Building Social Cohesion and Identity Against Radicalization and Terrorism

BUILDING SOCIAL COHESION AND IDENTITY AGAINST RADICALIZATION AND TERRORISM

Reflianto1, Farida Ariani2 and Nora Afnita3 1Post Graduate of State University of Malang, [email protected]. 2Post Graduate of State University of Padang, [email protected] 3STIT Syekh Burhanuddin Pariaman [email protected]

Abstract protecting the environment and building The aim of this research is to build resilience to conflicts. However, the social cohesion and identity against maintaining whatever has been achieved radicalization and terrorism activities in the and expanding the coverage of the multicultural society of Kampung Pondok in success is complicated by the recent Padang City. The subject of this study was the political reformation, compounding the entire of youth society at Kampung Pondok. Data of this research collected by using the effects of other existing conflicts and open ended interview form, observation and historically rooted social tensions. The focus group discussion. The personality and old and new conflicts, crises, and identity of subject was measured by using Big transitions threaten human security on Five Inventory. The Analysis data of this multiple levels and even appear any research used explorative analysis. Research kinds of radicalization and terrorism. findings reported that there are many ways Radicalization continues to be a in building social cohesion and identity dangerous issue for the countries in the against radicalization and terrorism those world and become an important concern, are involving all youth into positive local especially in conflict countries such as in custom activities and build a trust the Middle East and the developed framework, equal citizenship, and inclusion. The good manner for youth can be conducted countries that trigger conflict and by 1) reconstructing the deradicalization dissatisfaction due to their policies. The strategy to counter terrorism trough a civic radicalization movement that originally is education service, 2) outreaching youth by appeared in the conflict countries of the understanding Islamic teaching well and Middle East and then spreading to other respecting other religious norms in the Muslim countries, including Indonesia as regional community of multicultural, eroding the largest Muslim country in the world. the bonds of trust and goodwill among Yet western countries were not spared multicultural society in Kampung Pondok. from their attacks. The increase in casualties caused by suicide bombing Keywords: social cohesion, identity, terror appeared tragic trauma to the radicalization, terrorism community (Broussaud, 2010). The Introduction radicalism movement continued to cause The Indonesia region has been hostility as a form of dissatisfaction with making some progress, although it has American policies and its allies and the been uneven across and within countries, emergence of rebellion over the countries towards reducing poverty and inequality, in the (Middle East a violent Editorial, strengthening democratic governance, 2015)

22 Terrorism is a threat to all States al-Qaeda-affiliated Jemaah Islamiyah and to all peoples; terrorism poses a Islamist terror group or ISIS. serious threat to security, to the values of The end of the year 2016 terrorist democratic societies and to the rights and bombings targeting the city of Padang, freedoms of citizens, especially through Ibn Sina hospital in Padang. The bomb the indiscriminate targeting of innocent was successfully failed by police so as to people. Indonesia has been victim of avoid explosions and casualties (Pkiran some of the largest and most significant Rakyat, 2017). Earlier in the year of 2009 terrorist attacks of the last several the police had arrested the suspected decades. MailOnline is reported that the terrorists namely Sony who hiding in the current terror attacks and killings in guesthouse of Takana Juo, Ulak Karang Indonesia since 2005 up to 2016 among Padang (viva.co.id , 2006). In 2017 the other Series of suicide bomb and a series police again arrested dozens of residents of car bombs exploded at two sites in of West Sumatra are suspected of Jimbaran Beach Resort and in Kuta, Bali involvement in a terrorist network in (MailOnline, 2005). The terrorist attack Batam (Fajar. Co.Id, 2017). Subsequent claimed the lives of 20 people and injured arrested by Pollice Headquarter of more than 100 others. The three bombers Dharmasraya to two teenagers suspected also died in the attacks on October 1, of involvement in a terrorist network that 2005, JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton burning the Police office in Dharmasraya Hotels in Jakarta, were hit by separate (Liputan6.com.Padang, 2017). The suicide bombings five minutes apart. previous year in the Padang city was Three of the seven victims who were surprised by knowing the identity of six killed were Australians, two from the suspected terrorists were arrested in Netherlands, and one each from New Batam two of them came from the city of Zealand and Indonesia (CNN.com, 2009). Padang. It means that the city of Padang More than 50 people were injured in the which was once a friendly, safe and quiet blast on 17 July 2009 up to January 14, with a religious community life is no 2016 there are four militants reportedly longer shows the conducive situation, detonated explosives in or near a because many of the terror and the Starbucks cafe in central Jakarta. emergence of the hidden terrorist Militants destroyed a nearby police post movement from the young people in the with grenades, killing at least 3 men. city of Padang. Gunfire ensued when police arrived Many emerging of radical shortly afterwards (The Indian Express, movement that terrorized West Sumatra 2016). residents, especially in the capital of Traditionally the militias that Padang city, it cannot be separated from politically opposed to Indonesian the influences of hard-line Islamic are government interest were held targeted to young people in the city of responsible for series of terrorism attack Padang as the actor for bombing suicide. in Indonesia. Separatist movements It is the duty and responsibility of local operating in Indonesia, such as the Darul government to seriously find the Islam (Indonesia), Fretilin (East Timorese reconstruction strategy to prevent the independence militia during Indonesian radicalization and terrorist movements occupation of East Timor), Gerakan Aceh among young people in West Sumatra, Merdeka, and Organisasi Papua Merdeka especially in Padang. are often held responsible on terrorist Misunderstanding of jihad, is attacks, such as bombings and shootings, likely make the younger is easy to in Indonesia. Recent terrorism in indoctrination by teaching of jihad itself Indonesia can in part be attributed to the to bring their struggle for establishing the religion of Allah in a way against the

