Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84024-8 — Medieval Self-Coronations Jaume Aurell Index More Information

Index

Aachen, Germany, 131–2, 160, 164, 182 Alföldi, Andreas, 90 Aachen Gospels, 161 Alfonso I “the Battler” (Aragon), 273, Abbey of Reichenau, 161 275–6, 281 Abraham, 86 Alfonso II (Asturias), 225 accession, 11. See also specific King or topic Alfonso II “the Chaste” (Aragon), 273 acclamation Alfonso III (Asturias), 225–6 Alfonso XI and, 230 Alfonso III “the Liberal” (Aragon), 246–7, in Byzantium, 97, 125 254, 294 in Carolingian Dynasty, 128, 139–40 Alfonso IV “the Benign” (Aragon), 12, 27, Charles III and, 292 242–3, 245, 247, 248–9, 251–2, overview, 41, 50, 316 254–5, 273 Roger II and, 178–9 Alfonso V “the Magnanimous” (Aragon), Achaemenid Kings (Persia), 70, 72–3, 74 272–3 Acre, Lebanon, 199 Alfonso VI (Leon), 229 Acre (Kingdom), 199 Alfonso VII (Leon), 226, 227–8, 230, Acts (New Testament), 87 231, 237 Adelaide del Vasto, 175 Alfonso IX (Leon), 284, 294 Adeliza of Louvain, 9 Alfonso X (Castile), 231–2, 286 Aelfgifu of Northampton, 156 Alfonso XI (Castile) Aethelwold, Bishop, 151–3, 155 generally, 12, 242–3, 245 Africa, coronation in, 24–5, 299–300, 301 acclamation and, 230 Agathocles (Sicily), 175 Asturias, influence of on coronation, 222, agency and self-coronation, 49, 53, 302–3 224–8 agency approach, 29–31 audience at coronation, function of, Aggesen, Sven, 284 48, 50 Ahaziah (Israel), 257 diadem and, 235–6 Ahura Mazda (Persian deity), 13–14, 70–1, dramatization of coronation, 45 72, 74, 78–80, 81–2 dynamism of coronation, 305–6 Aínsa, Spain, 278–9 iconographic sources, 21 Akkadians, 72 independence form ecclesiastical Alberich von Troisfontaines (chroni- hierarchy and, 237 cler), 213 Leon, influence of on coronation, 222, Albert of Aachen, 206 224–8 alethurgical function of self-coronation, mediation and, 230, 232, 236 50–1, 311–12 miniatures, 226–7 Alexander I (Byzantium), 115, 116–17 mitre and, 234–6 Alexander III (Russia), 299 narrative of coronation, 233, 234 Alexander (martyr), 203 new ceremonial of, 232–3 Alexander of Telese, 175–6, 178–9, 180, overview of coronation, 34–5, 222 182–3 political effect of coronation, 144 Alexander “the Great” (Macedon), 74–6 political theology approach and, 239 Alexandria, Egypt, 104 scholarship on, 13

318

Index 319

self-fashioning and, 31 Anjou, House of, 193–4 self-knighting of, 233–7 Annales de Theokesberia, 213 sovereignty and, 228, 230 Annales de Waverleia, 213 strategic purpose of coronation, 236, 311 Annales de Wigornia, 213 transgressive nature of self-coronation, Annales Marbacenses, 213 143, 273 Annals of Tabari, 77–8 unction of, 237 anointing. See unction Visigoths, influence of on coronation, Anomie, 311 222, 224–8 Anonymous Norman, 162 Wamba, influence of on coronation, 222 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 207 Alfonso de la Cerda, 232 Antigonos Monophthalmos (Persia), 76 Aljafería Palace (Zaragoza), 271–2 anti-hierocratism, 238 Álmos (Hungary), 282–4 Antioch, Lebanon, 94, 104, 199 Al-Nasir (Egypt), 202 Antiquity, coronation in, 32–3, 84. See also Althoff, Gerd, 18, 36, 46, 47–8, 242, 311, specific Kingdom 312–13 Antonsson, Haki, 304 Amalric (Jerusalem), 208 Apocalypse, 162 Amarna, Egypt, 61–2 Apter, Andrew, 25, 55–6 Amaury, Arnaud, 245–6 Apulia, Italy, 175–6, 177, 182 Ambrose of Milan, 317 Arabs, 34, 195, 229–30 Amen (Egyptian deity), 64 Aragon (Kingdom) Americas, coronation in, 24–5 Alfonso I “the Battler,” 273, 275–6, 281 Ammenees II (Egypt), 65 Alfonso II “the Chaste,” 273 Ammianus Marcellinus, 101, 281 Alfonso III “the Liberal,” 246–7, Ammonites, 61–2 254, 294 anachronisms, 24, 313–14 Alfonso IV “the Benign,” 12, 27, 242–3, Anacletus II (Pope), 175, 176–7, 179–80, 245, 247, 248–9, 251–2, 254–5, 273 183, 184 Alfonso V “the Magnanimous,” 272–3 Anahita (Persian deity), 70–1 Constanza, 246 Anastasius I (Byzantium), 101, 102, 105 coronation in, 44, 142 Anatolius, Patriarch, 100–1 Ferdinand I, 12, 27, 35, 272–3, 296 Ancona, Italy, 175–6 General Privilege of 1283, 294 Andrew II (Hungary), 283, 284 James I “the Conqueror,” 184, 246, 254, angels, 33, 96–7, 110, 124, 166, 271–2 259–60 Angevin Dynasty, 313–14 James II “the Just,” 246–7 Anglo-Saxon coronation John I, 27, 273 Christocentrism in, 151–6 John II, 273 Christus Rex model, 147–8, 155 Kings of, 183 conventional nature of Martin I, 12, 27, 44–5, 271, 273 self-coronation, 313 Navarra, coronations in compared, 274 crown and, 151–6 oaths in, 294 desacralisation in, 307–8, 309 Papal influence in, 240–1 diadem in, 151–6 Pere Berenguer, 249 dual nature of Kingship and, 171 Peter II “the Catholic,” 245–6, 254, English Second Recension, 148 284 Jesus, Kingship of and, 148, 151–6 Peter III “the Great,” 246, 254 mediation in, 164 Peter IV “the Ceremonious” (See Peter miniatures, 148, 155 IV “the Ceremonious” (Aragon)) normative nature of accession, 169–70 queens, coronation of, 262, 265–7 ordines, 147–8, 149–50, 151 Ramon Berenguer, 249 ordo of Edgar and, 148, 149–51 Sibilia, 267 other Kingdoms compared, 170, 171 Sicily and, 246–7 overview, 5, 7, 8, 10, 33, 44, 147–8 unction in, 245, 256–7, 260, 269 sacred nature of Kingship and, 170–1 Arcadius (Rome), 91 unction and, 170 archangels, 111, 112–14, 115, 123–4

320 Index

Archbishop of Toledo, 129, 249, 252 Barcelona, House of, 183, 273 Arch of Trajan, 89 Barcelona, Spain, 264, 267 Ardashir I (Persia), 71, 78–81, 82 Bardas, Caesar, 112–13 Ares (Greek deity), 75 Bari, Italy, 192–3 Armenia, 312 Basil I (Byzantium), 103–4, 111, Aronoff, Myron J., 51 112–15, 123 Árpád (Hungary), 283 Basil II (Byzantium), 121–4 Arsacid Kings (Persia), 77 Basiliscus (Byzantium), 91 Arthur (legendary King), 307–8 Bayonne (Viscounty), 279–80 ascension, 154 Bearn (Viscounty), 280 Asia, coronation in, 5, 24–5, 299 Behistun, Iran, 73 Assyrians, 66, 67–8, 73 Beihammer, Alexander, 24 Astronomer (biographer), 132 Beikrönung,12 Asturias (Kingdom) Beirut, Lebanon, 199 Alfonso II, 225 Bell, Catherine, 25, 57, 307 Alfonso III, 225–6 Benedict XII (Pope), 236, 270 Alfonso XI, inﬂuence on coronation of, Benedictional of Aethelwold, 151–3, 154–5 222, 224–8 Benevento, Italy, 89 Pelagius, 278–9 Beohmond, Italy, 175–6 Âtá of Ayede, 301 Berengaria (Castile), 286 Athalia (Israel), 257 Bermudo II (Leon), 224 Atkinson, K.M.T., 73–4 Bernard le Trésorier, 180–1, 212 Attila (Huns), 283 Bernard of Clairvaux, 176, 182–3 Auch (Viscounty), 280 Bertelli, Sergio, 297 Auctoritas, 94, 307 Bertha of Italy, 119–20 audience, function of, 47–50, 312–13 Beth Alpha Synagogue, 86 Augustus (Rome), 89, 142 Bethlehem, Israel, 206–7 Aurelian (Rome), 94 bishops, coronation by, 5 Aurell, Jaume, 13 Bisotun, Iran, 71–2, 74 aureole, 91 Bisson, Thomas, 284–5 Australia, ritual in, 25 Blanca (Navarra), 287–8 authorship, 30 Bloch, Marc, 18, 139 autography, 269 Bohemia Autokrator model, 100–1, 102, 109, 117–19 accession in, 12 Aztec people, 25 coronation in, 8, 170 Papal inﬂuence in, 240 Babylonians, 66, 69, 73 unction in, 170 Bahrâm II (Persia), 82 Bohigas, Pere, 268 Bahrâm V (Persia), 82 Bokassa I, Jean-Bédel (Central Africa), Baigorri, Viscount of, 288 299–300 Bak, János, 18 Boleslaw I (Poland), 182 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 56 Boniface (Saint), 129 Bal’ami (chronicler), 77–8, 82 Bordeaux (Viscounty), 280 Baldwin I (Jerusalem), 206–8 Bourdieu, Pierre, 52 Baldwin II (Jerusalem), 203, 208 Bousalgus (campiductor), 100 Baldwin III (Jerusalem), 208 Boyce, Mary, 71 Baldwin IV (Jerusalem), 208 Brindisi, Italy, 200 Baldwin V (Jerusalem), 207–8 Brisch, Nicole, 23 Bali, ritual in, 41–2 British Library (London), 151–3 Ballesteros, Antonio, 231 Broekmann, Theo, 191–2 Balliol, John, 238 Brühl, Carlrichard, 13 Banaszkiewicz, Jacek, 11 Buc, Philippe, 13, 14–16, 18, 36, 40, 41–2, baptism 43, 50, 181, 271, 298, 299, 311, 315 of Jesus, 91, 115–16, 158 Burckhardt, Jacob, 196, 197 of Pharaoh, 64 Burgos, Spain, 143, 233–5, 236

