The Ecosystem Approach Learning from Experience Gill Shepherd, Editor Ecosystem Management Series No.5 O S Y S T E C M E M T A N N E A G E M The Ecosystem Approach Learning from Experience O S Y S T E C M E M T A N N E A G E M IUCN Founded in 1948, IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) brings together States, The Ecosystem Approach government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 1000 members in all, spread across some 160 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to Learning from Experience conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. IUCN builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capac- Gill Shepherd, Editor ity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels. IUCN’s Ecosystem Management Series The well-being of people all over the world depends on the various goods and services provided by ecosystems, including food, fuel, construction materials, clean water and air, and protection from natural hazards. Ecosystems, however, are under increasing pressure from unsustainable use and other threats including outright conversion. To address this concern, IUCN promotes the sound management of ecosystems through the wider application of the Ecosystem Approach — a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that places human needs at its centre. The aim of the IUCN Ecosystem Management Series is to support best practice ecosystem management, both at field and policy levels, to help realise IUCN’s vision of a just world that values and conserves nature. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply Contents the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, Acknowledgements vii territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Foreword ix The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. 1. Overview 1 This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Gill Shepherd Affairs, Directorate General of International Cooperation (DGIS). Table 1. The 12 Ecosystem Approach principles, grouped into five steps by IUCN’s CEM 5 Table 2. Applying the 12 Principles of the Ecosystem Approach 16 Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland 2. Niger and Nigeria: the Maradi-Kano region 23 Copyright: © 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources A dryland case study of local natural resource management Michael Mortimore, Joseph Ariyo, Ibrahim Moussa Bouzou, Salisu Mohammed Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the and Boubacar Yamba source is fully acknowledged. Figure 1. Schematic representations of interactive areas, Tumbau 44 Figure 2. Schematic representations of interactive areas, Dagaceri 45 Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited Map 1. Location of the study villages in Niger and Nigeria 26 without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Map 2. Field sketch of Serken Hausa 32 Citation: Shepherd, G. (ed.) (2008.) The Ecosystem Approach: Learning from Experience. Table 1. Variations between Tumbau and Dagaceri: farming specialists 29 Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 190pp. Table 2. Variations between Tumbau and Dagaceri: livestock specialists 30 Table 3. Tree species commonly found across the Nigerian and Niger sites 34 ISBN: 978-2-8317-0957-4 Table 4. Farmer strategies for soil fertility 36 Table 5. Ecosystems and management 43 Cover photos: Front: Discussing clan land management in the Baliem valley, highlands of Indonesian Papua © Adrian Wells. 3. Mekong Delta: Tram Chim National Park 59 Back: Women’s forest user group, community forest, Nepal © Gill Shepherd. The Ecosystem Approach methodology 59 Martin van der Schans and Nguyen Huu Thien Layout by: Patricia Halladay Graphic Design Map 1. Dong Thap Moi (Plain of Reeds) 60 Printed by: Imprimerie SADAG, Bellegarde, France Figure 1. Seasonal calendar of natural resources and livelihoods around TCNP 72 Figure 2. Floodplain modifications and their impacts on the ecosystem 78 Available from: IUCN Table 1. Characteristics of communes around TCNP 73 (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services 4. Northern Congo: the case of CIB 93 Rue Mauverney 28 Applying the Ecosystem Approach in the context of a logging concession 93 1196 Gland Martijn ter Heegde and Simon Rietbergen Switzerland Map 1. The location of CIB’s Forest Management Units 97 Tel +41 22 999 0000 Map 2. The CIB concession and NNNP 110 Fax +41 22 999 0020 [email protected] Table 1. Comparison of FSC principles and forest management practices, 1995 106 www.iucn.org/publications 5. Bocas del Toro archipelago, Panama 131 The Ecosystem Approach and rapid social change 131 A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. Nestor Windevoxhel and Martijn ter Heegde Printed on FSC paper. Map 1. Panama 132 Map 2. Protected areas in the archipelago 137 6. Indonesian Papua: Poverty and natural resources 163 Reconciling growth and social justice through an Ecosystem Approach 163 Martin Kayoi, Adrian Wells and Gill Shepherd Map 1. Indonesian Papua showing the Districts of Jayawijaya and Jayapura 166 Map 2. The Ministry of Forests’ classification of Papua’s forest lands 168 Acknowledgements This publication would not have been possible without the support and encourage- ment of a wide variety of people. We would like to acknowledge Ton van der Zon, Helix Hoogveld and Aart van der Horst in the Directorate for International Coopera- tion, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and Peter Bos, in the Directorate for Nature Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. We are grate- ful for the guidance given by the Project Advisory Committee, which also comprised Hillary Masundire (the CEM Chair), Piet Wit (CEM Vice-Chair), Nordin Hassan (then South-East Asian Vice-Chair) and Frits Hesselink from the IUCN Commission for Education and Communication. At IUCN we are grateful to each member of the Ecosystem Management Programme team, consisting for most of the period of Simon Rietbergen, Joachim Gratzfeld, Ca- terina Wolfangel, Patricia Hawes and Caroline Edgar. Additional mention is made at the end of each chapter of the assistance provided in each of those contexts. Finally we are deeply grateful for the editing and layout skills of Patricia Halladay and to all the individually acknowledged photographers on whose work we have drawn. vii Authors Foreword Joseph Ariyo Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, This book is one of the outputs of the programme of work undertaken in the Nigeria 2005–08 inter-sessional period by the IUCN’s Commission on Ecosystem Manage- ment (CEM). It was made possible with funding from the Directorate General of Ibrahim Moussa Bouzou Abdou Moumouni Université, Niamey, Niger International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Martin Ter Heegde Program Coordinator Africa, Rainforest Foundation, DGIS also funded most of the case studies that are used here, in two cases (Mekong London, UK (previously, Socio-Economics Officer, IUCN and Congo) by funding the placement of Junior Professional Officers in IUCN offices Office Cameroon) or projects. Martin Kayoi Provincial Director of Forests, Papua Province, Indonesia It continues CEM’s commitment to developing more practical guidance for the ap- plication of the Ecosystem Approach, and follows on from an earlier publication (The Salisu Mohammed Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria Ecosystem Approach: Five Steps to Implementation, IUCN 2004). Michael Mortimore Drylands Research, Milborne Port, Somerset, England In selecting the case studies, it was CEM’s view that the Ecosystem Approach, to be Nguyen Huu Thien Project Advisor, Plain of Reeds Wetlands Restoration properly tested, had to be applied in multiple-use landscapes where Protected Areas Project, Mekong Delta, WWF, Vietnam (previously Proj- formed no part, or only one among several parts, of the whole ecosystem. The ect Manager, Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Project, Tram approach also needed to be seen to be applicable in a variety of different kinds of Chim National Park, Mekong Delta, Vietnam) biome. Thus we have here the analysis of overlapping ecosystems in an area of dry sahelian West Africa which contains no protected areas at all; of a Mekong delta Simon Rietbergen Senior Project Manager, Prince’s Rainforest Project, London, wetland area with an very hard boundary and little relationship with the lands and UK (previously Acting Coordinator, Ecosystem livelihoods that lie beyond; of the developing symbiosis between a logging conces- Management Programme, IUCN) sion and protected areas in northern Congo-Brazzaville; of a Panamanian archipelago Martin van der Schans Water Management Adviser, Grontmij B.V. Co., containing both protected and sustainable use areas, being overwhelmed by a rapid Netherlands, (previously Ecosystem Management Officer, increase in tourism; and of Indonesian Papua where the forestry department is trying Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity