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$TUDIA ISLAIIII(A INDONESIAN Rounrunr for Rslamrc Studtes Volume 13, Number 2, 2005 $TUDIA ISLAIIII(A INDONESIAN rounrunr FoR rsLAMrc sTUDTES Volume 13, Number 2, 2005 THr TeRsrvAH MovEMENT: WHv PnoplE JorN THrs INDoNESIAN CoNrsNdpoRARY ISLAMIC MovEMENT Muslrv INsuncrNcrES IN SoUTHEAST AsIA: INrnactanrlrry, THE Srcunlrv Dil.sN4N4a, RTrIO "ISTRVIC FACTOR'' Ahmad-Norma Permata THr GuenorAN oF THE INTEGRaI VISIoN oF IsLAMrc PRacrtcr: THn NaeSHBANDI Surt OnoBn IN INDONESIA Saiful Umam rssN 0215-0492 $TI]}IA I$I,A[{II(A Vol.13, n0.2,2006 EDITORIAL BOARD: M. Quraish Shihab (UIN lakarta) Taufik Abdullah (LIPI lakarta) Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (IAIN Sumatra Utara) M,C. Ricklefs (Melbourne Uniuersity) Martin aan Bruinessen (Utrecht Uniuersity) lohn R. Bowen (Washington Uniaersity, St' Louis) M. Atho Mudzhar (IAIN YogYnkarta) M. IQmal Hasan (International lslamic Uniaersity, Kuala Lumpur) EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azyumardi Azra EDITORS Saiful Mujani lamhari lajat Burhanuddin Fu'ad labali Oman Fathurahman ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS Heni Nuroni ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Cheyne Scott ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR Masri Elmahsyar Bidin COVER DESIGNER S, Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA USSN 021.5-0492) is a iournal published by the centet for the study of tslam and society ePlM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, lakarta (sT? DEPPEN No. L2\/-SKD\|\EN/PPG/STT/197O. It specializes in lndonesian Islamic studies in particular, and South-east Asian Islamic Studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from schalars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the aiaos of the iournal, ot other institutions to \,hich it is ffiliated. They are solely the aiaus of the nuthors' The articles contained in this journal haue been refereed by the Board of Editors. STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by Thz Ministry of National Education, Republic of lndonesia as an academic journal (sK Dirien Dikti No, 23a/DIKTI/2004t. Ahmad-Norma Permata Muslim Insurgencies in Southeast Asia: Intractability, the Security Dilemma, and "Islamic Factor" Abstraksi: Danasa ini, konflik-konflik sosial-politik di Asia Tenggara kerap kali dipahami relatif terlepas darai faktor agama (Islam). Sikap ini terutama berkembang di lingkungan elit politik pemerintahan beberapa negara Asia Tenggara yang memiliki pengalaman konflik di wilayan mas- ing-masing. Sikap ini didasarkan pada sejumlah alasan: pertama, faktor agama akan menjerat negarapadaperdebatan isu-isu teologis dan ini cuk- up sensitif;kedua, faktor agnma (Islam) akan menimbulkan sentimen glo- bal masyarakat Muslim di dunia, Artiklel ini memberikan gambaran berbeda dari kalangan elit politik pemerintahan terhadap konflik yang terjadi di Asia Tenggara. Penulis melihat bahws