Index 321

Burke, Peter, 57 Roger II, influence on, 187–8, 189, Burkert, Walter, 46 190, 192–4 Byzantium Roman tradition, continuity of, 97 acclamation in, 97, 125 Sicilian tradition, influence on, 108–9 Alexander I, 115, 116–17 symbolic coronation, 96 Alexandria, strength of, 104 transition from symbolic to real Anastasius I, 101, 102, 105 meaning in mediation, 104–8 Antioch, strength of, 104 Visigoth tradition compared, 139, 222 Baldwin, 124 ecclesiastical hierarchy in, 96, 141, 144 Basil I, 103–4, 111, 112–15, 123 Eudocia, 121 Basil II, 121–4 John I Tzimiskes, 110 Basiliscus, 91 John II Comnenus, 110 Book of Ceremonies, 100, 101, 125 Justin I, 102, 110 Cantacuzenus, John, 98 Justinian I, 103, 104, 141 consecration in, 108 Justinian II, 111 Constantine V, 110 legitimacy in, 98, 112, 116–17 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 92, Leo I, 97, 98, 100–2, 104, 107–8 100, 101, 105, 114, 117, 118, Leo II, 102 119–20, 123, 126, 162, 187, 190 Leo III, 105, 108, 222 Constantine X, 121 Leo IV, 110 Constantine XI, 98 Leo VI, 114–15, 117, 119, 123 Constantinople, strength of, 104 Manuel I, 108 coronation in Marcian, 97–9, 104, 106, 107–8 Autokrator model, 100–1, 102, 109, Michael I, 105 117–19 Michael III, 103–4, 111, 112–13 baptism iconography in, 115–16 Michael VII, 121 Basileus and, 89, 109–10, 111, 169 miniatures in, 91, 112, 121–2, 123, Carolingian tradition compared, 138, 124, 126 139, 140–4 mosaics in, 141 coins and, 110, 111, 115, 116–17 Nicephorus Bryennius, 98 diadem and, 90, 100, 107–8, 111, 119 oaths in, 282, 294 divine election and, 95 opprobrium, self-coronation as in, Egyptian tradition, influence of, 108–9 98 elimination of role of Patriarch, Phocas, 105 109–10 Romanus I, 116–17 Greek tradition, influence of, 108–9 Romanus II, 119–21, 123 “Hand of God” iconography in, 33, symbolism in, 115, 126 91, 93, 110–11 Theophanu, 121, 158–9 heavenly coronation, 96, 108–24 Valentinian III, 91, 99 iconographic traditions, 124–6 Zeno, 91, 102 iconography of coronation, 13–14, 108–24 Caesaropapism, 317 Jesus, Kingship of and, 153–4 Calabria, Italy, 175–6, 177, 180, 182 Jesus as source of authority, 112, Cambridge myth-ritual school, 17–18, 56 119–24, 125 Cambyses II (Persia), 73–4 mediation and, 104 Campiductor, 100, 101, 102 mediation as diminishing divine Campus Martius, 100 authority, 96 Canaanites, 61–2 Ottonian tradition, influence on, Canossa, Italy, 309 108–9, 158–63, 168, 169 Cantacuzenus, John, 98 overview, 12–13, 33, 44, 96–7 Capetian Dynasty, 288, 307–8, Patriarch, role of, 97–104 313–14 Persian tradition, influence of, 107–9 Capua, Italy, 175–6 religious meaning in mediation, 104–8 Carbonell, Miquel, 271–2 ritual traditions, 124–6 Carloman (Franks), 130

322 Index

Carolingian coronation Sancho II, 229–30 acclamation and, 128, 139–40 Sancho IV, 231–2 Autokrator model compared, 102 unction in, 230–1, 237 Byzantine tradition compared, 138, 139, Catalonia, 92, 280, 284 140–4 Cathars, 245–6 consecration and, 129, 135–7 Catholic Mass, 25, 259, 260, 292 conventional nature of Catlos, Brian, 238 self-coronation, 313 Cefalù, Italy, 194–5 diadem in, 132 celestial coronation, 13–14, 61, 96, 108–24 England, influence on, 136, 139 Central African Republic, 299–300 France, influence on, 136 ceremony (See ritual) fusion of anointment and coronation, Ceremonial de Cardeña, 228 128–35 Ceremonial de Consagración y de Coronación “Hand of God” iconography in, 91–2 de los reyes de Aragón, 20, 267 Iberian Kingdoms compared, 142, 143 Ceremonial de El Escorial, 232 inauguration and, 128, 129–30 Ceremonial de Toledo, 232 innovation in coronation, 306 Champagne, House of, 288 Israelite tradition, influence of, 129–30 Chantilly Manuscript, 157 Jesus, Kingship of and, 153–4 Charanis, Peter, 106 laudes, 140 charisma, 94, 138, 224, 307 legitimacy and, 129, 130 Charlemagne (Franks), 8, 130–2, 187, 222 liturgification and, 133–5, 139–46, 171 Charles II “the Bad” (Navarra), 289, 292 mediation in, 135–46 Charles III “the Noble” (Navarra) miniatures and, 136 generally, 12, 296 ordines, 144–5 acclamation and, 292 Ottonian tradition, influence on, 136, audience at coronation, function of, 47, 164–6, 171 48, 50 overview, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12–13, 33, 44, 102, clothing at coronation, 292 127–8 consecration and, 291 person performing coronation, relevance dramatization of coronation, 45 of, 130–2 dynamism of coronation, 305–6 Roger II, influence on, 190 French ancestry, emphasis on in corona- role of priest in mediation, 135–9 tion, 292 royal investiture, 139–46 fusion of rituals in coronation, 292, 294 sacralisation and, 128–35, 141, 142, juridical implications of coronation, 35 143, 171 lack of mediation in coronation, 292 sovereignty and, 134, 139 Mass and coronation, 292 unction and, 129–30, 142, 143–4 narrative of coronation, 291–2 Visigoth tradition compared, 142, 222 oath of, 289–91, 292, 294 Cassiodorus, 281 overview of coronation, 35, 274–5 Castile (Kingdom) political effect of coronation, 144 Alfonso X, 231–2, 286 “raising up” of, 291, 292, 294 Alfonso XI (See Alfonso XI (Castile)) sceptre and, 291 Berengaria, 286 self-fashioning and, 31 coronation in, 44, 142, 143, 230–1 sovereignty and, 292 desacralisation in, 214, 308 strategic purpose of coronation, 311 Enrique I, 230 transgressive nature of Enrique II Trastámara, 236 self-coronation, 143 Ferdinand III, 230 unction and, 291, 292, 294 Ferdinand IV, 232 unique nature of coronation, 295 John I, 236 Charles “the Bald” (Franks), 127, 130, 133, Navarra, coronations in compared, 274 135, 136–8, 142, 161–2, 164–6, oaths in, 294 169, 288 Papal influence in, 240–1 Charles X (France), 127 political theology approach and, 239 Charles XII (Sweden), 238, 297

Index 323

Charles “the Younger” (Franks), 222 Greece, consecration without mediation Chiliastic eschatology, 22 in (See Greece (Ancient), consecra- Chindasuinth (Visigoths), 226–7 tion without mediation in) chrism, 129, 145, 158, 247 Israel, consecration without mediation in Chrism, 129 (See Israel (Ancient)) Christ. See Jesus Mesopotamia, consecration without med- Christian V (Denmark), 238, 297 iation in (See Mesopotamia, Ancient) Christianisation, 22–3, 92, 130, 296, in Navarra, 288 311, 317 in Ottonian Dynasty, 161–2, 163–4 Christianity. See specific topic overview, 12–13, 16–17 Christification, 127 Persia, consecration without mediation in Christocentrism (See Persia (Ancient)) in Ottonian coronation, 166, 169, in Pre-Christian civilizations, 32–3 171 self-consecration, 65 overview, 34, 147–8, 175 consensualism, 35, 295 Roger II and, 185–95 Constantine I (Rome), 87–91, 110, 111, Christomimetes, 189, 191, 193 142, 317 Christus Rex model, 147–8, 155, 157 Constantine II (Rome), 89, 90 Chronicle of Alfonso III, 225 Constantine V (Byzantium), 110 Chronicle of Bal’ami, 77–8 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Chronicle of Pelagius, 229 (Byzantium), 92, 100, 101, 105, Chronicon S. Medardi Suessionensis, 114, 117, 118, 119–20, 123, 126, 213 162, 187, 190 Church of St. Demetrious Constantine X (Byzantium), 121 (Thessaloniki), 111 Constantine XI (Byzantium), 98 Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), Constantinople, 89, 90, 100–1, 103, 104–5 34, 196, 197–9, 202–6, 208–13, Constantius II (Rome), 89, 90, 110 214, 216 Constanza (Aragon), 246 Clark, Christopher, 13, 29, 297–8 context of self-coronation, 43–4 Clovis (France), 9 contextualism, 315–16 Cluny Museum (Paris), 158 Continuatio Eberbacensis, 213 Cnut (England), 5–7, 44, 155–6 conventional versus non-conventional Codex Egberti, 155 nature of self-coronation, 313–14 Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis, 80 cope, 151 Coggeshall, Ralph of (chronicler), 285 coronation. See specific King or topic Coimbra, Bishop of, 232 Corrigan, Kathleen, 114 coins. See numismatics Cosandey, Fanny, 265 College of Cardinals, 176 Cosmocrator (title), 90–1 Cologne, Germany, 169 Council of Chalcedon (451), 104 Comes, Cardinal, 179 Council of Nicaea (325), 317 comparative anthropology, 301 Councils of Toledo, 222 comparison of coronation and Counter-Reformation, 42 self-coronation, 8–10, 12–13 Coutume of Bayonne, 279–80 Compromise of Caspe (1412), 273 Covadonga, Battle of, 225 Connerton, Paul, 43–4, 56, 302 Cross of St. George, 268 Conrad I (Jerusalem), 201 Crown of Aragon (See Aragon (Kingdom)) Conrad II (Jerusalem) and IV (Germany), crown 11, 201, 202, 203 in Anglo-Saxon coronation, 151–6 consecration Frederick II and, 202–6, 209–13 in Byzantium, 108 Holy Sepulchre, crown-wearing in, in Carolingian Dynasty, 129, 135–7 202–6 Charles III and, 291 in Iberian Kingdoms, 227–8 Egypt, consecration without mediation in imperial crown, 130, 162, 182 (See Egypt (Ancient)) in Persia, 74–6, 77 Frederick II and, 213–14, 215 Peter IV and, 257, 260, 265

