 60. Although of no particular interest in itself, the function does perform other operations common to much systems programming (testing for zero, incrementing and decrementing integers). The function has two parameters M and N, the test being for (3, N) with N in the range 1 to 6. Like all tests, the interpretation of the results is not without difficulty. -
Preconditions/Postconditions Author: Robert Dewar Abstract: Ada Gem
Gem #31: preconditions/postconditions Author: Robert Dewar Abstract: Ada Gem #31 — The notion of preconditions and postconditions is an old one. A precondition is a condition that must be true before a section of code is executed, and a postcondition is a condition that must be true after the section of code is executed. Let’s get started… The notion of preconditions and postconditions is an old one. A precondition is a condition that must be true before a section of code is executed, and a postcondition is a condition that must be true after the section of code is executed. In the context we are talking about here, the section of code will always be a subprogram. Preconditions are conditions that must be guaranteed by the caller before the call, and postconditions are results guaranteed by the subprogram code itself. It is possible, using pragma Assert (as defined in Ada 2005, and as implemented in all versions of GNAT), to approximate run-time checks corresponding to preconditions and postconditions by placing assertion pragmas in the body of the subprogram, but there are several problems with that approach: 1. The assertions are not visible in the spec, and preconditions and postconditions are logically a part of (in fact, an important part of) the spec. 2. Postconditions have to be repeated at every exit point. 3. Postconditions often refer to the original value of a parameter on entry or the result of a function, and there is no easy way to do that in an assertion. The latest versions of GNAT implement two pragmas, Precondition and Postcondition, that deal with all three problems in a convenient way. -
Understanding Programming Languages
Understanding Programming Languages M. Ben-Ari Weizmann Institute of Science Originally published by John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1996. Copyright °c 2006 by M. Ben-Ari. You may download, display and print one copy for your personal use in non-commercial academic research and teaching. Instructors in non-commerical academic institutions may make one copy for each student in his/her class. All other rights reserved. In particular, posting this document on web sites is prohibited without the express permission of the author. Contents Preface xi I Introduction to Programming Languages 1 1 What Are Programming Languages? 2 1.1 The wrong question . 2 1.2 Imperative languages . 4 1.3 Data-oriented languages . 7 1.4 Object-oriented languages . 11 1.5 Non-imperative languages . 12 1.6 Standardization . 13 1.7 Computer architecture . 13 1.8 * Computability . 16 1.9 Exercises . 17 2 Elements of Programming Languages 18 2.1 Syntax . 18 2.2 * Semantics . 20 2.3 Data . 21 2.4 The assignment statement . 22 2.5 Type checking . 23 2.6 Control statements . 24 2.7 Subprograms . 24 2.8 Modules . 25 2.9 Exercises . 26 v Contents vi 3 Programming Environments 27 3.1 Editor . 28 3.2 Compiler . 28 3.3 Librarian . 30 3.4 Linker . 31 3.5 Loader . 32 3.6 Debugger . 32 3.7 Profiler . 33 3.8 Testing tools . 33 3.9 Configuration tools . 34 3.10 Interpreters . 34 3.11 The Java model . 35 3.12 Exercises . 37 II Essential Concepts 38 4 Elementary Data Types 39 4.1 Integer types . -
CWI Scanprofile/PDF/300
Centrum voor Wiskunde en lnformatica Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science L.G.L.T. Meertens, S. Pemberton An implementation of the B programming language Department of Computer Science Note CS-N8406 June Biblioiiie.:;I( ~'~'l'i't'Hm.n<' Wi~f.i;r;de- c11 !nform;:,;i:i.C<a - Ams1errJar11 AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE B PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE L.G.L.T. MEERTENS, S. PEMBERTON CentPe foP Mathematics and ComputeP Science~ AmstePdam Bis a new programming language designed for personal computing. We describe some of the decisions taken in implementing the language, and the problems involved. Note: B is a working title until the language is finally frozen. Then it will acquire its definitive name. The language is entirely unrelated to the predecessor of C. A version of this paper will appear in the proceedings of the Washington USENIX Conference (January 1984). 1982 CR CATEGORIES: 69D44. KEY WORDS & PHRASES: programming language implementation, progrannning envi ronments, B. Note CS-N8406 Centre f~r Mathematics and Computer Science P.O. Box 4079, 1009 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands I The programming language B B is a programming language being designed and implemented at the CWI. It was originally started in 1975 in an attempt to design a language for beginners as a suitable replacement for BASIC. While the emphasis of the project has in the intervening years shifted from "beginners" to "personal computing", the main design objectives have remained the same: · • simplicity; • suitability for conversational use; • availability of tools for structured programming. The design of the language has proceeded iteratively, and the language as it now stands is the third iteration of this process. -
