DOCSLIB.ORG

Ficus Septica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ficus Septica Diversification and spatial structuring in the mutualism between Ficus septica and its pollinating wasps in insular South East Asia Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, Anthony Bain, Lien-Siang Chou, Lucie Conchou, Astrid Cruaud, Regielene Gonzales, Martine Hossaert-Mckey, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Hsy-Yu Tzeng, Finn Kjellberg To cite this version: Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, Anthony Bain, Lien-Siang Chou, Lucie Conchou, Astrid Cruaud, et al.. Diversification and spatial structuring in the mutualism between Ficus septica and its pollinating wasps in insular South East Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology, BioMed Central, 2017, 17, pp.207. 10.1186/s12862-017-1034-8. hal-01589491 HAL Id: hal-01589491 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01589491 Submitted on 18 Sep 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Rodriguez et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:207 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1034-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Diversification and spatial structuring in the mutualism between Ficus septica and its pollinating wasps in insular South East Asia Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez1,2,3* , Anthony Bain4, Lien-Siang Chou4, Lucie Conchou2,5, Astrid Cruaud3, Regielene Gonzales1, Martine Hossaert-McKey2, Jean-Yves Rasplus3, Hsy-Yu Tzeng6 and Finn Kjellberg2 Abstract Background: Interspecific interactions have long been assumed to play an important role in diversification. Mutualistic interactions, such as nursery pollination mutualisms, have been proposed as good candidates for diversification through co-speciation because of their intricate nature. However, little is known about how speciation and diversification proceeds in emblematic nursery pollination systems such as figs and fig wasps. Here, we analyse diversification in connection with spatial structuring in the obligate mutualistic association between Ficus septica and its pollinating wasps throughout the Philippines and Taiwan. Results: Ceratosolen wasps pollinating F. septica are structured into a set of three vicariant black coloured species, and a fourth yellow coloured species whose distribution overlaps with those of the black species. However, two black pollinator species were found to co-occur on Lanyu island. Microsatellite data on F. septica indicates the presence of three gene pools that broadly mirrors the distribution of the three black clades. Moreover, receptive fig odours, the specific message used by pollinating wasps to locate their host tree, varied among locations. Conclusions: F. septica and its black pollinator clades exhibited similar geographic structuring. This could be due originally to geographic barriers leading to isolation, local adaptation, and finally co-structuring. Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of two black pollinator species on Lanyu island suggests that the parapatric distribution of the black clades is now maintained by the inability of migrating individuals of black pollinators to establish populations outside their range. On the other hand, the distribution of the yellow clade strongly suggests an initial case of character displacement followed by subsequent range extension: in our study system, phenotypic or microevolutionary plasticity has allowed the yellow clade to colonise hosts presenting distinct odours. Hence, while variation in receptive fig odours allows specificity in the interaction, this variation does not necessarily lead to coevolutionary plant-insect diversification. Globally, our results evidence evolutionary plasticity in the fig-fig wasp mutualism. This is the first documentation of the presence of two distinct processes in pollinating fig wasp diversification on a host species: the formation of vicariant species and the co-occurrence of other species over large parts of their ranges probably made possible by character displacement. Keywords: Biogeography, Ceratosolen, Mutualism, Philippines, Speciation * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 2CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier—EPHE, Montpellier, France Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Rodriguez et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:207 Page 2 of 12 Background re-assembly, it has been generally assumed that establish- Interspecific interactions have long been assumed to play ment of obligate mutualisms in islands is highly unlikely an important role in diversification. Competitive coevolu- [15]. Nonetheless, existence of specialized mutualisms in tionary diversification among related species seems to be island complexes defies this assumption. Indeed, the common while mutualistic coevolutionary diversification Glochidion tree-Epicephala moth mutualism is present could be more exceptional [1]. Emblematic examples of throughout the tropical Pacific Islands [15]. Another allopatric speciation followed by competitive character example is the colonization of New Caledonia by section displacement in secondary contact