324 Index

crown (cont.) Doty, William, 52 radial crown, 81–2, 89 Douglas, Mary, 31, 36, 38, 39, 141 Cruciﬁxion, 154 dove, Holy Spirit depicted as, 87, 91 Crusades, 199–200, 201 dramatization of coronation, 44–7, 271–3 cultural studies, 29–30 Dura Europos Synagogue, 86–8 curing, 25 Durkheim, Émile, 311 Cyriacus, Patriarch, 105 Dvornik, Francis, 66, 69 Cyrus I (Persia), 70–1, 73 Dwyer, Philip, 298 Cyrus II (Persia), 73 dynamism of self-coronation, 305–6 Cyzicus, Turkey, 94 Eanna, Iraq, 67 Dagron, Gilbert, 100 ecclesiastical hierarchy Daimbert, Patriarch, 206–7 Alfonso XI and, 236, 237 Dale, Johanna, 10, 17, 18, 41, 208–9, 308 in Byzantium, 96, 141, 144 Dalmatic, 151, 259, 265 Frederick II and, 202 Dante, 1 overview, 12–13, 52 Darius I (Persia), 71–2, 74 Peter IV and, 259 Darius III (Persia), 74–5 Roger II and, 191 Darnton, Robert, 19, 54–5 ecclesiastical mediation. See mediation David, Louis, 3–4, 21 Edgar (England), 147–8, 149–51, 239–40 David (Israel), 61–3, 136, 153–4, 184, 207, Edward III (England), 6 223–4, 256 Egbert of Trier, Archbishop, 155 deacons, 157–8, 255, 259 Egica (Visigoths), 226–7 De Administrando Imperio, 123 Eginhard (chronicler), 227 De ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae, 119 Egypt (Ancient) Deit al Bahri, Egypt, 64 Ammenees II, 65 Denmark baptism of Pharaoh, 64 Christian V, 238, 297 Blue Crown, 64 coronation in, 8, 11–12, 170 consecration without mediation in, 63–6 oaths in, 284 Byzantine tradition, inﬂuence on, unction in, 170 108–9 Deo coronatus, 189, 191 divine election and, 95 desacralisation humanisation of Pharaoh and, 66 in Anglo-Saxon coronation, 307–8, 309 overview, 32–3, 61 in Castile, 214, 308 Dual Shrines, 64 in England, 310 Haremhab, 64 in France, 307–8, 310 Hatshepsut, 64 Frederick II and, 214 kingship in, 25 in Ottonian coronation, 308, 309, 310 legitimacy in, 74 Descoll, Bernat, 250 Per-neser,64 Deshman, Robert, 153, 154–5 Per-wer,64 diachronicity, 24, 26 Red Crown, 64 diadem White Crown, 64 Alfonso XI and, 235–6 Einhard (biographer), 8, 132 in Anglo-Saxon coronation, 151–6 Elamites, 72, 73 in Byzantium, 90, 100, 107–8, 111, 119 Eleanor of Toulouse, 245 in Carolingian coronation, 132 election, 4, 9, 74–5, 91, 94–5, in Mesopotamia, 67–8 97, 182 in Ottonian coronation, 149–58 elevation, 109, 175, 231, 316 overview, 11, 89 Eliade, Mircea, 23 in Persia, 71, 75–6, 77, 78, 79, 81–2 Elijah (Israelite Prophet), 111, 112–14 Peter IV and, 245, 260 Elizabeth I (England), 296–7 “dialect of complementation,” 309 Elizabeth Petrovna (Russia), 299 discontinuity in rituals, 4, 273, 308 Elliott, John, 21 divine election, 94–5 Elliott, John H., 238–9

Index 325

Ellwood, Robert S., 24–5 Falco de Benevento, 179, 180, 182–3 Elze, Reinhard, 180 falsiﬁcations, 16–17 England Father (Trinity), 87 Angevin Dynasty, 313–14 Fears, J. Rufus, 94 Anglo-Saxon coronation, (See Ferdinand I (Aragon), 12, 27, 35, Anglo-Saxon coronation) 272–3, 296 Carolingian tradition, inﬂuence of, Ferdinand I (Leon), 224, 226–7, 230 136, 139 Ferdinand III (Castile), 230 Cnut, 5–7, 44, 155–6 Ferdinand IV (Castile), 232 Coronation Letters, 294–5 Ferdowski, 70, 77–8, 82 desacralisation in, 310 Ferentino, Italy, 200 Edgar, 147–8, 149–51, 239–40 Festkrönung,10–11, 12 Edward III, 6 Field of Mars (Campus Martius), 100 Elizabeth I, 296–7 Fleckenstein, Josef, 130 Henry I, 9, 284–5, 294–5 Fortes, Meyer, 5, 24–5 Henry III, 209 Foucault, Michel, 50–1, 311–12 Iberian Kingdoms compared, 239–40 France John I, 284–5 Capetian Dynasty, 288, 307–8, Magna Carta, 284–5 313–14 oaths in, 282, 294–5 Carolingian coronation (See Carolingian other Kingdoms compared, 128 coronation) projection of feudalism onto remainder of Charles III, emphasis on French ancestry Medieval Europe, 313–14 in coronation of, 292 Richard I, 5–7, 44 Charles X, 127 unction in, 310 Clovis, 9 Unknown Charter, 284–5 desacralisation in, 307–8, 310 Enlightenment, 310 Henry I, 11 Enrique I (Castile), 230 Josephine, 3–4 Enrique II Trastámara (Castile), Louis VI, 181 236 Louis VII, 181 episcopal ordination, 135–6 Louis IX, 280–1, 286, 287–8, 313–14 Erech, Iraq, 67 Louis X “the Stubborn,” 288, 289 Erkens, Franz-Reiner, 23, 309 Louis XVI, 296 Ermoldus (biographer), 132 Napoleon I (See Napoleon I (France)) Ernoul (chronicler), 180–1, 212 oaths in, 279–80, 282, 294 Erstkrönung,12 other Kingdoms compared, 128 Eshubity (Zulus), 301 Peers of France, 9–10 essentialism, 38, 315–16 Philip I, 9 Estella, Spain, 278 Philip III, 287–8 Estella Agreement (1238), 278, 280 Philip IV “the Fair,” 288 Estoire de Eracles, 212 Philip V “the Tall,” 288 etymology of coronation, 10–11 projection of feudalism onto remainder of Eudocia (Rome), 91 Medieval Europe, 313–14 Eudoxia (Rome), 91 Franco, Francisco, 237–8 Eudoxie (Bertha of Italy) or Eudocia Frankfurt, Germany, 182 (Byzantium), 119–21 Franks Euphemius, Patriarch, 105 Carloman, 130 Europe, coronation in, 24–5 Carolingian coronation(See Carolingian Eusebius of Caesarea, 90 coronation) Euthymius, Patriarch, 101–2 Charlemagne, 8, 130–2, 187, 222 Exarchate mosaics, 91 Charles “the Younger,” 130, 133, 222 exceptionality in rituals, 4, 56, 238 Charles “the Bald,” 127, 130, 133, 135, Exodus (Old Testament), 89 136–8, 142, 161–2, 164–6, 169, 288 Ezekiel (Israelite Prophet), 86 Louis “the Pious,” 37, 130–3 Ezekiel (Old Testament), 89 Pippin “the Short,” 129–30, 222, 226

326 Index

Frederick I Barbarossa (Holy Roman Fruzabad, Iran, 78 Empire), 182, 284 Frye, Northrop, 56 Frederick I (Prussia), 13, 31, 35, 238, Fueros (in Navarra), 277–9, 281–2, 284–95 296–9, 311 Fulcher of Chartres, 206, 207 Frederick II (Jerusalem) Fulk of Anjou (Jerusalem), 208 generally, 13, 34, 177 functionalism, 25, 39 audience at coronation, function of, 48–9, 312–13 Gabriel (Archangel), 111, 112–14, 115, Chancellery, 203, 204 123–4 consecration and, 213–14, 215 Galla Placidia, 91 crown ceremony of, 202–6, 209–13 Gallican rite of unction, 145 Crusades and, 199–200, 201 Gallienus (Rome), 94 date of coronation, signiﬁcance of, García Ramírez (Navarra), 274, 275, 203, 214 276–7, 281, 293 desacralisation, coronation as, 214 Gardiner, Alan, 65 dramatization of coronation, 44–5 Gaul, 129, 142–3 dual challenge facing, 48 Geary, Patrick, 18 dynamism of coronation, 305–6 Geertz, Clifford, 31, 36, 39, 41–2, ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 202 44–5, 317 excommunication of, 201 Gelasius (Pope), 164 historiographic sources, 16 Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, as Holy Roman Emperor, 228 199–200, 214 genealogy, 34–5, 181, 222, 315 in Holy Sepulchre, 202–6, 209–13, General Archive of Navarra, 291–2 214, 216 Genoa (Kingdom), 202 iconographic sources, 21 George of Antioch, 185, 189, 192 inauguration and, 206–7, 208 Gerald of Wales, 238 Jesus, parallel imagery with, 205 Germanikeia, Battle of, 103 juridical implications of coronation, Germanus, Patriarch, 105 206, 215 Germany. See Holy Roman Empire; Prussia as King of Sicily, 199, 214, 216 Gerold of Lausanne, Patriarch of Jerusalem, mystical dimension of, 215–16 200, 202, 203, 209–13, 216 Napoleon compared, 196–7, 213 Gervais, Archbishop, 9 oaths and, 284 Gesta Comitum Barchinonensium, 183 opprobrium, self-coronation as, 216–17 Gesta Francorum, 206, 207 overview of coronation, 34, 196–9 Gesta Hungarorum, 283 political symbols and rituals and, 246 Getty Villa (Los Angeles), 1–2 as “pre-modern” prince, 196 Gibbon, Edward, 101 provocation, coronation as, 216–17 Gihon, Israel, 136 reaction to coronation, 197–9, 213, 215, Gilbert de Mons, 182 216, 312–13 Ginnasi, Andrea Torno, 96, 108–9, 115 reception of coronation, 197–9, 211–13 Gluckman, Max, 41–2 Roger II compared, 188, 194–5, 216 God scholarship on, 13 Father, depiction in iconography, 87 self-fashioning and, 31 Holy Spirit, depiction in iconography, 87, sovereignty and, 199, 216 91, 115 strategic purpose of coronation, 311 Son, depiction in iconography, 87 symbolic nature of coronation, 57, Trinity, 87 196–7, 214, 216 Godfrey I (Jerusalem), 11, 206, 214 third Sunday of Lent, coronation on, Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 30 203, 214 Goodenough, Erwin R., 87 transgressive nature of self-coronation, Gospels, 91, 154, 281–2, 289–91. See also 143, 197–9, 215, 221, 273 speciﬁc Book Freudian psychoanalysis, 56 Grabar, André, 13–14, 96, 108, 109–10 Fructuoso (scribe), 226 Graeber, David, 5, 38