23 legitimate government, and if necessary fight the terrorism is an important issue perform chaos, terror and scare people of worldwide trying to explore in the with terrorist bombings that makes the academic line, causing factor of atmosphere of the people become tense, radicalism born out, growing a group of and interrupted local and national terrorists who bring their identity as a stability. Misunderstanding of jihad has colonized group and then against the sparked young people trapped in government hegemony, causing conflicts radicalism and terrorism to fight those and various acts of violence. Some studies violates the law of God, hoping on risk factors of radicalization and martyrdom and paradise. terrorism in a country in terms of The unique thing is regarded the psychopathological disorders in people suicide bombing as a jihad movement, who are potentially damaging to peace but their bombs target not only people and personality that society tend to be from different religions with them and fragile with strong issues of jihad come innocent, nor Muslims. Suicide bombings from the outside (Bézénech, 2016); and indiscriminate lethal that seemed disruption of the individual personality cruel. This is the negative impact of as a result of conflict and violence in indoctrination of religious teachings over society (Fekih, 2015 Kacou, 2010); the hateful and discordance to instead birth of the mujahedeen who tend to uphold Islam Rahmatan lil Alamin, even choose suicide as the ultimate weapon create chaos, terror and radical against their enemies (Lankford, 2010); movement that causes people's lives increasing psychosocial disorders (Gill P, insecure. True meaning of Jihad in the 2012). Spreading the violent radicalism view of Islam is the Muslim groups that in the Arab countries (Loza, 2007, attack the enemy, when Islam is attacked, Orbach, 2007); spreading to the Europe or when Muslims in the pressure by and Asia countries against their enemy, Islam does require his people to movement (Beck, 2002); including to the defend the religion of Allah although life- largest Muslim population of Indonesia. threatening. In view of Islam, the defense of Islam religion and Law of Allah is a Method of Research form of his faith and obedience to Allah, Setting of this study was all youth that every injustice in the world should of Kampung Pondok in Padang City. This be removed and immediately followed by research approach is qualitative research building a clean government and with an exploratory design (Creswell, authoritative. Based on the efforts to 2016). Data were collected by using build a harmony and dignity community, depth Interview with open-ended the writer interested to examines the role interviews form, observation and focus of local government in Padang City to group discussion. The subject of this prevent the radical and terrorism study was the entire of youth society at movement in Kampung Pondok with kampung pondok as much as 250 people multiethnic, multicultural and multi-faith were divided into 100 young females and through building the social cohesion and 150 young males. Data analysis was a strong nation identity in order the local performed by classifying the data, society of Kampung Pondok can fight the interpretation of data, data validity hidden radicalism and terrorism checking, verification and drawing the movement in their circumstance. conclusions. To test the validity of the Many studies on radicalization data used in the study extension of and terrorism studied by expert started participation techniques, triangulation, from epistemology, axiology and etiology and discussions with religious and official of radicalization in public life. In addition local leaders. the study of radicalization and effort to

