Mcconnell Brain Imaging Centre-30 Years
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Reverse-Engineering the Brain [email protected]
Prof. Henry Markram Dr. Felix Schürmann Reverse-Engineering the Brain [email protected] http://bluebrainproject.epfl.ch Brain Mind Institute © Blue Brain Project The Electrophysiologist’s View BBP BBP BBP © Blue Brain Project Accurate Models that Relate to Experiment LBCÆPC SBCÆPC NBCÆPC BTCÆPC MCÆPC © Blue Brain Project BBP Phase I: Neocortical Column Create a faithful “in silico” replica at cellular level of a neocortical column of a young rat by the means of: • reverse engineering the biology components • forward constructing functional mathematical models • Building 10,000 morphologically complex neurons • Constructing a circuit with 30,000,000 dynamic synapses • Simulating the column close to real-time © Blue Brain Project Building and Simulating the NCC BBP © Blue Brain Project The Electrocphysiologist’s View - Revisited BBP BBP BBP © Blue Brain Project BBP Phase I: « in vitro » vs. « in silico » BBP BBP BBP BBP in silico in silico in vitro in vitro © Blue Brain Project Level of Detail 0x Channels ,00 Compartment 10 ~20HH style channels/compartment Neuron ~350compartments/neuron Synapses A Rat’s Neocortical Column: IT Challenge: • ~1mm^3 • 3,500,000 compartments • 6 layers • passive (cable, Gauss • > 50 morphological classes Elimination) • ~340 morpho-electrical types • active HH style channels • ~200 types of ion channels • 30,000,000 synapses ~3,000/neuron • 10,000 neurons • dynamic • 18 types of synapses • 30,000,000 synapses • Æ reporting 1 value/compartment Æ 140GB/biol sec © Blue Brain Project Usage of BG/L in the BBP Dedicated 4 rack BG/L @ EPFL with 8192 processors, 2TB of distributed memory, 22.4 TFlop (peak) ÆUsed throughout all parts of the project ÆAllows iteration of complete process within a week • Building: Run evolutionary algorithms for fitting of thousands of single cell models to data typical job size: 2048 procs S. -
Many Specialists for Suppressing Cortical Excitation Andreas Burkhalter Washington University School of Medicine in St
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 12-2008 Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation Andreas Burkhalter Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Burkhalter, Andreas, ,"Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation." Frontiers in Neuroscience.,. 1-167. (2008). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/495 This Open Access Publication is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOCUSED REVIEW published: 15 December 2008 doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.026.2008 Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation Andreas Burkhalter* Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Cortical computations are critically dependent on GABA-releasing neurons for dynamically balancing excitation with inhibition that is proportional to the overall level of activity. Although it is widely accepted that there are multiple types of interneurons, defining their identities based on qualitative descriptions of morphological, molecular and physiological features has failed to produce a universally accepted ‘parts list’, which is needed to understand the roles that interneurons play in cortical processing. A list of features has been published by the Petilla Interneurons Nomenclature Group, which represents an important step toward an unbiased classification of interneurons. To this end some essential features have recently been studied quantitatively and their association was examined using multidimensional cluster analyses. -
A Case Study of a Blue Brain Working on the Neural Network Concept
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation ISSN: 2582-7138 Received: 03-06-2021; Accepted: 19-06-2021 www.allmultidisciplinaryjournal.com Volume 2; Issue 4; July-August 2021; Page No. 201-206 A case study of a blue brain working on the neural network concept Neha Verma Student, Department of Computer Applications, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India Corresponding Author: Neha Verma Abstract Blue brain is the name of the world's first virtual brain So IBM is trying to create an artificial brain that can think, initiated and founded by the scientist Henry Markram at response and take decisions like human brain. It is called EPFL in Lausanne Switzerland. The main aim behind this "Blue Brain". Hence this paper consists of the concepts of project is to save knowledge of the human brain for decades. Blue Brain, the requirements of the Blue Brain project, It is a well known fact that human doesn't live for thousands various strategies undertaken to build the Blue Brain, of years and the intelligence is also lost after a person's death. advantages and disadvantages and many more. Keywords: Neurons, Nanobots, Blue Gene, Virtual mind, Neuroscience 1. Introduction As we know the human brain is most powerful creation of God and it is very complex to understand the circuit of human brain. However with the advancement in technology, now it is possible to create a virtual brain so in future, the human brains are going to be attacked by the blue brain and it is going to be very useful for all of us. -