Index 327

grand narrative, 316 Henry I (France), 11 Greece (Ancient), consecration without Henry I (Holy Roman Empire), 169 mediation in Henry I (Navarra), 287–8 Byzantine tradition, inﬂuence on, 108–9 Henry I “the Fowler” (East Francia), 12 overview, 32–3 Henry II (Holy Roman Empire), 149, 151, Persian tradition, inﬂuence on, 74–7 157–8, 166–8, 169 Greenblatt, Stephen, 31 Henry III (England), 209 Gregory I “the Great” (Pope), 224 Henry III (Holy Roman Empire), 191 Gregory VII (Pope), 309 Henry IV (Holy Roman Empire), 309 Gregory IX (Pope), 201, 202, 205, 209–13 Henry de Saint-Simon, 9–10 Gregory X (Pope), 246 Henry of Huntingdon, 6–7 Gregory of Nazianzus, 112 Henry of Vasto, 175–6 Gregory of Tours, 224 heredity, 4, 91, 97 Guillaume de Nagis, 213 Heriger of Mains, Archbishop, 12 Guiscard, Robert, 177 Hermann of Salza, 202, 204–6, 209–14 Gundlach, Rolf, 23 Herodotus, 74 Guy de Lusignan (Jerusalem), 201, 208 Herzfeld, Michael, 55 Hildesheim, Germany, 157 Habsburg Dynasty, 237–8 Hincmar of Reims, 134–5, 161–2 Hagia Sophia (Constantinople), 100–1, Hippodrome (Constantinople), 102, 103, 141 107, 141 Historia Compostelana, 228 Haimeric, 176 Historia Silense, 229 halo imagery, 164, 226–7 Historia Wambae, 223, 225 Hammurabi (Babylon), 69 historical tradition of self-coronation, 4–14 “Hand of God” iconography historicism, 38, 84 in art, 93 historiographical sources, 14–16 in Byzantine tradition, 33, 91, 93, 110–11 Hittites, 68–9 in Carolingian tradition, 91–2 Hocart, Arthur M., 5, 23, 24–5 Christian God, 89–90 Holt, James C., 284 in Christian tradition, 86–8 Holy Oil, 145, 158, 178, 260, 291 divine election and, 94–5 Holy Roman Empire Father, depiction of, 87 accession in, 12 inauguration and, 89 Conrad II (Jerusalem) and IV in Jewish tradition, 86, 87–8, 90 (Germany), 11, 201, 202, 203 in late antiquity, 92–5 Frederick I Barbarossa, 182, 284 legitimacy and, 91 Frederick II (See Frederick II mediation and, 90 (Jerusalem)) in medieval period, 91 Henry I, 169 overview, 33, 85–6 Henry II, 149, 151, 157–8, 166–8, 169 Persian tradition compared, 92 Henry III, 191 personalization of crowning deity, 92–5 Henry IV, 309 Roger II and, 92, 93 Joseph II, 30 in Roman tradition, 88–91 Lothar III, 176, 183 as sign of sovereign weakness, 94 oaths in, 282 transition between pagan and Christian Otto I, 150–1, 169 worlds, 86–92 Otto II, 121, 157, 158–64, 166, 168, Haremhab (Egypt), 64 169, 191 Hatshepsut (Egypt), 64 Otto III, 158, 168, 169 Hauck, Karl, 142–3 Ottonian coronation (See Ottonian Hawaii (Kingdom), 301 coronation) heavenly coronation, 13–14, 61, 96, 108–24 Holy Spirit (Trinity), 87, 91, 115 Hebrews. See Israel (Ancient) homage, 41, 47–8, 66, 100–1, 192, 236–7, Heimskringla, 181–2 245, 246, 281–2 Hellenistic Kings (Persia), 74–7 Honoria (Rome), 91 Henry I (England), 9, 284–5, 294–5 Honorius III (Pope), 200

328 Index

Hormozd III (Persia), 82 identity, 31–2 Horus (Egyptian deity), 63–4, 65 ideology, 38–9, 94, 127–8, 129, 134, 142, Huizinga, Johan, 46 144, 151, 161–2, 189 human sacrifice, 25 Imago Dei, 189 Hungary imperial crown, 130, 162, 182 accession in, 12 Imy-khant (Egyptian priest), 64 Álmos, 282–4 inauguration Andrew II, 283, 284 in Carolingian Dynasty, 128, 129–30 Árpád, 283 Frederick II and, 206–7, 208 Blood Oath, 282–4 “Hand of God” iconography and, 89 coronation in, 170 overview, 49–50, 84, 135–6, Golden Bull, 283, 284 142, 313 Iberian Kingdoms compared, in Persia, 76 239–40 Íñigo Arista of Aragon, 268, 275 Ladislaus, 11, 239–40 In-mutef (Egyptian priest), 65 oaths in, 282–4 Innocent II (Pope), 176, 183 Papal influence in, 240 Innocent III (Pope), 245–6, 254–5 revelation and coronation, 312 Innocent IV (Pope), 286 unction in, 170 innovation in coronation, 306 insignia. See crown; pommel; sceptre Iberian Kingdoms. See also specific King or Inszenierung, 242 Kingdom investiture. See specific King or topic Carolingian coronation compared, investment ring, 71–2 142, 143 Iran. See also Persia (Ancient) coronation in, 7, 8, 44, 170 coronation in, 70, 83–4, 301 crown ceremony in, 227–8 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 32–3, England compared, 239–40 83–4, 301 exceptionalism of, 238 Napoleon, influence of, 83–4 Hungary compared, 239–40 Reza Pahlavi, 32–3, 83–4, 301 iconographic sources, 19 Ireland Islamic invasion of, 224 coronation in, 8, 170 mediation in, 238 unction in, 170 miniatures in, 236 Isaac, 86, 87, 116 opprobrium, self-coronation as in, 240 Isabella I (Jerusalem), 201 Papal influence in, 240–1 Isabella II (Jerusalem), 199–202, 205 sceptre in, 226, 245, 271, Isabella (Navarra), 286 272–3 Ishtar (Sumerian deity), 67 self-coronation not seen as transgression Isidore, Patriarch, 98 in, 221–2, 312 Isidore of Seville, 222, 223–4 unction in, 170, 224–6 Isis (Egyptian deity), 65 unique nature of coronation in, 310 Islam Visigoths, influence of, 237–8 coronation and, 44 iconographic sources, 19–21 Iberian Kingdoms, Islamic invasion iconography of, 224 in Byzantium Navarra and, 275 baptism iconography, 115–16 Roger II, influence on coronation of, iconography of coronation, 13–14, 188, 195 108–24 Israel (Ancient) Father, depiction of, 87 Ahaziah, 257 “Hand of God” iconography (See “Hand Athalia, 257 of God” iconography) consecration without mediation in, Holy Spirit, depiction of, 87, 91, 115 62–3 of Jesus, 13–14, 21, 33 Carolingian tradition, influence on, in Ottonian coronation, 157–69 129–30 Son, depiction of, 87 divine election and, 95

Index 329

other ancient Kingdoms compared, 63 Kingship of in coronation, 148–9, overview, 32–3, 61 151–6, 157 unction and, 62–3 relation to Kings, 37 David, 61–3, 136, 153–4, 184, 207, Jews. See Israel (Ancient) 223–4, 256 Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, 229–31 Jehoash, 257 Joanna I (Navarra), 287–8 Peter IV, influence on coronation of, Joanna II (Navarra), 275, 287, 288–9, 255–7 293–4 Saul, 123–4, 255–6 Johann von Viktring, 213 Solomon, 63, 136, 137, 153–4 John, Simon, 18, 41, 208 unction in, 62–3, 223–4 John I (Aragon), 27, 273 Ivrea, Italy, 158 John I (England), 284–5 John I (Castile), 236 Jackson, Richard A., 4–5, 263 John I Tzimiskes (Byzantium), 110 James I “the Conqueror” (Aragon), 183, John II, Patriarch, 102, 108, 110 246, 254, 259–60 John II (Aragon), 273 James II “the Just” (Aragon), 246–7 John II Comnenus (Byzantium), 110 James III (Mallorca), 253 John VIII (Pope), 144 James (Saint), 233–5 John XXII (Pope), 236 Japan, kingship in, 25 John (England), 284–5 Jehoash (Israel), 257 John Lateran (Church), 121 Jerusalem, Patriarch of. See Gerold John (New Testament), 87 of Lausanne, Patriarch John of Brienne, 200–1, 205 of Jerusalem John of Ibelin, 201 Jerusalem (Kingdom) John of Paris, 238 Amalric, 208 John of Salisbury, 187 Baldwin I, 206–8 John “the Baptist” (Saint), 115–16, Baldwin II, 203, 208 158 Baldwin III, 208 Jordan River, 158 Baldwin IV, 208 Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire), 30 Baldwin V, 207–8 Josephine (France), 3–4 Conrad I, 201 Juan, Archbishop of Toledo, 249, 252 Conrad II, 201, 202, 203 Judah (Kingdom), 256 coronation in, 5 Judaism, 87 Crusades and, 199–200, 201 Julian of Toledo, 222, 223, 225, 229 Frederick II (See Frederick II Julian “the Apostate” (Rome), 101, 108 (Jerusalem)) Jungian psychoanalysis, 56 Fulk of Anjou, 208 Jupiter (Roman deity), 89 Godfrey I, 11, 206, 214 juridical implications of self-coronation, 35, Guy de Lusignan, 201, 208 203, 206, 215 historical background, 199–202 juridical order, 56 Isabella I, 201 Justin I (Byzantium), 102, 110 Isabella II, 199–202, 205 Justinian I (Byzantium), 103, 104, 141 Papal influence in, 240 Justinian II (Byzantium), 111 revelation and coronation, 312 Sibylla, 208 Kalakaua (Hawaii), 301 Jesus Kantorowicz, Ernst, 18, 22–3, 116, 129–30, baptism of, 91, 115–16, 158 134–5, 138, 162, 178–9, 191, 196–7, Byzantium, as source of authority in 213, 309, 316 coronation in, 112, 119–24, 125 Kertzer, David, 38, 39, 45, 46 dual nature of, 22 Khosrow I (Persia), 82 Frederick II, parallel imagery with, 205 Khwarazmian Turks, 202 “Hand of God” iconography and (See Kingship, 25. See also specific King “Hand of God” iconography) “King’s two bodies” theory, 22 iconography of, 13–14, 21, 33 Kitzinger, Ernst, 188, 189, 191, 192

330 Index

Kluckhohn, Clyde, 28, 53–4 Sancho I, 226–7 knighting Urraca, 226–7, 228 of Alfonso XI, 233–7 Letentur in Domino et Exultentus Omnes, overview, 41, 47–8 203–4, 209, 210, 215–16 of Peter IV, 259–60 Life of Saint Magnus, 304 self-knighting, 233–7 Life of Saint Stanislas, 182 Knights Hospitaller, 202, 204–5 liminality, 52–3, 304 Knights Templar, 202, 204–5 Linehan, Peter, 18, 223, 231, Körntgen, Ludger, 309 233, 234–5 Korymbos,79–80 linguistic turn, 29–30 Koselleck, Reinhardt, 24, 41 liturgical sources, 16–18 Koziol, Geoffrey, 18, 34, 36, 40–1, 47, 54, liturgiﬁcation, 133–5, 139–46, 148–51, 171 55, 138, 307–8, 311 Lleida, Spain, 248 Kronentragen,12 Lolland, Netherlands, 284 Kuhrt, Amélie, 69 London, England, 151–3 long-term approach in history, 24–9 La Crónica General, 230–1 López de Luna, Pedro, 248, 249, 252 La Crónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla, Lothar III (Holy Roman Empire), 176, 183 230–1 Louis VI (France), 181 Ladislaus (Hungary), 11, 239–40 Louis VII (France), 181 lamb, Son depicted as, 87 Louis IX (France), 280–1, 286, 287–8, Lane, Christel, 53 313–14 Lane, Philip, 11–12 Louis X “the Stubborn” (France), 288, 289 Las Huelgas Monastery (Burgos), 233–5, 236 Louis XVI (France), 296 Lázaro Galdiano Library (Madrid), 21 Louis “the Pious” (Franks), 37, 130–3 Leach, Edmund, 38 Louvre (Paris), 3–4, 21 Lector, Theodore, 101 Luke (New Testament), 87, 89 legalism, 309 Lünig, Johann Christian, 298 legitimacy Lyon, Jonathan, 41 in Byzantium, 98, 112, 116–17 in Carolingian Dynasty, 129, 130 Maastricht Cross, 155 in Egypt, 74 MacCormack, Sabine, 90, 92–3 overview, 36–7, 46–7, 303–4 Macedonian Dynasty, 96, 103, 108–9, 111, in Persia, 76 114, 119, 121–2, 124 of Peter IV, 255, 260 MacIsaac, John D., 91 of Roger II, 177–8, 193 MacLean, Simon, 18, 41, 133–4 Le Goff, Jacques, 18 Mâconnais, France, 28 Leo I (Byzantium), 97, 98, 100–2, 104, Madrid Skylitzes, 124, 126 107–8 Magi, 154–5, 157 Leo II (Byzantium), 102 Magna Carta, 284–5 Leo III (Byzantium), 105, 108, 222 Mahmood, Saba, 312 Leo III (Pope), 130 Maiestas Domini, 152 Leo IV (Byzantium), 110 Mainz, Germany, 169 Leo VI (Byzantium), 114–15, 117, 119, 123 Mainz, Ordo of, 148–50, 151 Leon (Kingdom) Malik Al-Kamil (Egypt), 202 Alfonso VI, 229 Mallorca (Kingdom), 253 Alfonso VII, 226, 227–8, 230, 231, 237 Maltilda (Sicily), 178 Alfonso IX, 284, 294 Manganaro, Stefano, 169 Alfonso XI (Castile), inﬂuence on coro- Manuel I (Byzantium), 108 nation of, 222, 224–8 Manus Dei. See “Hand of God” iconography Bermudo II, 224 Maratha Empire, 301 Ferdinand I, 224, 226–7, 230 Marcian (Byzantium), 97–9, 104, 106, oaths in, 294 107–8 Ordoño II, 224–8, 230 Marduk (Babylonian deity), 68, 73 Ramiro II, 224, 226–7 Mari, palace (Syria), 69

Index 331

Maria dell’Ammiraglio (Palermo). See diadem and, 67–8 Martorana Church (Palermo) divine election and, 95 Maria of Alania (Byzantium), 121 Hittites, 68–9 Maria “the Marquise” (Jerusalem), 201 Mari, 69 Marin, Louis, 36 overview, 32–3, 61 Martin I (Aragon), 12, 27, 44–5, 271, 273 sceptre and, 61–2, 65, 67–8, Martorana Church (Palermo), 34, 92, 169, 69, 73 171, 180, 185–95 Sumerians, 67 Marxism, 25 Day of Atonement, 68 Mary (Virgin), 114, 168–9 Elamites, 72, 73 Massip, Francesc, 272 Festival of Enlightenment, 68–9 Matthew (New Testament), 89 kingship in, 25 Matthew of Paris, 203, 210, 211–12, 215 sovereignty in, 69 Maya people, 25 methodological approaches Mayer, Hans E., 13, 204, 215 agency approach, 29–31 Medianites, 73 long-term approach, 24–9 mediation political theology approach, 21–4 Alfonso XI and, 230, 232, 236 self-fashioning approach, 31–2 in Anglo-Saxon coronation, 164 Metz, France, 161–2 in Byzantium, 104 Mexico, ritual in, 25 in Carolingian coronation, 135–46 Michael I (Byzantium), 105 Egypt, consecration without mediation in Michael III (Byzantium), 103–4, 111, (See Egypt (Ancient)) 112–13 Greece, consecration without mediation Michael VII (Byzantium), 121 in (See Greece (Ancient), consecra- Michael (Archangel), 113–4, 123–4 tion without mediation in) Milan, Archbishop of, 211 “Hand of God” iconography and, 90 miniatures in Iberian Kingdoms, 238 Alfonso XI, 226–7 Israel, consecration without mediation in Anglo-Saxon, 148, 155 (See Israel (Ancient)) in Byzantium, 91, 112, 121–2, 123, Mesopotamia, consecration without 124, 126 mediation in (See Mesopotamia, in Carolingian Dynasty, 136 Ancient) in Iberian Kingdoms, 236 in Navarra, 35, 47, 277–8, 282, 293, 295 in Ottonian Dynasty, 148, 157–8, 161, in Ottonian coronation, 166 164–8 overview, 4, 43, 47, 53, 125, 148–51, overview, 19, 108–9 309–10, 312, 313 Peter IV, 21, 35, 243, 244, 261, 262, Persia, consecration without mediation in 264, 265 (See Persia (Ancient)) miracles, 22 Peter IV and, 257 missals, 16–17 in Pre-Christian civilizations, 32–3 Mithra (Persian deity), 70–1, 81 Roger II and, 189 Mitkrönung,12 Mediterranean cultures, 238 mitre, 151, 234–6 Melchizedek (Israelite priest), 63 modern perspective on self-coronation, mentalités,18 314–17 Mercer, Samuel, 66 modern state, 21–2, 296, 308 Merson Medallion, 90–1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Iran), 32–3, Merton, Robert K., 53 83–4, 301 Mesoamerica, kingship in, 25 Mondéjar, Marqués de, 231 Mesopotamia (Ancient) monotheism, 22 Akkadians, 72 Monza, Italy, 87 Canaanites, 61–2 Monzón, Spain, 259–60 consecration without mediation in, 66–9 Moore, Michael E., 133 Assyrians, 66, 67–8, 73 moral dilemma of self-coronation, Babylonians, 66, 69, 73 306