Cs 98 Algol W Implementat Ion by H. Bauer S. Becker S
CS 98 ALGOL W IMPLEMENTAT ION BY H. BAUER S. BECKER S. GRAHAM TECHNICAL REPORT NO. CS 98 MAY 20, 1968 COMPUTER SC IENCE DEPARTMENT School of Humanities and Sciences STANFORD UNIVERS llTY ALGOL W IMPLEMENTATION* -- H, Bauer S. Becker S. Graham * This research is supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants GP-4053 and ~~-6844. -ALGOL -W IMPLEMENTATION Table -.of Contents ,, 1, Introduction . ..~.........*0.~.**.e.....*.....".....* XI. General Organization . ..os.*..e.~*....~****.*..*.. 3 lX1. Overall Design . ..*.0~....~..~e~eo~o.e...e.....*~~.... 4 A. Principal Design Considerations . ..*......** 4 B. Run-Time Program and Data Segmentation ., ,,,... 6 C. Pass One . ..~D..O......~e~~.*~.*~.....~.. 7 D. Pass Two . ..*..eOC~O.4....*~~..~...~..~~....~ 8 1. Description of Principles and -=. Main Tasks .*0*.*.......0~,00*..*..* 8 2. Parsing Algorithm . ...*......**.* 8 3* Error Recovery .0....~..~.~.~.,~,~~~, 9 4. Register Analysis . ..*.......*.... 11 L- 5* Tables *.....@.,..*......e..*.*.y...* 13 6. Output ,.......*..*0..00..0*~~..~... 13 E. Pass Three . ..0......*....e...e..e.e........*, 16 L l-v. Compiler Details . ..~..~~~...~~~~.~~.....~..~... 17 A. Run-Time Organization ..~*0**~..*~...~...*~..., 17 1. Program and Data Segmentation ,,.,., 17 2. Addressing Conventions . ..*.9..*..** 20 30 Block Marks and Procedure Marks ,.., 20 4. Array Indexing Conventions . ..I.# 22 5. Base Address Table and Lirikage to System Routines . ..****..o....*.. 23 6. Special Constants and Error Codes ,. 24 Register Usage ..OI.OI.O,,..O..L,..~ 27 ;3** Record Allocation and Storage Reclamation .0.0.~.~*0*~0..~~~.**, 27 B. Pass We r....oc.o....o....o..~.*..~*.,.,.....* 33 1. Table Formats Internal to Pass One . ..0...*ee..o...Q....*.~.* 3c 2. The Output String Representing an ALGOL W Program l . -
50 Years of Pascal Niklaus Wirth the Programming Language Pascal Has Won World-Wide Recognition
50 Years of Pascal Niklaus Wirth The programming language Pascal has won world-wide recognition. In celebration of its 50th birthday I shall remark briefly today about its origin, spread, and further development. Background In the early 1960's, the languages Fortran (John Backus, IBM) for scientific, and Cobol (Jean Sammet, IBM and DoD) for commercial applications dominated. Programs were written on paper, then punched on cards, and one waited for a day for the results. Programming languages were recognized as essential aids and accelerators of the hard process of programming. In 1960, an international committee published the language Algol 60. It was the first time that a language was defined by concisely formulated constructs and by a precise, formal syntax. Already two years later it was recognized that a few corrections and improvements were needed. Mainly, however, the range of applications should be widened, because Algol 60 was intended for scientific calculations (numerical mathematics) only. Under the auspices of IFIP a Working Group (WG 2.1) was established to tackle this project. The group consisted of about 40 members with almost the same number of opinions and views about what a successor of Algol should look like. There ensued many discussions, and on occasions the debates ended even violently. Early in 1964 I became a member, and soon was requested to prepare a concrete proposal. Two factions had developed in the committee. One of them aimed at a second, after Algol 60, milestone, a language with radically new, untested concepts and pervasive flexibility. The other faction remained more modest and focused on realistic improvements of known concepts. -
5. the Implementation of Algol W
5. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ALGOL W The two preceding chapters outline the data and control structures which appear with minor variations in most implementations of Algol-like languages, and they suggest how mechanisms for providing debugging facilities can be superimposed upon such structures. By emphasizing the generality of certain ideas, however, those chapters obscure the many crucial and often nontrivial problems of detail which must be solved for a particular language and implementation. This and subsequent chapters describe the internal structure of an implemented debugging system, which is based upon the Algol W language and the IBM System/360, IBM System/370, or ICL System 4 hardware. Various design problems are pinpointed and their solutions are described. Some of these are of general interest; others are specific to Algol W or the System/360 and are mentioned primarily to suggest the kinds of difficulties other designers should anticipate. This chapter sketches the underlying implementation of Algol W. It illustrates the application of some of the ideas in Chapter 3 and provides information necessary for understanding subsequent chapters. It also attempts to demonstrate that many features of the Algol W language and System/360 hardware naturally lead to design decisions which, as subsequent chapters show, simplify the implementation of useful debugging aids. The treatment of detail is intentionally selective; very cursory attention is given to those features of the compiler and object code which either are quite standard or are unrelated to the provision of debugging tools. A more thorough, although rather obsolete, description of the compiler is available elsewhere [Bauer 68]. -
