MAMACOCOSEA
PROJECT
18-20 March 2013 Marine Mammal Conservation Corridor for Paramaribo, Northern South America Follow-Up Workshop Suriname Proceedings
Mamacocosea Project
WORKSHOP CONTEXT ...... 2 SESSION 1: OPENING SESSION ...... 3 Introduction welcome by Monique Pool, Gaël Hubert and Marion Brichet...... 3 Opening by the representative of the Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries of the Republic of Suriname ...... 3 Workshop objectives, Monique POOL ...... 3 SESSION 2 ...... 0 Overview of Conventions, Action Plans and Initiatives of relevance to Marine Conservation, Gael HUBERT CAR SPAW, ...... 0 Mamacocosea context, Marion BRICHET AAMP ...... 0 Introduction to Marine Ecosystem-Based Management - Tundi AGARDY ...... 1 Presentation on ecological mapping, species coverage, methodology, socio-economic mapping of human impacts, challenges and lessons learned for the Wider Caribbean Region - Gaël HUBERT ...... 1 SESSION 3: EXAMINE EXISTING DATA AND KNOWLEDGE ON MARINE MAMMALS (SPECIES AND CRITICAL HABITATS) IN THE ECOREGION OF NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA (COUNTRY BY COUNTRY) ...... 3 Description and introduction of the Ecoregion of Northern South America and the document produced by the French Agency for Marine Protected Areas (AAMP) and summary of the 1st workshop held in Martinique, November 2011, and its conclusions - Marion BRICHET ...... 3 Presentation by Brazil - Aquatic Mammals of Northern Brazilian coast, Miriam MARMONTEL - João C. GOMES BORGES ...... 5 Presentation by French Guiana - Hélène DELVAUX - Marine Biodiversity Programme Officer, Direction of the Environment, French Guiana and Antoine HAUSELMANN - GEPOG NGO, Reserve Naturelle des îles du Grand Connétable ...... 6 Presentation by Suriname - Monique POOL - Green Heritage Fund Suriname and Karin BILO - WWF Guianas ...... 7 Presentation by Guyana - Michelle Kalamandeen -Department of Biology, University of Guyana and Patrick Chesney -Guiana Shield Facility, UNDP ...... 7 Presentation by Venezuela - Existing data and knowledge on marine mammals in the Bolivarian republic of Venezuela - Jaime BOLAÑOS, Sociedad Ecológica Venezuela Vida Marina (Sea Vida) ...... 8 Presentation by Trinidad and Tobago - Dr. Judith Gobin - Dept. of Life Sciences University of West Indies, St Augustine and Dr. Asha Singh -Institute of Marine Affairs...... 9 Presentation by Aruba - Aruba Anjiolina ...... 11 Presentation by Colombia - Aquatic Mammals in Colombia: an update for 2005-2012 - Fernando Trujillo ...... 11 SESSION 5: FIRST BREAKOUT-GROUP ABOUT KNOWLEDGE ON MARINE MAMMALS (DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE) ...... 14 Identify data gaps on the distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the Ecoregion of Northern South America and determine potential data sources, partners, and research/monitoring programmes to be developed in collaboration in the future ...... 14 Knowledge gaps ...... 14 Research groups ...... 15 Knowledge: Priorities by country ...... 15 SESSION 6: SECOND BREAKOUT-GROUP ABOUT THREATS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 27 Establish current threats, current legal management framework (country by country) and identify common stakes to be addressed jointly as well as possible priority actions/issues ...... 27 Actions plans ...... 31 SESSION 7 ...... 32 Mamacocosea Project Formulation of an action plan (including inter alia capacity building through training courses, regional surveys, stranding network)...... 32 WORKSHOP OUTPUTS RESUME ...... 36 1. Diagnosis first overview and priorities issues ...... 2. Cooperation framework: ...... PARTICIPANTS LIST ...... 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 38
Page 1 Mamacocosea Project WORKSHOP CONTEXT This regional collaboration on marine mammals comes from a significant and hitherto unsuspected abundance of cetaceans revealed in French Guiana and the observation that with regards to marine mammals, the countries of northern South America (from the Amazon delta to Colombia) shared common populations of cetaceans and manatees, common ecological characteristics (strong effect of major river plumes) and similar threats (fisheries, oil and gas industries, shipping, pollution of terrestrial and marine origins…). The French Agency for Marine Protected Areas (AAMP), with help from the Regional Activity Centre for the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol (SPAW-RAC) highlighted the potential importance of a regional scientific cooperation project on marine mammals due to the diversity and abundance of the species, of which two have restricted ranges, their regional distribution ranges from the Amazon delta in Brazil to Colombia and their status, to respond to the challenges identified. The proposed regional cooperation project would also be a tool for implementing, in the area, the SPAW-RAC Marine Mammal Action Plan (MMAP). The objectives of the project are indeed consistent with those defined in MMAP, particularly as regards furthering knowledge and pooling data. A first workshop was held in Martinique, November 2011 during the second international conference on marine mammal protected areas. During this first workshop, Green Heritage Fund Suriname offered to host this follow up workshop in 2013. This second workshop was aimed at formulating an action plan for the effective management of marine areas and mammals in the Eco-region of Northern South America to support the protection of the marine biological diversity in the region. The Regional Action Plan will encompasses the area from Maranhão state in Brazil to Colombia and include the Economic Exclusive Zone for Brazil (Maranhão, Para and Amapa states), French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia (Caribbean region), Trinidad and Tobago and the ABC Dutch Caribbean islands (Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao). This area is in line with the relevant spatial scales of marine mammal populations living in the region, and with the geographical extent of current threats and pressures to which these species are exposed. This regional action plan could be: - a tool for regional coordination - a way to be stronger together - a means to find funding for collaborative project - a framework to exchange experiences and knowledge - a support to increase visibility of regional cooperative efforts aimed at strengthening conservation of marine mammals thanks to an adapted communication strategy
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SESSION 1: OPENING SESSION Introduction welcome by Monique Pool, Gaël Hubert and Marion Brichet
Opening by the representative of the Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries of the Republic of Suriname
Workshop objectives, Monique POOL Monique Pool presents all participants from every country represented in the workshop.
Workshop Background Green Heritage Fund Suriname offered to host this follow-up workshop during the 2011 Mamacocosea workshop. With this workshop, GHFS and SPAW-RAC aim to inform public institutions about MPAs, regional marine spatial planning and specific research and policy needs.
Workshop Goal The general goal of the workshop is to elaborate an action plan for the effective management of the marine areas and mammals in the Eco-region of Northern South America to support the protection of the marine biological diversity in the region. This action plan will be draw up further to the meeting.
Justification This workshop is specifically designed to provide local support and accelerate regional and national marine protected areas establishment efforts, as well as promote regional collaboration.
Workshop Objectives 1. Familiarize Workshop Participants with Regional Initiatives for Marine Mammal Conservation and the proposed Marine Mammal Conservation Corridor for Northern South America 2. Familiarize Workshop Participants with work done by AAMP with REMMOA survey 3. Introduce and familiarize workshop participants with the Ecoregion of Northern South America 4. Introduce Marine Ecosystem-Based Management 5. Examine existing data and knowledge on marine mammals (species and critical habitats) in the Ecoregion of Northern South America (country by country) 6. Identify data gaps on the distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the Ecoregion of Northern South America 7. Determine potential data sources and partners 8. Establish current threats (country by country) 9. Establish current legal management framework (country by country) 10. Formulate an action plan (including inter alia capacity building through training courses, regional surveys, stranding network) 11. Provide an update on Suriname’s marine protected areas process, including objectives.
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SESSION 2 Overview of Conventions, Action Plans and Initiatives of relev ance to Marine Conservation, Gael HUBERT CAR SPAW,
Mamacocosea context, Marion BRICHET AAMP In French Guiana, an inventory of marine mammal populations conducted by the University of La Rochelle, for the AAMP revealed a significant and hitherto unsuspected abundance of cetaceans. The density of cetaceans observed in French Guiana was shown to be substantially higher than in the French West Indies. These studies, and the regional strategic analysis of the marine environment performed by the AMMP in French Guiana (2009), highlighted the potential importance of a regional scientific cooperation project on marine mammals to respond to the challenges identified.
A regional approach vital for conservation French Guiana shares many marine mammal species with neighbouring countries. The diversity of the species, their cross- border distribution range and their status1, some of them being endangered, underline the need for increased, coordinated action between the different countries. The inclusion these species in various international conventions and treaties2 makes cooperation between countries in northern Latin America, from northern Brazil to Venezuela, including Trinidad and Tobago, all the more relevant. A cooperation project covering the entire area from northeastern Brazil to Colombia would thus appear to be an interesting avenue to explore in order to respond to the challenges in French Guiana and in the whole region.
Shared challenges calling for joint action This review of available scientific literature about the countries in question shows that a regional project could be relevant in order to update and improve knowledge of cetacean populations in the area, where economic stakes are high, and to help anticipate and manage the possible impacts of different activities. A first appropriate stage would consist in joining monitoring efforts and facilitating information-sharing. Several kinds of human activities, even though they are little developed to date, can lead to interactions and even expose marine mammals to specific pressures and threats. A regional project could therefore also aim to provide scientific and technical support, particularly by jointly established recommendations, to reconcile harmonious development of such socioeconomic activities with the need to protect habitats and species. Such a project would thus contribute to efforts to sustainably develop certain activities that can be an economic advantage, such as whale watching for example, and to overseeing others which impact the marine environment, such as oil exploration, fishing, land-based marine pollution and shipping.