332 Index

mosaics mediation in, 35, 47, 277–8, 282, in Byzantium, 141 293, 295 Exarchate mosaics, 91 oaths in, 276, 278, 280–2, 284–7, Roger II, 34, 92, 169, 171, 175, 180, 289–91, 292, 293–4 185–95 Papal influence in, 240–1 Moses, 63, 80, 86, 169 Papal opposition to restoration, 275–7 Mount Horeb, 86 Philip III of Evreux, 275, 287, 288–9, Mount Sinai, 80 293–4 Muntaner, Ramon, 247–8, 251–2 “raising up” of monarch in, 281–2, 287, Muret, Battle of, 245–6 291, 292, 294 Museo del Prado (Madrid), 262 reaction against oaths, 285–7 Myers, Henry A., 132 reinvention of history of, 278–9 mythology, 57 restoration of Kingdom, 275–7 myth-ritual school, 17–18, 56 Sancho VI “the Wise,” 276–7, 285–6 Sancho VII “the Strong,” 276–7, 285–6 Nabonidus Chronicle, 73 sovereignty in, 279–80, 286 Nabu, Iran, 73 Theobald I of Champagne, 275, 277–8, Naples, Italy, 175–6 280–1, 285–6 Napoleon I (France) Theobald II, 275, 285–7, 310 generally, 28, 238, 296–7 unction in, 276, 287, 289, 291, 292, 294 contradictory nature of unique nature of coronation in, 295, 310 self-coronation, 298 Ndembu people, 43 Frederick II compared, 196–7, 213 Neit (Egyptian Temple), 73–4 historical tradition of self-coronation and, Nelson, Janet L., 18, 135, 139, 141, 142–3, 4, 10 145, 208–9, 309 Iranian shahs, influence in, 83–4 Nero (Rome), 179 overview of self-coronation, 35 New Church of Tokali Kilise, 115 painting of, 3–4, 21 New Testament, 63. See also specific Book Peter IV compared, 299 Nicephorus, Patriarch, 105 political nature of self-coronation, 299 Nicephorus Bryennius (Byzantium), 98 Naqsh-e Rostam, Iran, 71, 78, 81 Nicholas I (Russia), 299 Narseh (Persia), 82 Nicholas (Papal legate), 284–5 Nathan (Israelite Prophet), 136 Nicholas (Saint), 191, 192–3 Navarra (Kingdom) Nieto Soria, José Manuel, 18 Amo, 286 Nigellus, Ermoldus, 37 Aragon, coronations in compared, 274 nimbus imagery, 91 autonomy in, 293–5 Nkula (ritual), 43 Blanca, 287–8 Norman Kingdom in Sicily. See Roger II Castile, coronations in compared, 274 (Sicily) Charles II “the Bad,” 289, 292 normativity, 4 Charles III “the Noble” (See Charles III Norse tradition, 181–2 “the Noble” (Navarra)) Norway consecration in, 288 coronation in, 8, 170, 310 coronation in, 44, 142, 143, 281–2 revelation and coronation, 312 Counts of Evreux, 287–9 unction in, 170 Fueros, 276, 278, 280–2, 284–7, 289–91, Notre Dame (Paris), 24, 213 292, 293–4 numismatics, 33, 78, 88, 94, 111, 115, 116 García Ramírez, 274, 275, 276–7, 281, 293 Oakley, Francis, 25 Henry I, 287–8 oaths infanzones, 277–8, 288 in Aragon, 294 Isabella, 286 in Byzantium, 282, 294 Islamic invasion and, 275 in Castile, 294 Joanna I, 287–8 of Charles III, 289–91, 292, 294 Joanna II, 275, 287, 288–9, 293–4 in Denmark, 284

Index 333

in England, 282, 294–5 ordines, 147–8, 149–50, 151 in France, 279–80, 282, 294 ordo of Mainz and, 147–9 Frederick II and, 284 other Kingdoms compared, 128, in Holy Roman Empire, 282 170, 171 in Hungary, 282–4 overview, 5, 7, 10, 33, 44, 147–8 in Navarra, 276, 278, 280–2, 284–7, portraits, depictions in, 157–69 289–91, 292, 293–4 Roger II, influence on, 190 Visigoths and, 282 sacred nature of Kingship and, 170–1 Oceania, coronation in, 24–5 sovereignty and, 158–61, 166, 168 Ohrmazd (Ahura Mazda), 78–80, 81–2 stola and, 157–8 Old Testament. See specific Book unction and, 158, 163–4, 170 Olympia, Greece, 1–2 white band and, 163–4 Olympic Games, 1–2 Overlaet, Bruno, 80 Olympius (campiductor), 100 Oxford, England, 284–5 Oppenheim, Leo, 73 opprobrium, self-coronation as pactism, 295 in Byzantium, 98 paganism, 92, 127, 299 Frederick II and, 216–17 Palacios, Bonifacio, 18, 247, 253, 294 in Iberian Kingdoms, 240 Palatine Chapel (Palermo), 187, 188 overview, 5–7, 44, 48, 143 Palazzo, Eric, 18 Roger II and, 183 Palermo, Italy, 92, 175–6, 177, 180 ordines,16–17, 144–5, 147–51 Palestine, 61–2, 68 Ordines Romani, 144 Pamplona, Bishop of, 286–7, 291 Ordoño II (Leon), 224–8, 230 Pamplona, Spain, 143, 274, 278, 287–8 orectic function of self-coronation, 50–1, Pamplona Cathedral, 143, 288–9 311–12 Pamplona (Kingdom), 275–6 Osiris (Egyptian deity), 63–4 panegyric literature, 94 Ot de Montcada, 248, 249 Pannonia, 283 Otto I (Holy Roman Empire), 150–1, 169 Pantocrator, 86–7, 112, 123 Otto II (Holy Roman Empire), 121, 157, Papareschi, Gregory, 176 158–64, 166, 168, 169, 191 Papua New Guinea, ritual in, 25 Otto III (Holy Roman Empire), 158, pardon, 47, 54 168, 169 Paris, Matthew, 6–7 Ottonian coronation Patriarch of Constantinople, 82 Byzantine tradition, influence of, 108–9, patrons, 19, 111–12, 114, 157 158–63, 168, 169 Paulinus of Nola (Saint), 87 Carolingian tradition, influence of, 136, Paul (Narbonne), 229 164–6, 171 Paul (Saint), 166 Christification in, 162–6 Paul (Visigoths), 229, 230 Christocentrism in, 166, 169, 171 Pedro Berenguer (Aragon), 249 Christus Rex model, 147–8, 157 Pedro de Luna y Ximénz de Urrea, consecration and, 161–2, 163–4 Archbishop, 242, 249, 265, 307 conventional nature of Peers of France, 9–10 self-coronation, 313 Pelagius (Asturias), 278–9 desacralisation in, 308, 309, 310 Pelagius of Oviedo (bishop), 229 diadem in, 149–50, 157–8 performativity, 37, 51 dual nature of Kingship and, 171 Persia (Ancient). See also Iran iconography of, 157–69 Antigonos Monophthalmos, 76 Jesus, Kingship of and, 148–9, 157 Ardashir I, 71, 78–81, 82 liturgification and, 148–51 Bahrâm II, 82 loros and, 158–61 Bahrâm V, 82 mediation in, 166 Cambyses II, 73–4 miniatures and, 148, 157–8, 161, 164–8 consecration without mediation in mitre and, 235–6 Achaemenid Kings, 70, 72–3, 74 normative nature of accession, 169–70 Arsacid Kings, 77

334 Index

Persia (Ancient) (cont.) ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 259 barsom,79 historical context of, 27 Byzantine tradition, inﬂuence on, historiographic sources, 14, 16, 244, 107–9 248–53 crown and, 74–6, 77 iconographic representation of diadem and, 71, 75–6, 77, 78, coronation, 244, 261–8 79, 81–2 iconographic sources, 21, 244 divine election and, 95 importance of coronation, 251–3 farnah,70–2 Israelite inﬂuence on coronation, 255–7 farr,70–1 knighting of, 259–60 “Hand of God” iconography com- languages in coronation ceremony, 255 pared, 92 legitimacy of, 255, 260 Hellenistic Kings, 74–7 liturgical sources, 17, 244, 253–60 herbads,81 Llibre del rei en Pere, 244, 248–53 investment ring and, 71–2 Mallorca, conquest of, 253 kvarr,70–1 Manuscrito de san Miguel de los Reyes, 261 mobad,81 Mass and coronation, 259, 260 other Kingdoms compared, 72–4 mediation and, 257 overview, 13–14, 32–3, 44, 61 miniatures, 21, 35, 243, 244, 261, 262, Sassanid Kings, 70, 71, 77–83, 108–9 264, 265 Surena family, 77, 81 Napoleon compared, 299 xuarra,78 narrative of coronation, 244, 248–53 Cyrus I, 70–1, 73 new ceremonial of, 244, 253–60 Cyrus II, 73 Ordinacions, 254, 261 Darius I, 71–2, 74 ordo of, 244–5, 269, 270 Darius III, 74–5 origin of nickname, 254 Hormozd III, 82 overview of coronation, 35, 242–4 inauguration in, 76 political effect of coronation, 144 Khosrow I, 82 pommel and, 259–60 legitimacy in, 76 prayers and coronation, 258–9 Narseh, 82 reaction to coronation, 312–13 Patriarch of Constantinople and, 82 rituals of coronation, 258 Phraates IV, 77 ritual strategies of, 268–71 Phraates V, 77 sceptre and, 250–1, 259–60 Qobâd I, 82 scholarship on, 13 Qobâd II, 82 self-fashioning and, 31 Sahrabarâz, 82 sovereignty and, 265, 271–2 Shapur I, 80–1 spiritual versus temporal aspect of Shapur II, 81–2 coronation, 257, 269–70, 317 sovereignty in, 71–2, 76–7, 78 strategic purpose of coronation, 311 Yazdegerd I, 82 symbolic nature of coronation and, 57 Yazdegerd III, 82 transgressive nature of Peter II “the Catholic” (Aragon), 245–6, self-coronation, 143 254, 284 unction of, 245, 256–7, 260, 269 Peter III “the Great” (Aragon), 246, 254 Peter of Meaux, 286 Peter IV “the Ceremonious” (Aragon) Peter (Saint), 166 generally, 12, 236, 248, 307 Peter “the Patrician,” 100, 101 audience at coronation, function of, 47, Philip I (France), 9 48, 50, 312–13 Philip III (France), 287–8 autobiography of, 244, 248–53 Philip III of Evreux (Navarra), 275, 287, consecration versus coronation, 256 288–9, 293–4 crown ceremony of, 257, 260, 265 Philip IV “the Fair” (France), 288 diadem and, 245, 260 Philip V “the Tall” (France), 288 dramatization of coronation, 44–5, 271–3 Phocas (Byzantium), 105 dynamism of coronation, 305–6 Phoenicians, 61–2