zones include Anoles Oreosycea fig trees and their Dolichoris pollinators [16]. lizards in Caribbean islands [2], Darwin’s finches [3] and Although few, these studies show that dispersal and re- sticklebacks [4]. Nevertheless, despite numerous putative assembly of obligate mutualisms in islands is possible and cases, there are only few fully demonstrated examples of results in evolutionarily stable interactions. Such situations competitive character displacement [5]. allow analysing diversification patterns, some driven by Plants and their pollinators were proposed as models obstacles to gene flow and others by host shifts [15, 17]. that should be prone to mutualistic coevolutionary diver- The intricate island systems of South East Asia and sification, because pollinators disperse the gametes of the Australasia provide a diversity of situations in which Ficus plants whose flowers they visit [6]. Phylogenetic studies species have diversified, and also in which some Ficus spe- actually suggest that reciprocally-associated plant and pol- cies have spread out over numerous islands [18]. Neverthe- linator clades often undergo asynchronous diversification less, little is known about within-Ficus species diversification consistent with a model of plants diversifying in response among islands and about associated pollinating wasp diversi- to sensory biases of their pollinators (e.g., [7]). Further, fication. In insular systems, widespread Ficus species may be microevolutionary studies usually fail to test whether pol- pollinated by different, more or less cryptic species of wasps linators are evolving in response to the plants they visit. In in different parts of their range [17]. This is the case for nursery pollination systems, species-level specificity is Ficus septica, an insular fig species ranging from the Solo- often high, with most plant species usually locally polli- mon Islands to the Ryukyu Islands and throughout insular nated by only one or a few host-specific insect species. South East Asia [17]. Previous work on Ficus septica sug- This suggests that these mutualisms may coevolve. How- gested that coevolutionary diversification through competi- ever, little is known about how speciation and diversifica- tion could be at work among its pollinators, the Ceratosolen tion proceeds in emblematic nursery pollination systems bisulcatus species complex [19]. Further, published data sug- such as figs and fig wasps (but see [8]) or in Phyllantha- gests the presence of among-island variation in receptive fig ceae and their pollinating moths [9]. Because of the intri- odour in Ficus septica, i.e. variation in the main message cate nature of these interactions, they have often been used by the wasps to locate their hosts (compare [19, 20]). proposed as good candidates for diversification through Our goal in this study was to describe the general pattern co-speciation. However, comparing Ficus and their pollin- of diversification within the Ficus septica-pollinating wasps ating wasp phylogenies has shown that only 2/3 of the system and to demonstrate that it is consistent with the nodes are coevolved, and this is the most extreme ex- hypotheses (1) that geographic differentiation of receptive ample documented today of plant-insect codiversification fig odours within Ficus septica,thoughpresent,isnota [10]. At least in some of these systems,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aglaia Loheri Blanco
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(1), pp. 58-63, 4 January, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.400 ISSN 1996-0875© 2010 Academic Journals ` Full Length Research Paper Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Ficus septica Burm and Sterculia foetida L. leaf extracts Pierangeli G. Vital1, Rogelio N. Velasco Jr.1, Josemaria M. Demigillo1 and Windell L. Rivera1,2* 1Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. 2Molecular Protozoology Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines. Accepted 19 November, 2009 Ethanol extracts of leaves of Ficus septica Burm and Sterculia foetida L. were examined for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and cytotoxic properties. To determine these activities, the extracts were tested against bacteria and fungus through disc diffusion assay; against protozoa through growth curve determination, antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity assays. The extracts revealed antibacterial activities, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antifungal assay for F. septica extract showed that it inhibited Candida albicans. The antiprotozoal assay against Trichomonas vaginalis showed that F. septica can reduce the number of parasites. Moreover, antiprotozoal assays against Entamoeba histolytica revealed that F. septica and S. foetida can inhibit the growth of the parasites, wherein the action can be comparable to metronidazole. With the in situ cell death detection kit, T. vaginalis exposed to F. septica and E. histolytica exposed to F. septica and S. foetida were observed to fluoresce in red surrounded by a yellow signal signifying apoptotic-like changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ctz78-02 (02) Lee Et Al.Indd 51 14 08 2009 13:12 52 Lee Et Al