The Human Brain Project
HBP The Human Brain Project Madrid, June 20th 2013 HBP The Human Brain Project HBP FULL-SCALE HBP Ramp-up HBP Report mid 2013-end 2015 April, 2012 HBP-PS (CSA) (FP7-ICT-2013-FET-F, CP-CSA, Jul-Oct, 2012 May, 2011 HBP-PS Proposal (FP7-ICT-2011-FET-F) December, 2010 Proposal Preparation August, 2010 HBP PROJECT FICHE: PROJECT TITLE: HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT COORDINATOR: EPFL (Switzerland) COUNTRIES: 23 (EU MS, Switzerland, US, Japan, China); 22 in Ramp Up Phase. RESEARCH LABORATORIES: 256 in Whole Flagship; 110 in Ramp Up Phase RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (Partners): • 150 in Whole Flagship • 82 in Ramp Up Phase & New partners through Competitive Call Scheme (15,5% of budget) • 200 partners expected by Y5 (Project participants & New partners through Competitive Call Scheme) DIVISIONS:11 SUBPROJECTS: 13 TOTAL COSTS: 1.000* M€; 72,7 M€ in Ramp Up Phase * 1160 M€ Project Total Costs (October, 2012) HBP Main Scheme of The Human Brain Project: HBP Phases 2013 2015 2016 2020 2023 RAMP UP (A) FULLY OPERATIONAL (B) SUSTAINED OPERATIONS (C) Y1 Y2 Y3a Y3b Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 2014 2020 HBP Structure HBP: 11 DIVISIONS; 13 SUBPROJECTS (10 SCIENTIFIC & APPLICATIONS & ETHICS & MGT) DIVISION SPN1 SUBPROJECTS AREA OF ACTIVITY MOLECULAR & CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE SP1 STRATEGIC MOUSE BRAIN DATA SP2 STRATEGIC HUMAN BRAIN DATA DATA COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE SP3 BRAIN FUNCTION THEORETICAL NEUROSCIENCE SP4 THEORETICAL NEUROSCIENCE THEORY NEUROINFORMATICS SP5 THE NEUROINFORMATICS PLATFORM BRAIN SIMULATION SP6 BRAIN SIMULATION PLATFORM HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING (HPC) SP7 HPC -
Blue Brain Project
Blue Brain Project The Blue Brain Project is an attempt to create a with 100 mesocircuits totalling a hundred million cells. synthetic brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain Finally a cellular human brain is predicted possible by circuitry. The aim of the project, founded in May 2005 by 2023 equivalent to 1000 rat brains with a total of a hun- the Brain and Mind Institute of the École Polytechnique dred billion cells.[8][9] Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is to study Now that the column is finished, the project is currently the brain’s architectural and functional principles. busying itself with the publishing of initial results in sci- The project is headed by the founding director Henry entific literature, and pursuing two separate goals: Markram and co-directed by Felix Schürmann and Sean Hill. Using a Blue Gene supercomputer running Michael 1. construction of a simulation on the molecular Hines’s NEURON software, the simulation does not con- level,[1] which is desirable since it allows studying sist simply of an artificial neural network, but involves the effects of gene expression; a biologically realistic model of neurons.[1][2][3] It is hoped that it will eventually shed light on the nature of 2. simplification of the column simulation to allow for consciousness.[3] parallel simulation of large numbers of connected There are a number of sub-projects, including the Cajal columns, with the ultimate goal of simulating a Blue Brain, coordinated by the Supercomputing and Vi- whole neocortex (which in humans consists of about sualization Center of Madrid (CeSViMa), and others run 1 million cortical columns). -
Oup Cercor Bhx026 3790..3805 ++
Cerebral Cortex, July 2017;27: 3790–3805 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx026 Advance Access Publication Date: 10 February 2017 Original Article ORIGINAL ARTICLE Body Topography Parcellates Human Sensory and Motor Cortex Esther Kuehn1,2,3,4, Juliane Dinse5,6,†, Estrid Jakobsen7, Xiangyu Long1, Andreas Schäfer5, Pierre-Louis Bazin1,5, Arno Villringer1, Martin I. Sereno2 and Daniel S. Margulies7 1Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany, 2Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0DG, UK, 3Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39106, Germany, 4Aging and Cognition Research Group, DZNE, Magdeburg 39106, Germany, 5Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany, 6Faculty of Computer Science, Otto-von- Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany and 7Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany Address correspondence to Esther Kuehn, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany. Email: [email protected] † Co-first author. Abstract The cytoarchitectonic map as proposed by Brodmann currently dominates models of human sensorimotor cortical structure, function, and plasticity. According to this model, primary motor cortex, area 4, and primary somatosensory cortex, area 3b, are homogenous areas, with the major division lying between the two. Accumulating empirical and theoretical evidence, however, has begun to question the validity of the Brodmann map for various cortical areas. Here, we combined in vivo cortical myelin mapping with functional connectivity analyses and topographic mapping techniques to reassess the validity of the Brodmann map in human primary sensorimotor cortex. -