1 IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. 2 Convention on international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora (intergovernmental agreement signed in Washington on 3 March 1973) Convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (international treaty signed in Bonn in 1979) Convention for the protection and development of the marine environment of the Wider Caribbean region (signed in Cartagena in 1983) and particularly the protocol concerning specially protected areas and wildlife (SPAW), adopted in 1990 and which entered into force in 2000 Mamacocosea Project Support and furtherance of actions of the SPAW Marine Mammal Action Plan The proposed regional cooperation project would also be a tool for implementing, in the area, the regional Marine Mammal Action Plan (MMAP) adopted at the fifth meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena convention SPAW Protocol in 2008, a protocol to which French Guiana (through France), Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago are Contracting Parties. The objectives of the project are indeed consistent with those defined in the MMAP, particularly as regards furthering knowledge and pooling data.
Regional cooperation to develop and enhance A scientific cooperation project on marine mammals in northern Latin America will demand close collaboration. Numerous initiatives and a variety of networks relating to marine mammals exist. Yet, so far, the different countries relevant to the study area are involved to varying degrees. The project would thus facilitate a coordinated approach and foster greater awareness in northern Latin America and involvement in existing networks and initiatives. Questions/comments It is suggested to work with people already engaged in marine turtle conservation. Introduction to Marine Ecosystem-Based Management - Tundi AGARDY Questions/comments It has been asked how to manage ocean zoning in a restricted area and near shore. It seems that EBM already exists in the Caribbean, as e.g. shipping lines and security zones. Information bases and frameworks (UNEP) are available and a negotiation has to be done with countries. Mediterranean example is quoted; there are international high sea areas which have to be cooperatively managed. Caribbean stakeholders have common tools and are able to think about what has to be protected.
Presentation on ecological mapping, species coverage, methodology, socio-economic mapping of human impacts, challenges and lessons learned for the Wider Caribbean Region - Gaël HUBERT
Marine and coastal biodiversity in the Wider Caribbean An outstanding natural heritage... … Upon which the economy relies … But facing a number of threats
A regional treaty: the Cartagena Convention and its SPAW Protocol Regional agreement for the protection and development of the marine environment of the Wider Caribbean One of the UNEP's 18 Regional Sea Conventions Implemented through 3 protocols
The SPAW Protocol: objectives and Parties Objectives: • To protect, preserve and manage sensitive areas • To protect and preserve threatened and endangered species of flora and fauna (annex I and II) • To protect species of regional concern to prevent them becoming threatened or endangered (annex III)
Page 1 Mamacocosea Project The only regional legally-binding agreement on biodiversity in the Caribbean 4 objectives of the current workplan (Oct 2012 – Oct 2014):
1. Reinforcement of Protected Areas in the WCR 2. Development of guidelines for the management of protected areas and species 3. Conservation of threatened and endangered species (turtles, marine mammals, etc) 4. Conservation and sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems Cooperation and transboundary protection under the SPAW Protocol Article 7 Cooperation Programme for, and Listing of, Protected Areas Article 9 Protected Areas and Buffer Zones Contiguous to International Boundaries Article 11: Co-operative measures for the protection of wild flora and fauna Article 17 Scientific, technical and management research
The Marine Mammal Action Plan The MMAP was elaborated by a regional expert group, and adopted by the SPAW Conference of the Parties in 2008. Its goal is to identify major threats, key objectives and concrete actions, to establish priorities and a timetable. All actions are to be implemented with respect of national priorities and capabilities.
National initiatives for the spatial protection of marine mammals Several countries, in particular SPAW countries, have developed actions for the conservation of marine mammals. Among them, some have launched the creation of sanctuaries or other categories of protected areas for marine mammals. Cooperation and collaborations have to be developed between MMPAs.
Questions/comments Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil are able to improve the LifeWeb outputs because adequate information is available. The outputs have been already used for other projects.
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SESSION 3: EXAMINE EXISTING DATA AND KNOWLEDGE ON MARINE MAMMALS (SPECIES AND CRITICAL HABITATS) IN THE ECOREGION OF NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA (COUNTRY BY COUNTRY) Description and introduction of the Ecoregion of Northern South America and the document produced by the French Agency for Marine
Protected Areas (AAMP) and summary of the 1 s t workshop held in Martinique, November 2011, and its conclusions - Marion BRICHET A first workshop has been held in Martinique, November 2011 during the second international conference on marine mammal protected areas.