    Contributions to Zoology, 78 (2) 51-64 (2009) Variation in the nocturnal foraging distribution of and resource use by endangered Ryukyu flying foxes(Pteropus dasymallus) on Iriomotejima Island, Japan Ya-Fu Lee1, 4, Tokushiro Takaso2, 5, Tzen-Yuh Chiang1, 6, Yen-Min Kuo1, 7, Nozomi Nakanishi2, 8, Hsy-Yu Tzeng3, 9, Keiko Yasuda2 1 Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Biodiversity, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan 2 The Iriomote Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 671 Iriomote, Takatomi-cho, Okinawa 907- 1542, Japan 3 Hengchun Research Center, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Pingtung 946, Taiwan 4 E-mail: [email protected] 5 E-mail: [email protected] 6 E-mail: [email protected] 7 E-mail: [email protected] 8 E-mail: [email protected] 9 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: abundance, bats, Chiroptera, diet, figs, frugivores, habitat Abstract Contents The nocturnal distribution and resource use by Ryukyu flying foxes Introduction ........................................................................................ 51 was studied along 28 transects, covering five types of habitats, on Material and methods ........................................................................ 53 Iriomote Island, Japan, from early June to late September, 2005. Study sites ..................................................................................... 53 Bats were mostly encountered solitarily (66.8%) or in pairs (16.8%), Bat and habitat census ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Confirms Polyphagy in a Generalist Moth, Homona Mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2007) 7, 549–557 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01786.x BARCODINGBlackwell Publishing Ltd DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth, Homona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) JIRI HULCR,* SCOTT E. MILLER,† GREGORY P. SETLIFF,‡ KAROLYN DARROW,† NATHANIEL D. MUELLER,§ PAUL D. N. HEBERT¶ and GEORGE D. WEIBLEN** *Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, †National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, ‡Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095 USA, §Saint Olaf College, 1500 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield, MN 55057, USA,¶Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1, **Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095, USA Abstract Recent DNA barcoding of generalist insect herbivores has revealed complexes of cryptic species within named species. We evaluated the species concept for a common generalist moth occurring in New Guinea and Australia, Homona mermerodes, in light of host plant records and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype diversity. Genetic divergence among H. mermerodes moths feeding on different host tree species was much lower than among several Homona species. Genetic divergence between haplotypes from New Guinea and Australia was also less than interspecific divergence. Whereas molecular species identification methods may reveal cryptic species in some generalist herbivores, these same methods may confirm polyphagy when identical haplotypes are reared from multiple host plant families. A lectotype for the species is designated, and a summarized bibliography and illustrations including male genitalia are provided for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Dispersion of Ryukyu Flying-Foxes and Relationships with Fig Abundance in East-Asian Subtropical Island Forests
    Lee et al. BMC Ecol (2017) 17:35 DOI 10.1186/s12898-017-0146-8 BMC Ecology RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Foraging dispersion of Ryukyu fying‑foxes and relationships with fg abundance in East‑Asian subtropical island forests Ya‑Fu Lee1*† , Yen‑Min Kuo1†, Hsin‑Yi Chang1, Chi‑Feng Tsai1 and Shigeyuki Baba2,3 Abstract Background: Figs are widely distributed key resources to many tropical-subtropical animals, and fying-foxes are major consumers and seed dispersers of fgs. Bat-fg interrelationships, however, may vary among species difering in fruiting traits, i.e., bat- versus bird-dispersed fgs. We examined Ryukyu fying-fox foraging dispersion and the relation‑ ships with tree species composition and fg abundance in forests of Iriomote Island. Results: Bat foraging dispersion showed no spatial patterns with respect to diferent areas of the island, and was not explained by heterogeneity, density, or basal area (BA) of total trees, nor by relative density or BA of fruiting trees or total fruiting fgs among sites. Instead, bat densities were positively dependent on the relative density of total fgs, and particularly the relative BA of bat-dispersed fgs Ficus septica and F. variegata. Both species were dominant fgs in forests, fruiting asynchronously with long crop seasons, and were used as predominant foods. Bats foraged mostly solitarily and the mean density was in a hump-shaped relationship with crop sizes of the dominant bat-fgs. These two species and Ficus benguetensis are larger-sized bat-fgs, all contained more seeds, higher dry-pulp mass and water mass, but not necessarily water content.