New Map of Brain's Surface Unites
Spectrum | Autism Research News https://www.spectrumnews.org NEWS New map of brain’s surface unites structure, function BY NICHOLETTE ZELIADT 29 AUGUST 2016 Researchers have charted the human cerebral cortex in unprecedented detail, adding to what is known about the brain’s bumpy outer layer. The map could serve as a reference to help researchers identify alterations in the brains of people with autism1. The cortex has distinct regions with specialized functions that are not obvious to the naked eye, but microscopes and brain scans can reveal variations in its structure and function. Existing maps of the cortex are typically based on a single anatomical or functional feature. The new map, described 20 July in Nature, combines four measures: cortical thickness, the amount of insulation around nerves and two types of neural activity patterns. “We’ve got reasonably accurate descriptions of nearly all of the major cortical areas,” says lead investigator David Van Essen, alumni endowed professor of neuroscience at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The map plots previously unmapped regions of the cortex and divides established ones into parts, giving researchers an expanded view of the brain. “There’s a lot more going on and a lot more detail there than we ever imagined,” says Kevin Pelphrey, director of the Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., who was not involved in the work. Cortical compartments: German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann drew one of the first maps of the cerebral cortex by hand in 1909 after examining postmortem brains under a microscope. -
Blue Brain-A Massive Storage Space
Advances in Computational Sciences and Technology ISSN 0973-6107 Volume 10, Number 7 (2017) pp. 2125-2136 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Blue Brain-A Massive Storage Space Y.Vijayalakshmi Dept. of CSE, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Teena Jose Research Scholar, CS, Bharathiar University Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. Sasidhar Babu Professor, Dept. of CSE, Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Ernakulam Dt. Kerala, India Sruthi R. Glorya Jose Dept. of CS, St.Thomas College, Thrisur, Kerala, India Dr. P. Manimegalai Prof.,Dept. of ECE, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract Human brain, the greatest creation of god which is package of unimaginative functions. A man is intelligent because of the brain. ”Blue Brain” is world’s first virtual brain. Pink brain is special because of that it can think, respond, take decision without any effort and keep anything in memory. Aim of the project is to archive features of Pink brain to a Digital system. In short, ”Brain to a Digital System”. After death of a human, data including intelligence, knowledge, personality, memory and feelings can be used for further development of society. BB Storage space is an extracted concept from Blue brain project. Storing numerous and variety of data on memory is an advantage provided. By this concept, registers act as neurons and Electric signals as simulation impulses. Variation of data are identified based on signal variation that reach the registers. Registers mentioned here is same that a normal system maintains. Benefit 2126 Y.Vijayalakshmi et al focused by this concept of storage is storing data without deletion on real time as normal brain does. -
Brain Energy 2013 – Current Advances in Brain Maintenance
Brain Energy 2013 – Current Advances in Brain Maintenance The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters 29 August 2013 Cover: The lactate receptor GPR81 (green) is located in neurons, shown here in hippocampal cortex CA1. The receptor is concentrated in the pyramidal cell somatodendritic compartment including spines (white arrows in closeup), and to a lesser degree in vascular endothelium. Neurons were labelled for MAP2 (red), nuclei with DAPI (blue). Electronmicroscopy shows lactate receptor labelling (10 nm immunogold, red arrowheads) at the postsynaptic membrane (between black arrowheads), Illustrated by a synapse between a nerve terminal (t) and a dendritic spine (s) in stratum radiatum of CA1. See: Lauritzen KH, Morland C, Puchades M, Holm-Hansen S, Hagelin EM, Lauritzen F, Attramadal H, Storm-Mathisen J, Gjedde A, Bergersen LH (2013) Lactate Receptor Sites Link Neurotransmission, Neurovascular Coupling, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Cereb Cortex Epub 2013 May 21. Brain Energy 2013 – Current Advances in Brain Maintenance When: Thursday 29th August 2013 – Where: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, Oslo Why: Understanding mechanisms that keep the brain in good repair and able to adapt to new challenges, at all ages, will help address a major challenge facing mankind: how to retain an individual’s autonomy towards the end of life. Organized by: Linda H Bergersen, Vidar Gundersen, Jon Storm-Mathisen; Dep Oral Biology, and Inst Basic Medical Sciences, UiO Supported by: The Medical Faculty (equal opportunity grant -