Marion Brichet was the coordinator (Agence des aires marines protégées, France) and François Gauthiez (Agence des aires marines protégées, France) and Hélène Souan (SPAW Regional Activity Centre, Guadeloupe) were Co-Chair. 19 participants were present:
Monique Pool, Green Heritage Fund Suriname - Suriname Nicolas Maslach, Pierre Watremez, Carole Martinez, AAMP - France Vincent Ridoux, Olivier Van-Canneyt, Sophie Laran, University of La Rochelle - France Lenin Enrique Oviedo Correa, Cetacean Ecology Lab The Swire Institute of Marine Science (The University of Hong Kong) - Venezuela Marcela Portocarrero-Aya, University of Hull (UK) and Fundación Omacha- Colombia Catalina Gomez-Salazar, Dalhousie University (Canada) and Fundación Omacha – Colombia Marc-Henri Duffaud, Environmental Regional Direction – French Guiana Virginie Dosreis, KWATANGO, French Guiana Gaëlle Vandersarren, Gaël Hubert, SPAW-RAC Romain Renoux, Saint Martin marine reserve – Saint Martin Lesley Sutty, ECCEA - Martinique Fernando Trujillo, Foundation Omacha – Colombia John Reynolds, Mote Marine Laboratory - USA Denis Ody, WWF – France Miriam Marmontel, Instituto Mamiraua – Brazil
Page 3 Mamacocosea Project Summary of Discussion Following the aerial survey conducted in French Guiana, there has been great interest in marine mammal populations from other countries in the region. Details of the methods were explained including species identification, especially of Sotalia. Some recommendations to organize networks were suggested. Venezuela’s representative welcomed this cooperation project and the network idea. First, it is necessary to define conservation areas and study them, second the different methods of protection for land and marine zones need to be considered and, third, every stakeholder has to be involved. The project should take into account all threats as well as the issues of oil spills, shipping accidents as well as chronic land- (run-off) or marine-based pollution and fisheries interaction. Several studies on Sotalia species are being conducted and Suriname is working on the species with Brazilian and Costa Rican scientists. In Venezuela (northeastern coast), an important work is ongoing on a coastal population of Sotalia sp., where evidences suggested that they have a very small localized home range. In French Guiana as well, NGOs are working with Brazilian specialists especially on manatees. These studies are testing acoustic survey methods because the turbid waters prevent visual observation. Human capacity is often a limiting factor for the development of these programmes. French Guiana research on marine issues gives an indication of the overall situation. However, more monitoring and surveys are needed with different priorities to learn about by-catch, fine-scale species distribution, and other matters. It would be valuable to exchange data between countries to understand the current situation and data gaps. A debate was engaged on research priorities. Some propositions were considered as well as the standardization of data collection or similar approaches for different areas (for example, aerial surveys). A common issue in several countries in this project is the lack of marine biologists. Concerning species, Sotalia is the priority species in the area. Various marine protected areas exist but, as reported by each country, none have been created for marine mammal conservation. For example, in Venezuela only recently cetaceans have had critical habitats identified with the purpose of exploring conservation strategies: the common dolphin and other delphinids in the central coast of the country. All participants agreed it was essential to work with local stakeholders such as fishermen. Marine mammals have been suggested as ecological indicators and can be useful to transmit scientific information to stakeholders. For example, dolphin density can be combined with a human stress index. To build this regional project, various suggestions have been made by participants, who were also conscious of the numerous and complex political and environmental aspects. Much information is needed. Several countries have marine protected areas (although generally not created on the basis of marine wildlife data), but there are gaps in management and funding. It could be valuable to develop an action plan and in this perspective a trigger is needed to launch the process.
Key Recommendations To initiate cooperation on marine mammals in the northern Latin America region, we should concentrate first on obtaining and disseminating knowledge. All species in the region should be considered, but a special attention should be afforded to Sotalia dolphins. In the short term, we intend to: • Update and complete the ICoMMPA2 Workshop 5 background paper • Organize a new workshop to be held in Paramaribo, Suriname, to: 1. establish the state of the art on knowledge of marine mammals (species and critical habitats), threats and current legal management framework country by country. In some cases, assistance for data analysis will be needed.
Page 4 Mamacocosea Project 2. set up an action plan (including inter alia capacity building through training courses, regional survey, stranding network). In the longer term, we recommend to: • Take the opportunity of existing regional projects and foresee the way to develop synergies (example: Rios de America project) • Consider joining the Amazon cooperation treaty organization and the Guiana shield facility • Develop a strategy for fundraising • Involve RAC-SPAW and the following countries: Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad & Tobago and ABC Dutch Caribbean islands in our organization. Questions/comments It is mentioned that Brazil and Suriname did not ratify the SPAW protocol. The SPAW protocol is not the only framework for this project. For now the project area is mostly defined on the basis of its special ecological characteristics and there is no framework encompassing all these countries whose coastal waters are under the influence of the Amazon River plume. Obviously the project is working with SPAW-RAC to stay connected with other regional initiative and network in the Caribbean Region. Potential funding sources for the Mamacocosea project have been mentioned from now (Guiana Shield and SPAW-RAC).