    [Show full text]
  • International Conservation
    NTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION NEWSLETTER I Vol. 14 No. 3 ．．．．．．．．． Sept. 2006 Published by Society for Wildlife and Nature Shipping documents showed that the illegal Largest-ever Ivory Haul Seized consignment originated from Tanzania and was in Taiwan held in transit at Penang in Malaysia before reaching Kaohsiung. The ivory, which was Customs officers in Kaohsiung, south hidden in wooden boxes inside the container, Taiwan, recently confiscated more than five was destined for Manila in the Philippines. metric tons of ivory over three days, marking the largest-ever smuggled ivory haul in the This seizure took place just two days after island’s wildlife crime enforcement history. A Kaohsiung customs officers found over two total of 1,228 pieces of ivory, including whole metric tons of ivory, also from Tanzania, in a tusks, were discovered in cargo containers shipment to Manila via Singapore. Both being transported from Tanzania in east Africa shipments were sent by the same exporter, but to the Philippines. Kaohsiung Customs Bureau were for two different importers in the officials and investigators will work with Philippines. international conservation groups to track the The re-routing of the cargo via Taiwan source of the contraband in the hope of made officials suspicious that the containers preventing similar ivory smuggling operations were being used to smuggle goods into Taiwan, in the future. so they opened the 18 wooden boxes inside In the more recent discovery, on July 6, marked as containing sisal fiber and found a 2006, customs inspectors uncovered 744 pieces huge cache of elephant tusks instead. of ivory, weighing 3,060 kilograms, after The brown-colored tusks were opening up a container that had remained in bloodstained, indicating that they had not been Kaohsiung Harbor unattended for three weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Baseline Assessment in the REDD-Plus Pilot and Key Biodiversity Area in Mt
    Biodiversity baseline assessment in the REDD-Plus pilot and key biodiversity area in Mt. Nacolod, Southern Leyte Final technical report in collaboration with Imprint This publication is by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH through the Climate-relevant Modernization of the National Forest Policy and Piloting of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Measures Project in the Philippines, funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under its International Climate Initiative. The BMU supports this Initiative based on a decision of the German Parliament. For more information, see http://www.international-climate-initiative.com. As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. This study was undertaken by Fauna & Flora International commissioned by GIZ, with co-financing by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)- Global Environmental Facility (GEF)-DENR Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project (NewCAPP) and the Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE). Statements from named contributors do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. Data and information generated from the study are within the possession of the Philippine Government through the DENR as mandated by law. Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 (Bonn) T +49 61 96 79-0 (Eschborn) Responsible For. Ricardo L. Calderon Director Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Forest Management Bureau Forest Management Bureau Building Visayas Avenue, Quezon City 1101 Philippines T: 63 2 928 9313 / 927 4788 F: 63 2 920 0374 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Papua New Guinea’S Manus and Mussau Islands
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280134331 A rapid biodiversity survey of Papua New Guinea’s Manus and Mussau Islands Book · June 2015 CITATIONS READS 2 2,000 11 authors, including: Ken P Aplin Arison Arihafa Smithsonian Institution New Britain Palm Oil 238 PUBLICATIONS 2,714 CITATIONS 5 PUBLICATIONS 18 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Kyle Armstrong Richard Cuthbert University of Adelaide World Land Trust 108 PUBLICATIONS 421 CITATIONS 163 PUBLICATIONS 3,322 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Optimising an acoustic lure for survey and study of "microbats" View project Conservation of seabirds and island endemics View project All content following this page was uploaded by Nathan Whitmore on 19 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A Rapid Biodiversity Survey of Papua New Guinea’s Manus and Mussau Islands edited by Nathan Whitmore Published by: Wildlife Conservation Society Papua New Guinea Program PO BOX 277, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province PAPUA NEW GUINEA Tel: +675-532-3494 www.wcs.org Editor: Nathan Whitmore. Authors: Ken P. Aplin, Arison Arihafa, Kyle N. Armstrong, Richard Cuthbert, Chris J. Müller, Junior Novera, Stephen J. Richards, William Tamarua, Günther Theischinger, Fanie Venter, and Nathan Whitmore. The Wildlife Conservation Society is a private, not-for-profit organisation exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Inland Revenue Code. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Criticial Ecosystems Partnership Fund, nor the Papua New Guinean Department of Environment or Conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Diversity and Function of the Stigma in Ficus Species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B
    Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A.S. Pereira To cite this version: Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A.S. Pereira. Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae). Acta Oeco- logica, Elsevier, 2018, 90, pp.117-131. 10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.008. hal-02333104 HAL Id: hal-02333104 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02333104 Submitted on 25 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeiraa,∗, Marina F.B. Costaa,b, João Paulo Basso-Alvesb,c, Finn Kjellbergd, Rodrigo A.S. Pereirae a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil b PPG em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Campinas, SP, Brazil c Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil d CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cédex 5, France e Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficus Septica [I]Plant Extracts for Treating Dengue Virus
    Manuscript to be reviewed Ficus septica plant extracts for treating Dengue virus in vitro Nan-Chieh Huang 1 , Wan-Ting Hung 2 , Wei-Lun Tsai 3 , Feng-Yi Lai 4 , You-Sheng Lin 5 , Mei-Shu Huang 5 , Jih-Jung Chen 6 , Wei-Yu Lin 7 , Jing-Ru Weng Corresp., 8 , Tsung-Hsien Chang Corresp. 5, 9 1 Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 2 Section of critical care medicine, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 3 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 4 Deparment of Nursing, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 5 Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 6 Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan 7 Department of Pharmacy, Kinmen Hospital, Kinmen, Taiwan 8 Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 9 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan Corresponding Authors: Jing-Ru Weng, Tsung-Hsien Chang Email address: [email protected], [email protected] Dengue virus type 1- 4 (DENV-1-4) are positive-strand RNA viruses with an envelope that belong to the Flaviviridae. DENV infection threatens human health worldwide. However, other than supportive treatments, no specific therapy is available for the infection. To discover novel medicine against DENV, we tested 59 crude extracts, without cytotoxicity, from 23 plants in vitro; immunofluorescence assay revealed that the methanol extracts of fruit, heartwood, leaves and stem from Ficus septica Burm.