propaganda politis untuk menghindari simbol agama se- b agai b agian dar i konflik memiliki alasan p enting. F akt or I slam tetap dom- inan dalam masalah konflik Asia Tenggara, di samping faktor-faktor lain yang bersifut politik dsn ekonomi, Islam misalnya memberikan peluang cukup penting dalam konflik; Islam memperkuat ideologi politik keagam- aan sebagai legitimasi pemberontaknn, di samping juga menjadi bahasa yang efektif untuk mobilisasi masa sebagai bagian dari jihad. Dalam hal terakhir ini, Islam telah menjadi komunitas global dengan konsep ummat, sehingga terhubungkan secar a transnational. KonJlik di Asia Tenggara berkaitan erat dengan konteks regional, sos- ial-b u day a d an kon st eI asi p oI i t ik kene gar a an. D i P hil ip in a, konfl ik b ermu - Iaberkaitan erat denganpersaingan misi agama (Islam dan Kristen) pasca abad ke-13. Diskriminasi negara terhadap kelompok minoritas Muslim menjadi lebih kentara ketika menyebut mereka sebagai Moro, artinya iden- tik dengan kelompok Islam yang dulu menduduki Spanyol. Dari sanakth 241 Studia Islamika, VoL1.3, No. 2.2005 242 Ahmad-NormaPermata konflik terus berkecamuk. Agama dan identitas etnik bahkan menempati bagian penting dari konflik itu. Pemberontakan oleh Muslim minoritas di Mindanao, Philiphina Selatan, misalny a, lebih karena dip erlakukan tidak adil dalam kehidupan ekonomi dan politik, walaupun ada unsur agama yang ikut berperan. Berbeda dengan Moro di Philipina, pemberontakan Aceh di Indonesia hingga awal tahun 2004 lebih dipengaruhi faktor ekonomi dan politik. Ralcyat Aceh secsra ekonomi tidak mendapatkan bagian hasil alam yang seimbnng karena dominasi kEentingan politik lakarta, Permasalahan kon- flik di Aceh hampir tidak terkait dengan agamn. Serupa dengan Philipina,konflik diThsiland dan Myanmat menampil' kan Islsm sebagai bagian yang tidak bisa dipisahkan dari masalah konflik. Sebagai komunitas minoritas di Thailsnd selatan, kelompok Muslim merasa diperlakukan tidak adil, setelah ter jadi pembagian wilayah teritorial pascn- penjajahan Inggris. Semenntara di Myanmar, komunitas Arakan-mny' oritas bergama Islam-menjadi kelompok minoritas yang diperlakukan se- cara diskriminatif oleh pemerintah. Karena itu, konflik dan pemberonta- kan dengan kekuatan militer sering muncul sebagai ekspresi ketidakpua- saanmasyarakat. Di samping persaingan agama dan politik, faktor global juga telah memberikan warna tersendiri terhadap konflik dan pemberontakan do Asia Tenggara. Ada empat hal dari peristiwa global yang mempengaruhi kon- lik: pertama berrmula dari kolonialisme, kemudian perang dunia ke-II dan ketiga karena masa perang dingin antara Amerika dan Uni Soaiet dan t er akhir a dal ah kasus p er an g m el aw an t er or ism e. HaI menarik daripengaruh global terhadap pemberontakan adalahfak- tor terorisme. Ia tidak saja menjadi bagian dari pemberontakan di Asia Tenggara tetapi juga telah meniadi propaganda utams Barat dalsm menS' hadapi kelompok lslam garis keras. Bahkan bagi para analis