Index 335

Photius, Patriarch, 103 Qobâd I (Persia), 82 Phraates IV (Persia), 77 Qobâd II (Persia), 82 Phraates V (Persia), 77 Quigley, Declan, 23 Pierleoni, Peter, 176 Pipino, Francisco, 181 radial crown, 81–2, 89 Pippin “the Short” (Franks), 129–30, “raising up” of monarch 222, 226 Charles III, 291, 292, 294 Pisa (Kingdom), 202 in Navarra, 281–2, 287, 291, 292, 294 Pius VII (Pope), 3–4, 299 overview, 170–1 Plantagenet Dynasty, 307–8 in Scandinavia, 281–2 Plutarch, 74, 76, 77 Ralph d’Escures, 9 Poema de Fernán González, 231–2 Ramiro II (Leon), 224, 226–7 Poland Ramon Berenguer (Aragon), 249 coronation in, 8, 170 Ranulf II (Alife), 178 Papal influence in, 240 Rappaport, Roy, 25, 56 revelation and coronation, 312 Ras Shamra, 61–2 unction in, 170 Ratold, Ordo of, 148–50, 151 political perspective on self-coronation, Ravenna, Italy, 91, 141 302–5 Raymond VI (Toulouse), 245 political religion, 24 Reccadedus (Visigoths), 229 political theology approach, 21–4, 239 Receswinth (Visigoths), 226–7 pommel, 250–1, 254–5, 259–60, 271 Re (Egyptian deity), 64 Pontificale Romano-Germanicum, 168 referentiality, 19, 126 Pontifical of Huesca, 254–5 Reformation, 42, 310 Pontifical of Tyre, 214 Regensburg, Germany, 157 Portugal Reichenau, Germany, 157 accession in, 171 Reichenau Gospel, 161 Papal influence in, 240 Reilly, Bernard F., 229 Pössel, Christina, 18, 40, 41, 49, 50, Reims Cathedral, 208, 288, 308 297, 311 relevance of person performing coronation, 11 postmodernism, 29–30 Remigius, Bishop, 188 poststructuralism, 29–30 republicanism, 142 Potestas, 170 Reuter, Timothy, 18 Poussay Lectionary (Paris), 155 rex et sacerdos, 189, 191 Powell, James M., 210 rex renitens, 11, 14, 47, 303, 313 Pre-Christian civilizations, 32, 61. See also Reza Pahlavi (Iran), 32–3, 83–4, 301 specific civilization Richard I (England), 5–7, 44 presentisms, 17–18, 24, 313–14 Ricouer, Paul, 57 priesthood, 65, 144, 148 rites of passage, 25 profane nature of self-coronation, 21–2, ritual 107, 141, 197–9, 213 acclamation (See acclamation) Professio fidei (profession of faith), 110, agency and, 49, 53, 302–3 260, 282 as aggregation of symbols, 46 Protestant Reformation, 42, 310 alethurgical function of self-coronation, Prussia 50–1, 311–12 Frederick I, 13, 31, 35, 238, ambiguity in, 45, 55 296–9, 311 anachronism and, 41–2 William I, 298–9 as anomaly, 27 Psalms (Old Testament), 154 artificiality of, 26 psychoanalysis, 56 attendants at, 28, 37, 47, 49, 50, 307 Puente la Reina (Spain), 288 audience, function of, 47–50, 312–13 Puett, Michael, 23 ceremony versus, 38–9 Puglia, Italy, 180 as communicative act, 39 Pushkin State Museum (Moscow), 92, 187 comparative approach to, 23, 25, 26, Pyrenees Mountains, 275 29, 41

336 Index

ritual (cont.) rational response to, 55 condensation of meaning, 40, 45 reiteration of, 28 content of, 45 repetition in, 28, 35, 57 context of self-coronation and, 43–4 secrecy of, 56 continuity of, 4, 308 semantics and, 27, 29–30, 35, 55 criticism of ritual concept, 40–1 social aspects of, 39–40, 51–2, 53–4 as cultural system, 29, 31 social change and, 52 debate regarding, 37–42 as spectacle, 46 defining, 38–9 symbolic acts, 49 denial of, 313 symbolic element of, 39–40 designers, 51 symbolic nature of self-coronation discontinuity of, 4, 308 and, 54–8 as drama, 44–7 as theatre, 45–6 efficacy of, 48, 57 tradition and, 306 elevation, 109, 175, 231, 316 transformative function of self- emotional response to, 45, 55, 312 coronation and, 50–4 enactment of, 44–5 transgressive nature of self-coronation failure of, 27, 310–11 and, 53 fixation and, 57 variation in, 12, 28, 43 function of, 42 verbal terms, 56–7 as game, 45–6 ritual formalism, 306, 310–11 heterodoxy and, 52 “ritual invention,” 307 historicity of, 26 ritual perspective on self-coronation, inertia of, 57 310–14 innovation in, 30, 49, 57–8 ritual studies, 17–18 instrumental acts, 49, 53, 297–8, 299 Robert of Artois, 287–8 integrative function of, 42, 51–2 Robert of Capua, 179 intention, 49 Roderic (Visigoths), 278–9 invariance of, 57, 306 Roger I (Sicily), 175 knighting (See knighting) Roger II (Sicily) language of, 31, 56–7 generally, 166, 169, 171 lexicon of, 56–7 accession of, 175–7 liminality and, 52–3, 304 acclamation and, 178–9 liturgification and, 133–5, 139–46, artistic depiction of coronation, 185–95 148–51, 171 audience at coronation, function of, 48–9 malleability of, 274–5, 306 Byzantine influence on coronation, manipulative function of, 42 187–8, 189, 190, 192–4 as mirror of social reality, 52 Carolingian influence on coronation, 190 mnemonic dimension of, 57–8 Christmas, choice of for coronation, 187 multivocality of, 45 Christocentrism in coronation, 185–95 mythology and, 57 coins depicting, 178–9, 188 nonverbal terms, 56–7 Deo coronatus and, 189, 191 orectic function of self-coronation, 50–1, dramatization of coronation, 45 311–12 dual challenge facing, 48 overview, 32, 36–7 ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 191 pardon, 47, 54 Frederick II compared, 188, participants in, 12, 37, 44–5, 47–50, 51, 194–5, 216 53, 55, 57–8, 305–6 “Hand of God” iconography and, 92, penance, 47, 48, 68 93 political aspects of, 39–40, 41–2, iconographic sources, 21, 34 51–2, 53–4 Islamic influence on coronation, 188, 195 political change and, 52 King of France, role of in coronation, political use of, 314–15 180–1 raising on a shield, 98, 101, 110, 126, legitimacy of, 177–8, 193 170, 281, 287 loros and, 187

Index 337

Martorana Church, artistic depiction of Royal Palace (Palermo), 188 coronation in, 185–95 Royal Pantheon (Poblet), 270 mediation and, 189 Ruffus, Johannes, 212–13 mosaics, 34, 92, 169, 171, 175, 180, Ruiz, Teófilo F., 13, 18, 233 185–95 Runciman, Steve, 106 as Norman King, 175, 176–7, 179–80, Russia 182, 191, 193, 216 Alexander III, 299 opprobrium, self-coronation as, 183 coronation in, 299, 310 ordo of, 184–5 Elizabeth Petrovna, 299 Ottonian influence on coronation, 190 Nicholas I, 299 overview of coronation, 34 political symbols and rituals and, 246 Sabazios cult, 85, 86–7 ritual coronation of, 177–85 Sächsische Weltchronik, 213 self-sufficiency and, 190 sacralisation, 128–35, 141, 142, 143, 171 Sigurd, role of in coronation, 181–2 sacral kingship, 308–9 sovereignty and, 187, 194 Sacramentary of Ivrea, 158, 168 symbolic coronation of, 185–95 Sacramentum. See Oaths transgressive nature of self-coronation, sacred context, 12, 53, 307 143, 221 sacred space, 101, 104 tunic and, 185–7 Sahlins, Marshall, 5, 26–7, 38, 54 as usurper, 183 Sahrabarâz (Persia), 82 weakness of mediation in coronation, 190 Saint-Denis, France, 130 Roger of Howden, 7 Saint Emmeram of Regensburg Abbey, 166–7 Roger of Wendover, 203, 211–12 Saint James automated statue, 233–5 Roman Curia, 176 Saints, 33, 96–7, 110, 124. See also specific Romanesque art, 91–2 Saint Romanus I (Byzantium), 116–17 Saladin, 203–4 Romanus II (Byzantium), 119–21, 123 Salerno, Italy, 175, 176, 177, 179 Rome (Ancient) Samuel (Israelite priest), 63, 123–4, 184, Arcadius, 91 207, 223–4, 255–6 Augustus, 89, 142 Sánchez Albornoz, Claudio, 223, Aurelian, 94 225, 227 Constantine I, 87–91, 110, 111, 142, 317 Sancho I (Leon), 226–7 Constantine II, 89, 90 Sancho II (Castile), 229–30 Constantius II, 89, 90, 110 Sancho IV (Castile), 231–2 coronation in Sancho VI “the Wise” (Navarra), 276–7, Byzantium, continuity of tradition 285–6 in, 97 Sancho VII “the Strong” (Navarra), 276–7, divine election and, 95 285–6 “Hand of God” iconography in, 88–91 Sancho de Rojas, Archbishop, 261–2 overview, 44 San Salvador Cathedral (Zaragoza), 242 Eudocia, 91 Santa Justa, Spain, 248 Gallienus, 94 Santa Maria la Nuova in Monreale Honoria, 91 (Palermo), 189 Julian “the Apostate,” 101, 108 Santes Creus, Spain, 246 Nero, 179 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 228 Senate, 98–9, 100, 103 Saracens, 180, 181, 196 Theodosius, 317 Sassanid Kings (Persia), 70, 71, 77–83, Trajan, 89 108–9 Valerian, 94 Saul (Israel), 123–4, 255–6 Romuald of Salerno, 179–80 Scandinavia. See also specific King or Rostas, Susanna, 51 Kingdom royal inauguration. See inauguration coronation in, 11–12, 170, 304 royal insignia. See crown; pommel; sceptre “raising up” of monarch in, 281–2 Royal Palace (Barcelona), 270 unction in, 170

