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(Pterogyne Nitens Tul.). Foresta Veracruzana, Vol Foresta Veracruzana ISSN: 1405-7247 [email protected] Recursos Genéticos Forestales México Pece, Marta; Gaillard, Cecilia; Acosta, Marcia; Bruno, Carlos; Saavedra, Susana Tratamientos pregerminativos para tipa colorada (Pterogyne nitens Tul.). Foresta Veracruzana, vol. 12, núm. 1, marzo-agosto, 2010, pp. 17-25 Recursos Genéticos Forestales Xalapa, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=49720264003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Foresta Veracruzana 12(1):17-25. 2010. 17 TRATAMIENTOS PREGERMINATIVOS PARA TIPA COLORADA (Pterogyne nitens Tul.) Pre-germinative treatments for red tipa (Pterogyne nitens Tul.) Marta Pece1, Cecilia Gaillard1, Marcia Acosta1, Carlos Bruno2 y Susana Saavedra3 Resumen Con el propósito de acelerar y uniformar la germinación de semillas de tipa colorada, se probaron en laboratorio a 30 ºC tres tratamientos pregerminativos (inmersión en ácido sulfúrico durante 5 y 10 minutos, e imbibición en agua durante 1h 30’) y un testigo, en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas cada una. Las variables número de semillas germinadas, velocidad germinativa e índice de velocidad de germinación fueron evaluados a los 3, 8 y 11 días después de la siembra. También fueron calculados la energía germinativa y el período de energía. Los resultados señalan que los tratamientos que favorecen la germinación según todos los indicadores considerados son los tratamientos con ácido sulfúrico. Cuando la inmersión es de diez minutos se alcanza el 100% de germinación al quinto día con 88% de energía germinativa obtenida al tercer día de la siembra (período de energía). Los valores de velocidad de germinación e índice de velocidad de germinación para este tratamiento fueron 3.12 días y 8.08 semillas por día respectivamente. Palabras clave: germinación, tratamientos pregerminativos, velocidad de germinación, Pterogyne nitens Tul. Abstract Aiming at accelerating and making germination uniform of seeds of tipa colorada, three pre-germinative treatment at 30 ºC in laboratory (5 and 10 minutes immersion in 95-98% sulphuric acid and one hour and a half immersion in water) and a blank were tried using a completely random design with four replications of 25 seeds each one. The variables number of germinated seeds, germination speed and germination speed index were evaluated at day 3, 8, and 11 after the sowing. Germination energy and energy period were calculated. The results point out that those using sulphuric acid are the treatments that favor germination in accordance with all the indicators considered. In the ten minute immersion tests 100% of germination is reached on the fifth day, with 88% of the germination energy obtained three days after the sowing (energy period). The figures for germination rate and germination rate index for this same treatment were 3.12 days, and 8.08 seeds per day respectively. Key words: germination, pre-germinative treatments, germination speed, Pterogyne nitens Tul. Introducción centímetros de diámetro, pionero en suelos arenosos y áreas degradadas, posee la corteza de La tipa colorada o viraró, yvyraró (Pterogyne mediano espesor, castaño grisácea, lisa en estado nitens Tul. 1843), es una de las especies forestales juvenil y rugoso y resquebrajado en los adultos. Con nativas de argentina que habita en el Parque flores hermafroditas, pequeñas, agrupadas en Chaqueño. Pertenece a la clase Magnoliopsida, largos racimos axilares. Su fruto es una sámara con familia Fabaceae, subfamilia Cesalpinodeae. alas rígidas de color castaño rojizo, brillantes, que Geográficamente se extiende por Bolivia, Brasil, contienen una semilla longitudinal del mismo color Paraguay y por los ambientes húmedos del norte (Salazar y Sohiet, op. cit.). argentino, principalmente Salta, Jujuy, el Parque Chaqueño, Misiones y Corrientes. La madera con peso específico de 780 kg/m3 (Salazar y Sohiet, 2002) es semi dura, muy Es una especie amenazada por pérdida de área, resistente a los esfuerzos de flexión utilizada en según la UICN (Unión Internacional para la trabajos de curvado, para fabricación de sillas de Conservación de la Naturaleza). Es un árbol estilo, muebles finos y carrocería. Por sus heliófilo de hasta 25 metros de altura y 90 características es apta para ser considerada en 1 Cátedra de Estadística, FCF, UNSE, correo electrónico: [email protected] 2 Becario CICYT-UNSE. 3 Cátedra de Climatología, FCF, UNSE. 18 Pece y col. Tratamientos pregerminativos para tipa colorada planes de reforestación o enriquecimiento de los de bolsas de papel hasta el momento del ensayo el bosques naturales degradados del noroeste que se efectuó 9 meses