politik, Asia Tenggara telah menjadi areno perang bagi nl-Qaeda dan Amerika. Faktor ngama telah menjadi simbol penting menumbuhkan kesadaran kelompok Muslim tertentu dengan jargon jihad fi sabilillah (jihad di jalan Allah). Dengan demikian, dari pembahasan artikel ini, pemberontakan-pem- berontakan di Asia Tenggara memiliki berbagai dimensi, mulai dari per- masalnhan politikkeamanan, kepentingan ekonomi sampai pada faktor Is- lam. l..lntuk itu, konflik-konflik politik di Asia Tenggara dezasss ini- ber ikut perkemb angan-p erkembangan p olitik secara utnLtm--4nensy ar at- kan secara mutlak pentingnyn mempertimbangknn faktor agama. Terma' suk dalam hal ini gejala reaiaalisme agama yang juga semakin kuat berkembang belakangan ini di negara-negara di Asia Tenggara, Studin lslamikn, Vol. li, No. 2,2006 Ahmad-Norma Permata Muslim Insurancies in Southeast Asia: Intractability, the Security Dilemma/ and "Islamic Factor" 4reL^:,,!l el^el *Jl ;" ;-1*!l 0lJ!1 J fe-il V \a':{ :b\!,t .J,lll f l=-;;r.r4 Gt{ VI ,}-i +F i c'sJ Cl +"LJfy A a*r.jJl Jotr j \^eW .jri-/l lJ,6 J*1J .(e>L)t) LrrJl lb .VI q-* J$l ue-; 3 w-gl crr*"|*Jl "x3 €r J aJJJf L-*: J!, itJl J,Ul a>g- l-s-" '>l-1y 6* &.-ai-Jl ,j.Ut ,p- tr:"t cafu;J q-L-- W €J fu-:U:cl t"t"bi U alrt4l .CUl c/Y-)l CdAl &\9 11X-)t; g:-tJt i,*-t*Jt j, a"*:Jl &-f ,f \.il\? 6)Jp d^-.Jl l-ta ,rL+ JU^ Jtr ,.--.Jl 6r,, .VI j-i ?ta J LlAl ,J tv:{.Ll a--t-Jl VS .LlAl .:t -l Lf e. ) j"J )t+) .r)\^-lJ € )y t*"1 ,t-# tfL -t4 , G,p LtAt A dtr-)l J*Ul Jljr ,>\-,)t 6rr-r .6:t r-;)ly cr"Ul &.U' t* k, .s;!t ,J"tll ;l g-rJl ,,fto-Jl €jy"+t t,r. 4l '+.LlA e,/#--?''?j dy .;ta-J"t ,J, .rtJl rr;*:J ijt*i &J ge- ui Jl irt )! ca"ytill Ji Jl a"!t ;t', tsl & CL' g.4 fX-y 6.*r ,s.!t t.r" ''!' kt; Jl Jr*4 ciil^'"\f J:, * u>\.tJlr A'1 Cf qra A LlrAl ,t-" LlAt ott .aJJJl d g."t Jt C".JIJ 4iUdl: 4ret^bYl ,!l-.Jls arly-)l 6g"tJl1 A;lAl alt"r)l 1111 uit;Jl JI g.J" ielJl J Ll;)t .r; Jy-rJt t4**:s &Jl aill \*Vl .-;to d$l rtll -ra .*JJl ,r.b'" t, .r:-e V-rs Fl ot* t+r t-tJl r.-l 'Y La ,,. .Ut -i u"tl tt-M ott #-Jl d"JJJ 4r*.; de-- " )ry" .LtrAt A L"# l-1-1.: e.li.ll \-*ts..*Jl .*I-: .W LlAl r:.! aJ:Ul a; a.LtJl .:t"-l J1 "yUt.rrr"" g ;.JJl *lj>U a"_9ull t_*J 243 Studia Islamikn, Vol. 13, No. 2,2005 244 Ahmad-NonnaPermata ,eW .+t.* J!; c ra-Ul; fu.lL,a:iYl sit4l A zi.dlS f^J; 'k+ +"1: . 4,-14 ;".JUll Y t ete ts q;!t ue .,r&t d a,JGll AiJ ,:/ iYl s'^:lJl .W l-r .l."tJl-r ar-:t"aiil j"lll J! ,r..Jl ,J-$ ei * a*+)l oljr:Jl d JrUl ejJt|l up a'-tt-eSl 4-U h; I +t\ e LtAt \*;t <vfl.*) ljtlt a"r<JJ L-t-Jl .rlill ,*V g LlAl gs -A-z / "-rt tJl", "$yrtjJl" c LIF)\.oI V! c^;I .U .l*4+ LlAl ;y s.;>a ! oF C#r" ftrr)l cl! c d^,UJl .:-,t-!rl ft*a A aJ:Ul a; aLtJl .:r.;>LkJl +F O aJ*It a*blt l)- "0ttlJT" a*:*t .t.4 t^r,1 .W ,S#YI Jt^*:-,Yl J+ aJJJI arlji "lL"tll" g "|.--rJl f.o.r; J"tiJ k*i 6.-i -r*t LIiVt oj.a .:lei g, a*l*ll a,JUIlJ Llrdt LeS ,:l eUiJ .U;:tl aLt", aJJJI .i,l^LJl *l;-l 6c -,;a.-:Jl F U.n U J . 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