Presentation by Brazil - Aquatic Mammals of Northern Brazilian coast, Miriam MARMONTEL - João C. GOMES BORGES Topics covered: Diversity of Aquatic Mammals in Brazil Area of influence of Amazon plume Ocurrence of Aquatic Mammals in Northern Brazil Areas of simpatry and hybridization Research groups in coastal areas Threat Factors: Habitat degradation, Seismic activities, Oil exploration Environmental sensitivity Protected and Priority Areas for Conservation Mosaic of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Questions/comments As abundant data are available on Sotalia and manatee, the creation of marine protected areas could be considered at the local scale. About oil and gas activities, marine mammals observers are also brought up (there are currently implemented MMO program in Brazil).
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Presentation by French Guiana - Hélène DELVAUX - Marine Biodiversity Programme Officer, Direction of the Environment, French Guiana and Antoine HAUSELMANN - GEPOG NGO, Reserve Naturelle des îles du Grand Connétable State of knowledge on marine mammals living in French Guiana waters remains sketchy in front of the diversity revealed by recent studies. An aerial survey conducted in 2008 in the framework of the REMMOA program (Census of Marine Mammals and other pelagic Megafauna by Aerial Sighting), observations within oil explorations and a very recent work (2012) on pelagic fauna inventory attested the presence of 15 species of cetacean in the exclusive economic zone of French Guiana and highlighted high densities of small delphinids on the continental shelf and slope. These studies also confirmed the regular attendance of 2 threatened species, the sperm whale and the fin whale, sighted on the continental slope and oceanic waters. Two coastal species present high conservation stakes in French Guiana: the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), an endemic species to north-eastern Latin America and the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), a cryptic sirenian sighted in most estuaries and rivers of French Guiana but also at some coastal points. If the level of knowledge on marine mammals in French Guiana is still fragmented, threats and pressures they are facing are well identified: accidental captures through legal and illegal fishing, potential contamination by heavy metal and organic pollutants, acoustic pollution related to oil exploration activities, habitat degradation… Increase knowledge on marine mammals, from a biological and an ecological point of view, is crucial to better address the threats these species are facing and then develop adapted conservation plans to protect populations. Pelagic species inventory in Exclusive Economic Zone of French Guiana was organized in 2011- 2012 by GEPOG. Objectives were to improve knowledge on the pelagic fauna of French Guiana EEZ including the identification and enumeration of species and the determination of the most frequented areas. 5-day trip in EEZ by catamaram, 5 to 9 observers, visual surveys and acoutisc survey. 1,087 Sea birds and 1678 cetaceans were counted. This inventory adds to our knowledge on species diversity and distribution of pelagic fauna -A large number of animals counted, with determination to species level for seabirds and small delphinids. Very densely populated areas were identified Questions/comments Manatee IUCN status is endangered.
Page 6 Mamacocosea Project After the REMMOA survey in French Guiana, the Sotalia population estimate seems to be very high. However, different statistic models have been used these estimates are considered negatively biased, notably because of water turbidity. Moreover, this study revealed the presence of common dolphin, a species for which evidences of presence in the Caribbean are scarce. Regarding the boat surveys, it has been organized every two months during one year. There is no information on marine mammals mortality, just a few strandings are observed each year (<10 per year; some with evidence of by-catch).
Presentation by Suriname - Monique POOL - Green Heritage Fund Suriname and Karin BILO - WWF Guianas A first workshop about MPAs was organised in Suriname in 2010. GHFS participated to the ICOMMPA-2 conference in 2011 and IWC meeting in Panama in 2012. In 2012, Suriname announced anti-whaling standpoint, participated to the World Ocean Assessment Workshop for the wider Caribbean in Florida. In 2013, Suriname hosts the present workshop of the Mamacocosea project.
Context International 16 Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) were identified in the Amazon-Orinoco river plume zone. In Suriname, oil exploration is increasing in the EEZ. GHFS calls for Ocean Observatory in Stakeholder consultations (continues acoustic monitoring of sound levels) and sharing of data from marine mammal observers on seismic vessel and inclusion of data in OBIS-SEAMAP. Two documents profiled some important data in Suriname. First data collected, however, not yet processed and reported in the coastal zone, especially the Corantjin, Saramacca, Coppename rivers and trough interviews.