después de la cosecha. argentino. Recomendándose su plantación mixta. Las semillas obtenidas al romper las sámara se Según Carvalho et al. (1980) la calidad de la separaron al azar en cuatro lotes de 100 semillas, reforestación depende en mucho de la calidad de un lote quedó sin tratar y constituyó el testigo, otro las plántulas, por ello cuando la especie se propaga lote se embebió en agua por 1.5 horas y dos lotes a partir de semillas, es necesario que la emergencia fueron remojados en ácido sulfúrico de 95 a 98% sea rápida y homogénea, para lograr (escarificación química) por 5, y 10 minutos. homogeneidad de las plántulas. Posteriormente las semillas fueron lavadas con Las especies leguminosas se caracterizan por agua durante el doble del tiempo que estuvieron en presentar las semillas testa dura, condición que remojo con el ácido y fueron ubicadas en hojas de afecta la germinación. Para mejorar este proceso y papel de germinación humedecidas con agua acelerar la obtención de plántulas existen diversos destilada. Se colocaron 12 semillas en una hoja tratamientos pre-germinativos como la (figura 1) y 13 en otra y se las cubrió con hojas escarificación mecánica, química o física entre humedecidas en fungicida. Luego se enrollaron otras (Atencio et al., 2003). La escarificación individualmente para colocarlas en bolsas de consiste en un proceso que tiene por finalidad hacer plástico transparente. Cada bolsa contenía 2 de que la testa o capas de las semillas sean más estos rollos, y constituyó una repetición de las permeables al agua y al aire, de tal modo que no cuatro correspondientes a cada tratamiento. interfieran en la germinación. En la escarificación química el proceso suele ser llevado a cabo por medio de la inmersión de las semillas en líquidos corrosivos, de los cuales el más usado es el ácido sulfúrico concentrado, Nassif y De Andrade (1997) utilizaron entre otros tratamientos pregerminativos, la inmersión de las semillas durante 2, 5, 10 y 15 minutos concluyendo que la germinación alcanza de 41 a 95% en los primeros diez días. Este tratamiento debe ser llevado a cabo con grandes precauciones debido al alto poder destructivo del ácido, no solo en lo que respecta a la semilla, sino de las personas que lo manipulen. La imbibición en agua es otro de los tratamientos que permiten acelerar la germinación. Se emplea con la finalidad de que la semilla absorba agua (primer paso del proceso de Figura 1. Foto de un rollo desplegado. germinación), remueva las sustancias inhibidoras de la germinación presentes en el tegumento aumentando la permeabilidad, pero según Popinigis Así, las cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas cada (1997) éste tratamiento pregerminativo no difirió una, totalizaron 100 semillas por tratamiento. El con el control para amendoim-do-campo (Pterogyne detalle e identificación de los tratamientos es el nitens Tul.). siguiente: El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si tratamientos pregerminativos (escarificación • T: Testigo. química e imbibición) aseguran un alto porcentaje de germinación para la especie. • A5: Remojo por 5 minutos en ácido sulfúrico de 95 al 98% y posterior lavado con agua corriente durante 10 minutos. Material y métodos • A10: Remojo por 10 minutos en ácido Los frutos fueron recolectados de dos árboles sulfúrico de 95 al 98% y posterior lavado con agua seleccionados en el Parque Aguirre de la ciudad corriente durante 20 minutos. Capital de la provincia de Santiago del Estero y se mantuvieron a temperatura ambiente en el interior Foresta Veracruzana 12(1):17-25. 2010. 19 • I_1.5: Imbibición de las semillas en agua En donde Ni y Gi tienen el mismo significado durante una hora y media. que en la fórmula anterior. La temperatura de la estufa se mantuvo durante A efectos prácticos se consideró como todo el ensayo en aproximadamente 30 °C. Las germinada a la semilla con emergencia de una observaciones se realizaron diariamente durante 11 radícula de al menos 2 cm de largo (figura 2). La días después de sembrados las semillas. Las germinación de la primera semilla marca el tiempo semillas atacadas por hongos fueron consideradas T0 que es el número de días transcurridos entre el inviables. momento de la siembra y el comienzo de la germinación y T50 es el tiempo transcurrido desde Los parámetros evaluados fueron: la siembra hasta que se alcanza el 50% de germinación, Rossini et al. (2006). • Número de semillas germinadas acumuladas y los siguientes indicadores indirectos de vigor: a) La Energía Germinativa (EG) que corresponde al porcentaje de germinación acumulado diario, obtenido al momento en que la tasa de germinación alcanza su valor máximo (González
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