The ORGAN No. 37 (July 2010)
The ORGAN No. 37 (July 2010) ►►► Message from the Secretary Dear ISCBFM Members: The purpose of this issue of The Organ is to inform the members regarding the progress and status of the ISCBFM-sponsored meetings: the Gordon Research Conference on “Brain Energy Metabolism and Blood Flow”, being held August 22-27, 2010, in Andover, New Hampshire, USA; and our biennial conference, “The XXVth International Symposium on Cerebral Blood Flow, Metabolism and Function and the Xth InternationalConference on Quantification of Brain Function with PET” to be held in Barcelona, Spain, May 24-28, 2011. With respect to the latter, the conference organizers have provided preliminary programmatic information and tentative key dates. It is time to start thinking about your abstract submissions. Sincerely, Dale A. Pelligrino ISCBFM Secretary ►►► August 22-27, 2010 - Gordon Research Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism & Blood Flow Brain blood flow and metabolism are vital to the normal mammalian nervous system and provide the basis of functional brain imaging. Over the last decade, dramatic progress has been made in molecular biology, biophysics and genetics that impact on the understanding of brain energy metabolism, neural organization, cell signaling and vascular regulation. In addition, new technologies now enable measures to be made of blood flow and metabolism in the brain with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The stage is set for the use of the methodological progress to address fundamental issues related to the organization of brain function, blood flow, and metabolic activity. We strongly believe that progress in this field will drive new discoveries in the experimental and clinical neurosciences and impact on the diagnosis and treatment of stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. -
The Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy
The NonHuman Primate Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy Project Authors Takuya Hayashi1,2*, Yujie Hou3†, Matthew F Glasser4,5†, Joonas A Autio1†, Kenneth Knoblauch3, Miho Inoue-Murayama6, Tim Coalson4, Essa Yacoub7, Stephen Smith8, Henry Kennedy3,9‡, and David C Van Essen4‡ Affiliations 1RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan 2Department of Neurobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan 3Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France 4Department of Neuroscience and 5Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA 6Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 7Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA 8Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK 9Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS, Shanghai, China †‡Equal contributions *Corresponding author Takuya Hayashi Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research 6-7-3 MI R&D Center 3F, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan Author contributions Takuya Hayashi: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing - original draft, review & editing Yujie -
Ebc Annual Report 2018 Improving Brain Knowledge and Advocacy
EBC ANNUAL REPORT 2018 IMPROVING BRAIN KNOWLEDGE AND ADVOCACY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from EBC President, President Elect & Executive Director 05 EBC Mission 07 Research & Innovation agenda 08 • Political Agenda 08 • Research & Innovation Agenda 10 EBC Highlights 12 Brain Awareness Week 2018 13 Brain Mission & ‘Counting down to zero’ statement 14 “Brain Research in Europe: Shaping FP9 and Delivering Innovation to the Benefit of Patient’s” Event 15 The Value of Innovation Series Event: “Enhanced engagement through public-private partnerships” 16 Projects & Initiatives 18 EU-Funded Projects • EBRA 19 • MULTI-ACT 20 • AD Detect-Prevent 21 • ASCNT-Training 21 EBC Projects 22 Value of Treatment 23 • Dissemination 23 • Publications 25 • Case studies 27 Advocacy & Outreach 28 Visibility 29 #ILoveMyBrain 30 Mental Health in Elite Sport 31 #Move4YrBrain 32 COST Connect event 33 Global Burden of Disease Summit, Auckland 33 Team Visit to VIB 34 EBC’s eHealth Agenda 35 “New Approaches to Brain Disorders” Event, 21st november 2018 36 “Uncorking the Brain” Networking Reception 37 2 Collaboration 38 Academy of National Brain Councils 39 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Policy White Paper 40 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Policy White Paper 41 “Brexit” Healthcare 42 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Policy Report and National Brain Plans with a focus on MS 43 Scientific Congresses 44 • 27th European Congress of Psychiatry 44 • 4th Congress of the European Academy of Neurology 45 • 11th FENS Forum of Neuroscience 46 • 31st ECNP Congress 48 EBC Members & Partners 50