Ada Distilled by Richard Riehle
Ada Distilled by Richard Riehle An Introduction to Ada Programming for Experienced Computer Programmers by Richard Riehle AdaWorks Software Engineering http://www.adaworks.com Copyright 2002, AdaWorks Software Engineering Public Edition. Permission to copy if AdaWorks is acknowledged in copies Version: July 2003 Page 1 of 113 Ada Distilled by Richard Riehle Acknowledgments There are always a lot of people involved in the creation of any book, even one as small and modest as this one. Those who have contributed to the best features of this book include my students at Naval Postgraduate School, Mr. Michael Berenato of Computer Sciences Corporation, Mr. Ed Colbert of Absolute Software, and many students from Lockheed-Martin Corporation, Computer Sciences Corporation, British Aerospace, various branches of the uniformed services, to name a few. I also owe a special thanks to Dr. Ben Brosgol, Dr. Robert Dewar, Mr. Mark Gerhardt, and Dr. Mantak Shing for what I have learned from them. Also thanks to the contributors to comp.lang.ada Usenet forum and the Team_Ada Listserve. Phil Thornley deserves extra credit for his detailed reading of the manuscript and many corrections. Special thanks goes to Ed Colbert for his careful study of some of my program examples. He is one of those people who can spot a program error at fifty paces. Using this unique skill, Ed brought many errors, some big and some small, to my attention. Also thanks to more recent input from Phil Thornley and Adrian Hoe. Any other errors are strictly mine. Any mistakes in wording, spelling, or facts are mine and mine alone. -
An Interview with Tony Hoare ACM 1980 A.M. Turing Award Recipient
1 An Interview with 2 Tony Hoare 3 ACM 1980 A.M. Turing Award Recipient 4 (Interviewer: Cliff Jones, Newcastle University) 5 At Tony’s home in Cambridge 6 November 24, 2015 7 8 9 10 CJ = Cliff Jones (Interviewer) 11 12 TH = Tony Hoare, 1980 A.M. Turing Award Recipient 13 14 CJ: This is a video interview of Tony Hoare for the ACM Turing Award Winners project. 15 Tony received the award in 1980. My name is Cliff Jones and my aim is to suggest 16 an order that might help the audience understand Tony’s long, varied, and influential 17 career. The date today is November 24th, 2015, and we’re sitting in Tony and Jill’s 18 house in Cambridge, UK. 19 20 Tony, I wonder if we could just start by clarifying your name. Initials ‘C. A. R.’, but 21 always ‘Tony’. 22 23 TH: My original name with which I was baptised was Charles Antony Richard Hoare. 24 And originally my parents called me ‘Charles Antony’, but they abbreviated that 25 quite quickly to ‘Antony’. My family always called me ‘Antony’, but when I went to 26 school, I think I moved informally to ‘Tony’. And I didn’t move officially to ‘Tony’ 27 until I retired and I thought ‘Sir Tony’ would sound better than ‘Sir Antony’. 28 29 CJ: Right. If you agree, I’d like to structure the discussion around the year 1980 when 30 you got the Turing Award. I think it would be useful for the audience to understand 31 just how much you’ve done since that award. -
Topic I � Introduction and Motivation
� Topic I � Introduction and motivation References: � Chapter 1of Concepts in programm ing languages by J. C. Mitchell. CUP, 2003. � Chapter 1of Programming languag es: Design and implementation(3 RD EDITION) by T.W. Pr tt !" M. #.$elkowit'. Prentice Hall, )***. � Chapter 1of Programming languag e pragmatics (2ND EDITION) by M. L. ,cott. El-e.ier, 2006. � 5 Goals Critic l thinking bout 1rogr 3mi!2 la!20 ge-. ? What is 1rogr 33i!2 l !20 ge45 Study 1rogr 3mi!2 la!20 ge-. � 6e f 3iliar &ith ba-ic l !20 2e concepts. � 71preciate tr de8off- i! l !20 ge design. Tr ce history, 1preci te evolution !" di.er-ity of ideas. 6e 1re1 red for !e& 1ro2r 33i!2 methods, paradigms. � 6 Why study programming languages? � To i31ro.e the ability to "e.elop effecti.e lgorithms. � To i31ro.e the 0-e of f 3ili r l !20 2es. � To incre -e the .oc b0lary of 0-ef0l pro2r 33i!2 con-truct-. � To llo& better choice of 1rogr 33i!2 l !20 2e. � To 3 %e it e -ier to lear! !e& l !20 ge. � To 3 %e it e -ier to "e-ig! ne& l !20 2e. � To -im0late 0-ef0l feat0re- in l !20 ge- that l c% them. � To 3 %e better 0-e of l !20 2e technology &here.er it 11ear-. � 7 What makes a good language? Clarity, -i31licity, !" 0!ity. Ortho2onality. N turalne-- for the 11lication. ,011ort of bstraction. E -e of pro2r 3 .eri9c tion. Progr 33i!2 e!.iro!3ent-.