Primary WWF Guianas work on marine turtles. They are working on marine spatial planning and fisheries and marine turtles. Some surveys have been done on marine mammal’s bycatch but they do not have a monitoring programme of bycatch.. There is a no-take zone in front of Galibi reserve but it is not delimitated with buoys. About oil activities, all the EEZ Surinamese is shared between exploration permits which is a real problem for turtles and marine mammals. Presentation by Guyana - Michelle Kalamandeen -Department of Biology, University of Guyana and Patrick Chesney -Guiana Shield Facility, UNDP Guyana: 214,970 sq km, approximately 90% of its population (751,223) resides along the coastal zone (economic & industrial hub) •Coastal zone: 430 km long and 26-77 km wide •Excl. Econ. Zone (EEZ): 135,900 km2 •Shelf area: 51,978 km2 •Inshore Fishing Area (IFA): 22,695 km2
Page 7 Mamacocosea Project Diversity & status of marine mammal species remains mostly unknown. Little to no research has been conducted on marine mammals in Guyana 10 Species of Marine Mammals occurring in Guyana’s EEZ. 2 Stranding at Shell Beach Protected Area have been recorded. Existing Legislation: CITES ; Fisheries Act 2002, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Act, 1996 ; SPAW Protocol ; DRAFT Wildlife & Conservation Regulations Potential Pressures/Threats:
Lack of knowledge on what exists in EEZ = lack of conservation efforts Increase petroleum/oil explorations Bycatch /Accidental captures Increase infrastructure development Marine Pollution Lack of political will Lack of funding & resources
Questions/comments Inia is reported from one of the Guyana marine protected areas, but confusion with the Guiana dolphin is also possible. A management plan is currently in process for this marine protected area.
Presentation by Venezuela - Existing data and knowledge on marine mammals in the Bolivarian republic of Venezuela - Jaime BOLAÑOS, Sociedad Ecológica Venezuela Vida Marina (Sea Vida) General framework:
International conventions: Cartagena Convention, SPAW Signatory, MMAP; CITES; CBD; ICRW. Withdrew in 1990´s.
Legal regulatory framework: Wildlife Protection Act; Environment Organic Act ; Penal Environmental Act ; National Strategy for Biological Diversity and its Action Plan ; National Congress on Biological Diversity
Current projects and activities (Governmental Institutions): - Attention to strandings and marine mammal contingencies - National database on strandings - Strandings and Marine Mammal contingencies in Margarita Island - Venezuelan System for Information on Biological Diversity - National Scientific Observers Program for the Venezuelan Caribbean-Atlantic
Current projects and activities (Academic): - Offshore mapping of Venezuelan Islands Region - Marine Mammal Exhibition
Page 8 Mamacocosea Project - Ecology Lab of La Universidad del Zulia: Stranding response in the State of Zulia and Ecological aspects of the “tonina del lago” or “guiana dolphin” in the Maracaibo System. - INTECMAR-FUNINDES-USB and others
Current projects and activities (NGOs): - Mares Venezuela (Status of Cetaceans in the State of Miranda, central coast of Venezuela.) - Biotropica-golfo de la ballena amb proyecto delphinus (Identification of critical habitats for cetaceansin central-northeastern waters) - Asociación Civil SIRENA de Venezuela (Current status of manatee in the Gulf of Venezuela.) - Venezuelan coalition for whales and dolphins: Campaign for the re-entering of Venezuela to the International Whaling Commission in support of the Buenos Aires Group. - Provita : Venezuelan Wildlife Red Data Book 2013. - Sea Vida: Population status of dolphin populations in the State of Aragua, Central Venezuela using photo-ID techniques (Stenella frontalis and Tursiops truncatus) ; Supporting Actor, Asoc. Coop. RSIP Ocumare de la Costa de Oro for responsible dolphinwatching activities. A community-based project funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation-Fundacite Aragua. - Sea Vida-CITA with support and endorsement by Educational and Science authorities: Educational Expeditios for the conservation of cetaceans and marine habitats in Ocumare de la Costa de Oro Municipality. - Flasa-Fund. Omacha-sea vida and others : Action Plan for Conservation of South American River Dolphins - Dolphin-watching
Questions/comments Regarding stranding network, the current network is not official because the national network collapsed. In Venezuela, studies about Sotalia study are complicated due to a lack of funding. A lot of NGOs are working on marine mammals, but there is a problem of management between them especially if animals are moving. It would be interesting to have an international cooperation to compare data from Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.