338 Index

sceptre Smith, Jonathan Z., 52–3 Charles III and, 291 Smith, Roland, 76 Frederick I and, 298 Sobrarbe, Spain, 278–9 in Iberian Kingdoms, 226, 245, 271, social perspective on self-coronation, 305–10 272–3 social stability, 24, 31 in Mesopotamia, 61–2, 65, 67–8, 69, 73 social structures, 30, 52 Peter IV and, 250–1, 259–60 social transformations, 4, 31, 51–2 Schieffer, Rudolf, 170 sociology, 22, 29–30, 42 Schmitt, Carl, 21–2, 315 Soissons, France, 129 Schmitt, Jean-Claude, 18, 193 Solomon (Israel), 63, 136, 137, 153–4 scholarship on self-coronation, 13 Sommerlechner, Andrea, 204 Schramm, Percy E., 14–15, 18, 55, 163, Son (Trinity), 87 188, 282 Soubirous, Bernadette, 80 Scotland sources accession in, 171 historiographical sources, 14–16 coronation in, 8 iconographic sources, 19–21 unction in, 310 liturgical sources, 16–18 secularisation, 307–10, 316, 317 sovereignty self-consecration, 65 Alfonso XI and, 228, 230 self-coronation. See specific King or topic in Carolingian Dynasty, 134, 139 self-fashioning approach, 31–2 Charles III and, 292 self-knighting, 233–7 Frederick I and, 298 self-representation, 49, 188, 314 Frederick II and, 199, 216 self-sufficiency, 190 in Mesopotamia, 69 Sem (Egyptian priest), 65 in Navarra, 279–80, 286 semiotic codes, 29–30 in Ottonian Dynasty, 158–61, 166, 168 Serrano-Coll, Marta, 13 overview, 22, 56, 128, 311, 315 Severus, 87 in Persia, 71–2, 76–7, 78 Shapur I (Persia), 80–1 Peter IV and, 265, 271–2 Shapur II (Persia), 81–2 Roger II and, 187, 194 Shivaji (Maratha), 301 Spain. See also Iberian Kingdoms; specific Sibilia (Aragon), 267 King or Kingdom Sibylla (Jerusalem), 208 Habsburg Dynasty, 237–8 Sicily (Kingdom) Spanish exceptionalism, 238 Agathocles, 175 unique nature of coronation in, 295, 310 Aragon and, 246–7 Spiegel, Gabrielle, 29–31 coronation in Spielregeln (rules of play), 46, 47, 48 Byzantine tradition, influence on, spiritual versus temporal aspect of 108–9 coronation, 257, 269–70, 307–10, overview, 5, 44 311, 314, 317 Frederick II as King of, 199, 214, 216 Stanislas (Saint), 182 Maltilda, 178 “state of exception,” 315 Norman Kingdom in (See Roger II Stegmüller, Wolfgang, 25–6 (Sicily)) Stephen, Archbishop and Papal legate, 212, Papal influence in, 240 284–5 revelation and coronation, 312 Stephen II (Pope), 130, 151 Roger I, 175 Stewart, Pamela J., 51 Roger II (See Roger II (Sicily)) stola, 157–8 Simon, 175 Strathern, Andrew, 51 William II, 189 Strootman, Rudolf, 38–9, 76 Sickel, Wilhelm, 106 structuralism, 25 Sigurd (Norway), 181–2 Sturluson, Snorri, 181–2 S¸imleu Silvanei, Romania, 89 subversive nature of self-coronation, 76–7, Simon de Montfort, 245–6 98, 311–12 Simon (Sicily), 175 Sumerians, 67

Index 339

Sun Dance, 25 Charles III and, 143 Swabia, 182 Frederick II and, 143, 197–9, 215, Sweden 221, 273 Charles XII, 238, 297 Iberian Kingdoms, self-coronation not coronation in, 170 seen as transgression in, 221–2, 312 unction in, 170 overview, 1–4, 5–7, 10, 27–8 symbolic anthropology, 30, 36, 40 Peter IV and, 143 symbolism ritual and, 53 in Byzantium, 115, 126 Roger II and, 143, 221 Frederick II, 57, 196–7, 214, 216 transformation into convention, 273, “Hand of God” and, 85, 95 (See also 296–9 “Hand of God” iconography) Trastámara, House of, 273 Holy Sepulchre and, 208 Treaty of Constance, 284 overview, 39, 43, 56, 71–2 Trier, Germany, 157 Peter IV, 57 Trinity, 87 symbolic coronation, 13–14, 96 Tripoli, Lebanon, 199 symbolic element of ritual, 39–40 Tronzo, William, 190 symbolic nature of self-coronation, 54–8 Tudela, Spain, 278 Symeonis Logothetae, 103 tunic, 115, 151, 178, 185–7 synchronicity, 26 Tupou (Tonga), 301 Syria, 68, 87 Turin, Italy, 64 Szilágysomlyó, Romania, 89 Turner, Victor, 27, 36, 38, 40, 41–2, 43, 44, 50–1, 56–7, 302, 304 Tabari (chronicler), 77–8, 82 Tyre, Archbishop of, 200 Tacitus, 89 Tyre, Lebanon, 199 Tambiah, Stanley, 313 Taq-e Bostan, Iran, 81–2 Ullmann, Walter, 151 Tarazona, Spain, 248 unction Tarshish, Turkey, 154 Alfonso XI and, 237 Te Deum Laudamus, 184–5, 260, 292 Anglo-Saxon coronation and, 170 Tell Halaf, Israel, 61–2 in Aragon, 245, 256–7, 260, 269 temporal versus spiritual aspect of in Bohemia, 170 coronation, 257, 269–70, 307–10, Carolingian coronation and, 129–30, 311, 314, 317 142, 143–4 Tephrike, Battle of, 103 in Castile, 230–1, 237 Teutonic Knights, 202, 204–5 Charles III and, 291, 292, 294 theater. See dramatization of coronation chrism and, 129, 145, 158, 247 Thegar (biographer), 131, 133 coronation, relation to, 224–8 Theobald I of Champagne (Navarra), 275, in Denmark, 170 277–8, 280–1, 285–6 in England, 310 Theobald II (Navarra), 275, 285–7, 310 Gallican rite of, 145 theocentrism, 33, 127, 166, 185, 190 Holy Oil, 145, 158, 178, 260, 291 Theodosius (Rome), 317 in Hungary, 170 Theophanes, 101 in Iberian Kingdoms, 170, 224–6 Theophanu (Byzantium), 121, 158–9 in Ireland, 170 Thessaloniki (Greece), 111 in Israel, 62–3, 223–4 Thoth (Egyptian deity), 65 in Navarra, 276, 287, 289, 291, 292, 294 Tokali Kilise, Turkey, 115 in Norway, 170 Tonga (Kingdom), 301 Ottonian coronation and, 158, Toulouse (Kingdom), 245–6 163–4, 170 Trajan (Rome), 89 overview, 5, 8, 158, 163–4 transformative function of Peter IV and, 245, 256–7, 260, 269 self-coronation, 50–4 in Poland, 170 transgressive nature of self-coronation in Scandinavia, 170 Alfonso XI and, 143, 273 in Scotland, 310

340 Index

unction (cont.) Wales in Sweden, 170 coronation in, 8, 170 Visigoths and, 222–4 unction in, 170 in Wales, 170 Wallingford, England, 284–5 Unter-Krone-gehen,12 Wamba (Visigoths), 129, 222, 223, 225, Urraca (Leon), 226–7, 228 229, 231–2, 237 Ursberg, Burchard von, 212–13 Warmundus of Ivrea, Bishop, 158, 168 usurpation, 4, 97, 229–30, 312 Warner, David A., 16 Uta Lectionary, 157–8 War of the Lombards, 201 utopia, 22, 317 Weber, Hermann, 23 Utrecht Psalter, 154 Weber, Max, 138, 299 Weeden, Lisa, 29 Vagnoni, Mirko, 189 Weiler, Björn, 11, 14, 18, 28, 41, 47–8, 49, Valencia, Spain, 264, 267 303, 311 Valentinian III (Byzantium), 91, 99 Westminster Abbey (London), 208, 308 Valerian (Rome), 94 Widukind of Corvey, 150–1 Venice, Italy, 121–2 William I (Prussia), 298–9 Victoria (Roman deity), 89, 90, 92–3 William II (Sicily), 189 “The Victorious Youth,” 1–2 William of Malmesbury, 9, 239–40 Vincent, Nicholas, 18, 40, 41, 128 William of Tyre, 206, 207–8 Virgin Mary, 114, 168–9 Winchester, England, 151–3 Virtus (Roman deity), 89, 90 Visigoths Yannopoulos, Panayotis, 107 Alfonso XI, inﬂuence on coronation of, Yazdegerd I (Persia), 82 222, 224–8 Yazdegerd III (Persia), 82 Chindasuinth, 226–7 Yolande (Jerusalem). See Isabella II coronation and (Jerusalem) Byzantine tradition compared, Yoruba people, 55–6, 301 139, 222 Carolingian tradition compared, Zadok (Israelite priest), 63, 136 142, 222 Zaragoza, Archbishop of. See Pedro de overview, 102, 129, 162 Luna y Ximénz de Urrea, Egica, 226–7 Archbishop Iberian Kingdoms, inﬂuence on, 237–8 Zaragoza, Spain, 242, 246–7, 264, oaths and, 282 267 Paul, 229, 230 Zaragoza Cathedral, 254–5, 273 Reccadedus, 229 Zeno (Byzantium), 91, 102 Receswinth, 226–7 Zeonis (Byzantium), 91 Roderic, 278–9 Zimmerman, Michael, 223 unction and, 222–4 Zimrilin (Mari), 69 Wamba, 129, 222, 223, 225, 229, Zoroastrianism, 70–1 231–2, 237 Zulus, 301 Vita of Saint Ladislaus of Hungary, 239–40 Zupka, Dusan, 12 Viterbo, Gottfried von, 213 Zurita, Hieronymus or Gerónimo, 272–3