    [Show full text]
  • Moraceae of Papua George D. Weiblen
    Moraceae of Papua george d. weiblen Number of Genera and Species The 37 genera of Moraceae have a broad range of inflorescence forms, pollina- tion syndromes, and breeding systems (Datwyler and Weiblen 2004). Most of the 1,100 species are figs (Ficus) known for a unique inflorescence and obligate polli- nation mutualism with fig wasps. In Papua, there are ten genera and 173 described species, dominated by Ficus, with 151 species, and followed by Artocarpus, with seven. Distribution and Habitat Moraceae are distributed from tropical to temperate forests throughout the world but the great majority of species are restricted to tropical rainforest. In New Guinea, the family occurs from the lowlands to cloud forest up to 2,400 m above sea level. Ficus is a prominent member of forest communities throughout the island in terms of local species richness and abundance (Weiblen 1998). About 70% of these species are endemic to the island and alpha diversity is extreme. In a lowland rainforest, for example, it is not uncommon to encounter up to 50 Ficus species within a few hundred hectares. Species turnover at a regional scale, on the other hand, appears to be quite low. In a comparison of four lowland rainforests across the Ramu and Sepik river basins, for instance, at least half of the Ficus species are shared between any two sites, even those separated by 500 km (G.D. Weiblen, unpublished data). The uneven density of collections across the island make it difficult to discern patterns of local endemism but most species appear to be widespread, perhaps related to dispersal by vertebrate frugivores (Dumont et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Evidence for Natural Hybridization Between Species of Dioecious Ficus on Island Populations1
    BIOTROPICA 35(3): 333±343 2003 Genetic Evidence for Natural Hybridization between Species of Dioecious Ficus on Island Populations1 Tracey L. Parrish, Hans P. Koelewijn, Peter J. van Dijk 2 Netherlands Institute of Ecology±Center for Terrestrial Ecology, Boterhoekse Straat 48, 6666GA, Heteren, The Netherlands and Marco Kruijt Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands ABSTRACT Natural hybrids between Ficus septica and two closely related dioecious species, F. ®stulosa and F. hispida, were con- ®rmed using ampli®ed fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and chloroplast DNA markers. Ficus species have a highly species-speci®c pollination mutualism with agaonid wasps. Therefore, the identi®cation of cases in which breakdown in this sophisticated system occurs and the circumstances under which it happens is of interest. Various studies have con®rmed that Ficus species are able to hybridize and that pollinator-speci®city breakdown can occur under certain conditions. This study is the ®rst example in which hybrid identity and the presence of hybrids in the natural distribution of parental species for Ficus have been con®rmed with molecular markers. Hybrid individuals were identi®ed on three island locations in the Sunda Strait region of Indonesia. These ®ndings support Janzen's (1979) hypothesis that breakdown in pollinator speci®city is more likely to occur on islands. We hypothesized that hybrid events could occur when the population size of pollinator wasps was small or had been small in one of the parental species. Later generation hybrids were identi®ed, indicating that backcrossing and introgression did occur to some extent and that therefore, hybrids could be fertile.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Confirms Polyphagy in a Generalist Moth, Hontona Mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2007) 7,549-557 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01786.x BARCODING DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth, Hontona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) JIRI HULCR,*SCOTT E. MILLER,t GREGORY P. SETLIFFJ KAROLYN DARROW,t NATHANIEL D. MUELLER,§ PAUL D. N. HEBERTl andGEORGE D. WEIBLEN" *Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, fNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, •^Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 F olwell Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095 USA, §Saint Olaf College, 1500 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield, MN 55057, USA,fDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1, **Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095, USA Abstract Recent DNA barcoding of generalist insect herbivores has revealed complexes of cryptic species within named species. We evaluated the species concept for a common generalist moth occurring in New Guinea and Australia, Hontona mermerodes, in light of host plant records and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype diversity. Genetic divergence among H. mermerodes moths feeding on different host tree species was much lower than among several Homo«« species. Genetic divergence between haplotypes from New Guinea and Australia was also less than interspecific divergence. Whereas molecular species identification methods may reveal cryptic species in some generalist herbivores, these same methods may confirm polyphagy when identical haplotypes are reared from multiple host plant families. A lectotype for the species is designated, and a summarized bibliography and illustrations including male genitalia are provided for the first time.
    [Show full text]