Presentation by Trinidad and Tobago - Dr. Judith Gobin - Dept. of Life Sciences University of West Indies, St Augustine and Dr. Asha Singh -Institute of Marine Affairs Historical Whaling in T&T - 1826-1865 - Intense and shore based - By local planters (elite in society) - 1850-1870 American whaling - Species: almost all humpbacks - Use: Oil, meat and whalebone - Intensity was significant - Ecological effects: total depletion
Dolphin Fisheries in TnT - Rare, mainly incidental in Italian seines or gill nets - Local fishers
Page 9 Mamacocosea Project - Species: usually Stenella sp. and Tursiops truncatus. - Captured by harpooning nets for their meat - Ecological effects - Fraser’s dolphin (off central coast of Venezuela) - Sightings in Trinidad waters? - Species exceptionally vulnerable to entanglement in driftnets
The Manatee - The West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus manatus, was distributed along the Lesser Antilles and - used by indigenous peoples - Only remaining area in Trinidad is the Nariva Swamp-(Ramsar site) - 1997 survey: at least 18 individuals down from 25–30 in 1991 - Unconfirmed reports from other east coast rivers, the Ortoire and North Oropouche River - 1990: 1 caught at the L’Embaranche River in fishing net and killed
Humpback distribution
17 humpback sightings: north and east of Trinidad and south of Tobago (n = 26 individuals including one calf)
Strandings Issues that Marine Mammals face in T&T - Fishers nets (Entanglement) - Pollution (litter, heavy metals etc) - OIL & GAS operations - Noise from large vessels and off-shore platforms and seismic surveying - Vessel strikes because of increased traffic (Trinidad is a major transshipment point in the Caribbean for oil, gas and other goods) - Loss of Habitat
Positive Steps - Most large energy companies now have marine mammal observers (MMOs) on board - Eg. Repsol: The Teak-Samaan-Poui marine ecosystem mapping study. - http://www.ipieca.org/topic/biodiversity/repsol-marine-ecosystem-mapping-study - Collecting data on marine life in/around their platform at sea. - Includes marine mammals - MPhil student- inventory and studies on cetacean by-catch
Governance Mechanisms International Regulations: CITES, RAMSAR, SPAW Protocol, CBD National Legislation: Conservation of Wildlife Act of Trinidad and Tobago, The Fisheries Act (1916), Conservation of Marine Turtles Regulations, Environmental Management Act’s Environmentally Sensitive Species Rules
Governance Issues - EMA, Forestry Division and Fisheries Division - NGOs - Penalties - Management
Page 10 Mamacocosea Project - Whales etc - compliance
Recommendations - Scientific understanding- needs to be improved - Surveys, monitoring/information - Greater co-ordination/synergies amongst agencies - Information on status and human impacts - More public awareness programs - Within present legislation need to focus on marine mammal conservation - Increased collaboration and associated initiatives within the region
Questions/comments
A huge strandings have been observed some years ago. Due to problems of communication, it was very hard to identify causes of death (sonar, navy ...). No sighting/stranding of Sotalia has been reported. Dolphin watching is not yet developed as an economic activity.
Presentation by Aruba - Aruba Anjiolina Questions/comments Presentation by Colombia - Aquatic Mammals in Colombia: an update for 2005-2012 - Fernando Trujillo 41 species: 32 cetaceans, 2 sirenians, 2 otters, 5 pinnipeds, one of them already extinct (Monachus tropicalis) • Caribbean, Pacific, Amazon, Orinoco • 12 under threat • Main threats: pollution, degradation of habitats, negative interactions with fisheries, deliberate killing, oil exploration
Main progress 2005-2012 • Join efforts in the region: Abundance estimations: river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis, Sotalia fluviatilis), humbback whales (Megaptera novaengliae), Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) • Genetics and phylography • Conservation management (river dolphins, giant otters, manatees) • Whale and dolphin watching
South American River Dolphin Protect Area Network SARDPAN
Marine Observer program We collect information on presence and distribution of cetaceans, marine turtles and birds, occasionally data on sharks and other fish species.
Page 11 Mamacocosea Project The main platforms correspond to Navy cruisers, seismic ships and fishery fleets. So far we accumulated 794 days of work on board of different types of vessels (2008-2012). Oil exploration in the Colombian Caribbean
•Join efforts with Environment Ministry to elaborate marine seismic regulation and other types of offshore activities. •Training of marine observers and consolidation of the data base with EM, NOAA and fishery authority (AUNAP) •Evaluation of compensation measures in marine ecosystems •Workshop on seismic impacts for oil companies •Requirement of acoustic equipment on seismic vessels (PAMM)
Cetaceans sightings in the Caribbean
New stranding records Genetics
From the sea to the rivers: species divergence and evolution of riverine and coastal Sotalia dolphins
Conservation initiatives with aquatic mammals: The economic value of dolphins, Manatee conservation program Action Plan for the manatees in Colombia (1995)
Project steps: 1. Environmental education and socialization of the project with local communities 2. Evaluation of ponds where manatees were captive 3. Capture of manatees and medical evaluation 4. Release 5. Monitoring 7. Strength social work with fishermen 8. Evaluation of results
Achievements •Distribution and routes of manatees well establish •More freshwater habitat use than marine habitat •Interaction of released animals with wild manatees •Involvement of local communities •Environmental education program (20 years) •Communication strategy •Governmental funding (10 years) •Communication net work for released manatees
Whale and dolphin watching • Training and certification of local guides (fishermen, indigenous people, others) • Creation of legislation for whale and dolphin watching in Colombia • Inclusion of other activities related to whale watching (hotels, restaurants, transport)
Main achievements
Page 12 Mamacocosea Project • More scientific capacity • Government support • Action Plans • Opportunistic research with offshore activities • Involvement of companies in conservation • Cooperative research with other countries (genetic, abundance estimation, action plans) • Economic alternatives for local people
Page 13 Mamacocosea Project
SESSION 5: FIRST BREAKOUT-GROUP ABOUT KNOWLEDGE ON MARINE MAMMALS (DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE) Identify data gaps on the distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the Ecoregion of Northern South America and determine potential data sources, partners, and research/monitoring programmes to be developed in collaboration in the future Miriam MARMONTEL, Fernando TRUJILLO (facilitators)
Knowledge gaps French Brazil Guyana Surinam Trinidad Aruba Venezuela Colombia Guiana S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O 8, 12, 12, 10, 14, Abundance 1 13 15 1,5 8, 12, 14, Distribution 10 15 1, population structure Health Species diversity
S : Sotalia M : Manatee O : Other species 1. Tursiops truncatus ; 2. Inia geoffrensis ; 3. Sotalia fluviatilis ; 4. Orcinus orca ; 5. Delphinus capensis ; 6. Megaptera novaeangliae ; 7. Balaenoptera edeni ; 8. Steno bredanensis ; 9. Stenella clymene ; 10. Physeter macrocephalus ; 11. Ziphiids ; 12. Stenella longirostris ; 13. Peponocephala electra ; 14. Stenella attenuata ; 15. Pseudorca crassidens
Page 14 Mamacocosea Project
Research groups This first overview indicates the number of groups involved in cetaceans research, and it could be interesting to show as well the other interested group (as WWF). Otherwise, it is only a closed spreadsheet; it will be completed with additional stakeholders.
