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Z 0 f C-/ot/tr,: v- ReportNo. 2004a-CRB RAN.0 -CRB CaribbeanRegional Transport Review IEMNTO tJL& Public Disclosure Authorized INFGHMATtwZt-c;i;1 April 24, 1978 ProjectsDepartment Latin America and CaribbeanRegional Office FOR OFFICIALUSE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Documentof the WorldBank This document hasa restricteddistribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties.Its contents may not otherwise be disclosedwithout World Bankauthorization. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Abbreviations and Acronyms ALM - Antillean Airlines BDD - British Development Division of the Ministry of Overseas Development, UX Government BESO British Executive Service Overseas BWIA - British West indies Airlines CAak - CivAil Aviationi Authority (UK) CAB - Civil Aeronautics Board (US) CARITOM - Caribbean CoTmon Market CAROL - Caribbean Overseas Lines CDB - Caribbean Development Bank CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency DWT - Dead Weight Tons ECLA - Economic Commission on Latin America EDF European Development Fund FAA Federal Aviation Agency - US FAO Food and Agricultural Organization F.O.B. - Free On Board lATA - International Air Transport Association 1BRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WorLd Bank) lCAO - Ilternational Civil Aviation Organization -IDA - International Development Association IDB - Inter-American Development Bank IFC - International Finance Corporation ]!'1CC - Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization KL_M - Royal Dutch Airlines LDC - Less Developed Country in the CARICOM group (Antigua, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Kitts/Nevis/Anguilla, St. Lucia and St. Vincent). LIAT - Leeward Islands Air Transport MDC - More Developed Country in the CARICOM group (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad). NAMUCAR - Naviera Multinacional del Caribe, S.A. ODM - Ministry of Overseas Development of the UK Government OECD - Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Ro-Ro - Roll-on/Roll-off UK-CAA - (See CAA) UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UN-ECLA - (See ECLA) USAID - United States Agency for International Development US-CAB - (See CAB) VHF - Very High Frequency WISCO - West Indies Steamship Company WITASS - Association of West Indies Trans-Atlantic Steamship Lines This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CARIBBEAN REGIONAL TRAONSPORTREVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY A. Context and Scope of the Review ................... 1 B. Regional Transport Determinants ............... 2 C. Maritime Transport ........................ 2 D. Air Transport ................... ;. 4 II. BACKGROUND A. Geographic and Institutional Definitions ....... 5 B. Economic Environment ............................. 5 C. Current Transport Development Assistance .... ..... 6 D. Transport Demand ................................. 7 III. MARITIME TRANSPORT A. Shipping Services ..................... 8 B. Port Facilities .................................. 12 C. Policy and Investment Implications ............... 16 D. Opportunities for Development Assistance ......... 17 IV. AIR TRANSPORT A. Air Services ....... ..............................18 B. Airport Facilities ............................... 20 C. Policy and Investment Implications .... ........... 21 D. Opportunities for Development Assistance ......... 23 TABLES 1. Regional Passenger Movements ..... ................24-25 2. Principal Maritime Services in the Region ........ 26 3. CARICOM Area Freight Movements .... ...............27-28 4. Major Regional Public Port Facilities .... ........ 29 5. Daily Vessel Operating Costs ..... ................30 6. Regional Air Services ............................ 31-32 7. Major Regional Airport Facilities .... ............ 33 This report is based on a mission led by Mr. D. L. Glickman (maritime consultant) with Ms. J. M. Harris (transport economist), Mr. H. van Helden (transport consultant) and Mr. A. H. Stratford (aviation consultant). The report has been prepared under the supervision of the Ports, Railways and Aviation Division, LAC Region-Projects Department. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page No. ANNEXES 1. Agencies Contacted during Review .... .......... 34 2. Present and Prospective Transport Demand ...... 38 3. Maritime Transport Assistance Proposals ....... 42 4. Air Transport Assistance Proposals ............ 49 MAP IBRD 10611 - The Caribbean Area I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY A. Context and Scope of the Review 1.01 A consultative meeting in December 1977 of government representa- tives and international agencies interested in supporting development in the Caribbean region initiated an effort to coordinate financial and other assis- tance to individual countries and territories in the Caribbean and to the Caribbean region as a whole. This report presents the results of a review of the transport sector in the region, undertaken by the World Bank in prep- aration of the second meeting of government and international agencies interested in supporting Caribbean development, to be held in June 1978. 1.02 The countries and territories covered in the regional transport review are: Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, St. Lucia, St. Kitts, St. Vincent and Trinidad/Tobago. 1/ 1.03 The review focused on intra-regional and extra-regional transport by sea and by air. 2/ Transport services and facilities within individual countries or territories were covered only where they have a direct bearing on regional transport services. Primary emphasis was given to service improvements or new transport services that would stimulate economic and social development in the countries and territories to be assisted. However, the role of other countries and territories in the region (e.g., the South, Central and North American coasts of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, et al) was also considered as part of the regional transport system. 1.04 The purpose of this review is to: (a) provide a general overview of ongoing and proposed transport developments in the Caribbean region; (b) identify major unmet transport needs, gaps in preinvestment work and prospects for improving the effectiveness of regional transport services; and (c) suggest possible next steps in development assistance to transport services and facilities in the region. 1.05 In the course of this review, members of the team of consultants retained by the Bank made brief visits, between February 5 and 19, 1978, to 14 countries and territories in the region to obtain information, assistance and suggestions from various regional, national and private agencies concerned with transport (Annex 1). The material obtained was reviewed in the Bank and the resulting findings and recommendations are summarized in this report. 1/ The Bahama Islands were also included in the original scope of this review, but could not be covered because of time constraints. 2/ While this report does not address internal country transport needs, they are nevertheless significant. However, there was no comprehensive framework for determining future demand on transport services in the region (e.g., agricultural and industrial production, tourism, etc.); furthermore, given the overall time constraint of this review, many of the findings and recommendations presented here must be regarded as tentative and should be subject to verification or modification in the course of further analysis. B. Regional Transport Determinants 1.06 The countries and territories under review are all located within the Caribbean region (defined as the sea and land areas within and adjacent to the Caribbean Sea), but they vary widely in size, population, level of economic activity and historical background. Size ranges from islands with 16 square miles and 10,000 people to countries with 18,000 square miles and five million people, as well as to two mainland countries. Per capita income ranges from US$200 to over US$2,000, and national economic wealth ranges from those which are oil exporters to those whose governments cannot cover annual current budgets (paras 2,01-2.05). 1.07 Most Caribbean countries under review look extra-regionally rather than intra-regionally in terms of their major markets and transport linkages since their economies are competitive rather than complementary. This is true from the standpoint of both freight and passenger movements (para 2.06). This situation may be somewhat modified over the longer term as regional cooperation enhances possibilities of complementary economies. 1.08 Funds and technical assistance for transport infrastructure devel- opment are available from a variety of sources, both bilateral and multilateral. Prior to the December economic development conference, coordination among the various donors and lenders had been achieved mainly through informal communica- tions (paras 2.07-2.09), 1.09 Only partial statements of the total regional transport demand can be made because of the serious lack of standardized statistics. Excluding oil movements (about 100 million tons), exports are on the order of 25 million tons (primarily bulk) and imports are approximately 5 million tons. Passenger movements, primarily tourist air arrivals, equal four
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