No. 12-144 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States _________ DENNIS HOLLINGSWORTH, ET AL., Petitioners, v. KRISTIN M. PERRY, ET AL., Respondents. _________ On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit _________ BRIEF OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS AND THE AMERICAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS _________ CATHERINE E. STETSON* MICHAEL D. KASS ERICA KNIEVEL SONGER MARY HELEN WIMBERLY C. BENJAMIN COOPER RYAN D. TAGGETT HOGAN LOVELLS US LLP 555 Thirteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 (202) 637-5491
[email protected] *Counsel of Record Counsel for Amici Curiae TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ........................................ ii STATEMENT OF INTEREST .................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .......................................................... 3 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 6 I. GAY AND LESBIAN PEOPLE HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO WIDESPREAD AND SIGNIFICANT DISCRIMINA- TION IN THE UNITED STATES ...................... 6 A. The Historical Roots of Discrim- ination Against Gay People ........................ 6 B. Modern American History: 1890-1940 .................................................... 7 C. World War II and Its Aftermath ............... 12 D. The Gay Rights Movement and Its Opponents in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s ....................................... 17 E. The Persistence of Anti-Gay Dis- crimination from the 1990s to the Present ................................................ 20 II. HISTORY PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE COURT’S EQUAL- PROTECTION ANALYSIS ............................... 35 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 37 (i) ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) CASES: Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993) ...................................... 30 Baehr v. Miike, Civ. No. 20371, 1999 Haw. LEXIS 391 (Haw. Dec. 9, 1999) .............................................. 31 Boseman v. Jarrell, 704 S.E.2d 494 (N.C.