24 Finding and Discussion limited due to the persistence of the past Building social cohesion and practices of exclusionary processes and identity against radicalization and institutions, often implemented in the terrorism activities in the Kampung name of restoring security and stability in Pondok aims to support the social West Sumatera Region. For that reason in cohesion movement and identity, Kampung Pondok, the local government especially in recovery settings in the continued to erode the bonds of trust and West Sumatera region. Regional goodwill in multicultural community integration involves the integration of between Islam Society and non Islam. ethnic communities and the different From the observation result can cultures into supra-cultural entity. At the be known that the indoctrination of jihad local level supra-cultural entity requires to the young generation develop was integration between the communities, caused by lack of their understanding Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, and about the truly Islamic concepts of Jihad Confucian who come from different related to Islam Teaching, besides lack of ethnic, such as Minang, Javanese, Batak, social cohesion and identity among China and India who live together in Kampung Pondok community. This Kampung Pondok. Of the society belief, condition should be handling as soon as Islam and Christianity as two majority possible in order to avoid the unequal belief in a multicultural society in citizenship. This finding of study has the Kampung Pondok, while Confucian and following specific outputs focusing on Hindu as minority that live together with supporting the work of governments and the majority group. At the local level civil society actors in promoting supra-cultural entity in Kampung Pondok tolerance and diversity, strengthening require the integration of Confucian and citizenship, and increasing public Hindu with different ethnic and culture participation of women and youth in the become part of Padang cultural society. region. The output of building local cohesion in In kampung Pondok to realize the Kampung Pondok is in line with the social cohesion in the multicultural Indonesia Strategic Plan against community of Kampung Pondok through radicalization and terrorism activities, strengthening national identity among especially to young generation from the youth against radicalization and influence of terrorism dogma and in terrorism by supporting their positive order to make a sustainable peace activates, promote equal citizenship, and development in west Sumatra community inclusion. This strategy can be conducted living based on Indonesian Identity. by 1) reconstructing the deradicalization This study intends to look strategy to counter terrorism trough a into the factors that impact the state’s civic education service, 2) outreaching (in)ability to connect with its citizenry youth by understanding Islamic teaching (vertical axis), as well as factors that well and respecting other religious norms enable or inhibit different groups and in the regional community of sub-groups within society to connect multicultural, eroding the bonds of trust with each other (horizontal axis) as part and goodwill among multicultural society of a framework of trust, equal citizenship, in Kampung Pondok for planning and and inclusion. This framework has been evaluation the situation of multicultural used to design a program in response to a society communication (Hopson, 2012). situation in the region where states react By reconstructing the to an unprecedented wave of deradicalization strategy to counter transformative socio-political forces. As terrorism trough a civic education defined in the situation analysis, these service, the multicultural society of responses get complicated and are often Kampung Pondok and Local Government

25 of Padang City support regional This area of work concentrates on knowledge and advocacy platforms to improving state-society relationships, promote social cohesion and identity. By building and expanding on the concept of this way. simultaneously local equal citizenship. To provide this, the government with local multicultural local government and local community of society of Kampung Pondok by 1) Kampung Pondok supporting the efforts establishing and maintaining regional to promote inclusion or discourage mechanisms through experience sharing, discrimination and exclusion-critical capacity development and dialogue on factors for pursuing equal citizenship. social cohesion and identity, 2) Related with this activities, multicultural Provideing capacity support to key society of Kampung Pondok and local regional institutions in their mandates Government supporting the constitutive and functions for promoting conflict political processes through national prevention and social cohesion and dialogues and constitution-making, identity, 3) Provideing capacity elections to emphasize the equal development support to representatives citizenship among youth or individual, in of rule of law institutions, human rights order to generate them have greater trust based organizations, and security in the state by strengthening their social institutions resulting from focus group cohesion and identity (Laaksonen, 2006) discussion. Improving state-society The realization of social cohesion relationships to generate greater trust and strengthening local community would also require enhancing state identity is possible to Multicultural responsiveness and strengthening the Community of Kampung Pondok to be capacities of institutions to listen, consult more tolerance, respectful for existing and engage citizens in delivering law and diversity in their circumstance and prefer policy. This would involve increasing to live together peacefully. Besides, in awareness on reducing or neutralizing order to avoid the youth from the institutional biases in the implementation radicalization movement, local of laws, and strengthening capacities and government also can provide them by mechanisms for mediation and conflict promoting social entrepreneurship event, resolution through critical institutions. economic citizenship like Collaborative Rule of law and security institutions are Leadership Training for Youth and considered two such critical institutions Learning the Art of Dialogue (LAD) as and as such the project will place an well as involving them into public emphasis on working with them. participation in the marginalized groups 2) Reinforcing the Social Fabric to particularly for youth and women Rebuild Trust and Legitimacy as activities. Foundations for Enhanced Social In Qualitative research result cohesion and identity against entails two interrelated areas of work radicalism and terrorism activity in that define the programmatic entry Multicultural Community of points. These two areas of work are Kampung Pondok strategized to target social cohesion and The study explain about how to identity along both the vertical Reinforce the Social Cohesion to (relationship between state and citizen) reconstruction deradicalization strategy and horizontal dimension (relationship as Foundations to strengthen people amongst citizens), for more detail can be identity by bringing people by bringing explain as follows: people from different groups to support 1) Strengthening Equal Citizenship the social cohesion and identity (whether through the Instruments of Law, political, religious, identity based or Policy, and Institutions other). This would include addressing the

26 implications of inter-generational gap agree on ways to promote messages of and help define the role of youth in the tolerance and social cohesion and future of the region to promote social identity, nothing stereotype in the cohesion and identity. As proposed by the society, respectful each other, living participants of education, media, and civil harmony in diversity and avoid the society, as well as the religious leaders, prejudice to others (Widler, 2007). constitute important avenues to provide Conclusion And Implication this objective. Accordingly, the finding of Social exchange between two or this study can be explained that the local more ethnic groups, beliefs and cultures government should promote the social that coexist in a local community. cohesion and identity among local people Villagers living coexist with multiethnic, of Kampung Pondok in the realization of culture and beliefs, is clearly a threat if good interaction and engagement the local government is not aware of the between leadership of confessional development of social cohesion in the groups and networks with the neighborhood. Local authorities should institutions of the state; working with be aware that the different ethnic, educational institutions and media to cultural and religion in Kampung Pondok raise awareness and foster inter-cultural needs to be concerned by reconstruction dialogue; developing/supporting relevant the social cohesion and national identity alternative dispute resolution in the local community so that it does not mechanisms, or working with regional or appear the conflict that led to the radical local mediators, national facilitators and movements could threaten the integrity peace activists to resolve conflicts and of the local and even the unitary of reduce tensions, and linking these to the Indonesia state. The reconstruction broader dispute resolution or mediation strategy of building social cohesion and mechanisms. national identity are mutually respect 3) Delivery Methodology and ethnic, cultural and trust between people Partnerships and to build a dynamic interaction of life In terms of delivery methodology, through the strengthening of national the study was delivered in two phases. identity of Indonesia based on Pancasila. Given the need for further analytical The strategy taken in strengthening the understanding of the concept of social social life and national identity in the cohesion and identity, and then invest Kampung Pondok community are 1) especially in knowledge generation and reconstructing the deradicalization sharing as well as advocating on the ways strategy to counter terrorism trough a and means to promote social cohesion civic education service, 2) outreaching and identity. Convening power of local youth by understanding Islamic teaching government of course become an well and respecting other religious norms important asset that pushed the youth in the regional community of activities do the promotion of social multicultural, eroding the bonds of trust cohesion and identity. In turn, will seek and goodwill among multicultural society targeted efforts to provide technical in Kampung Pondok for planning and assistance to government and non- evaluation the situation of multicultural government partners and support society communication in create local selected pilot initiatives that emerge from policy together and sharing each other in the analysis and the meetings of the key playing their each role in the community. actors. Given the fact that faith has been dragged into many of the conflicts, the Acknowledgements project puts a strong emphasis in This study was supported by STIT identifying and working in consultation Syekh Burhanuddin Pariaman. We thanks with religious leaders/ institutions to so much to our colleagues of Irdas Raja,

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