TABLEAU 1 : RESEARCH GROUPS NUMBERS BY COUNTRY
French Brazil Guyana Suriname Trinidad Aruba Venezuela Colombia Guiana S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O 2 2 2 (Par(Par(Par 1-3 a, a, a, year 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 MarMarMar s anh anh anh ão) ão) ão) 3-5 1(A 1(A 1(A year ma ma ma 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 s pa) pa) pa) >5 1 1 1 year (Par(Par(Par0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 4 s a) a) a) S : Sotalia ; M : Manatee ; O : Other species
Knowledge: Priorities by country Some regional priorities for training needs have been highlighted:
Abundance GIS/habitat use Stranding Observer program
French Brazil Guyana Suriname Trinidad Aruba Venezuela Colombia Guiana Training needs Abundance GIS/habitat use strandings Genetics Photo ID whale watching Telemetry Acoustic sampling Educational approaches Health policy making
Page 15 Mamacocosea Project
Observer program Socio economic assesment
Short term 1 year medium term 2-4 years long term > 5 yrs
Above more information and explanation from each country to define choice carried out.
Brazil
Abundance Manatee: Based on interviews with fishermen between 1990 and 1993, information on abundance is available, for the states of Amapá, Pará and Maranhão (among others in the NE region) (Luna 2001, Luna et al. 2008).
Distribution Sotalia: Well known. Present from the Canary Islands (Parnaiba delta, border MA and PI) to Oiapoque (border Brazil-French Guiana). Siciliano et al. 2005, Emin-Lima et al. 2007, Garri et al. 2005, Santos et al 2006, 2007, 2008, Barbosa et al. 2010a, 2010b) Manatee: Original reports by Domining 1981, 1982. Besides efforts by Luna et al. (2008), other studies document the occurrence of T. manatus manatus in the Marajó Island (Pará) (Siciliano et al. 2007) and in different localities of the states of Maranhão, Pará and Amapá (Avila-Pires 1989, Alvite 2008, Siciliano et al. 2008, Barbosa et al. 2010, Sousa 2011, Ristau 2012).
Population structure Sotalia: Studies by Cunha et al 2005, Caballero et al. 2007, 2008, 2010 documented the separation of Sotalia in two species (S. guianensis and S. fluviatilis); a recent MSc study (Corrêa 2010).examined 29 samples from the State of Rio de Janeiro, 9 from the State of Pára and 41 from the State of Amapá, indicating structuring of the populations from the North versus Rio de Janeiro, with greater diversity in the North.
Health Sotalia: Moura et al (2012) examined mercury concentrations in tissue of Sotalia from the Amazon continental shelf. Pinto et al. (2011) have described nematodes from Sotalia in the northern coast of Brazil. Manatee: Little information available. Work being developed with rescued and captive manatees from the North region, maintained in rehabilitation centers in Pará and North-East region.
Research Groups
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FIGURE 1 : LOCATION OF RESEARCH GROUPS (SOURCE : MIRIAM MARMONTEL, 2013)
French Guiana
Abundance: No data are available for manatee abundance in FG but a starting project conducted by a local NGO (Kwata) focusing on population size estimation will end in 2014. There is some data about Sotalia guianensis abundance, collected by the REMMOA Project which gave a first estimate of minimal abundances for the species but also for Tursiops truncatus across the whole EEZ. A project conducted by a local NGO (WWF-Guyane) on Sotalia population status assessment along coasts of Surinam and French Guiana will start in 2013.
Distribution Distribution of manatees is quite well known, thanks to interviews and surveys realized by a local NGO (Kwata) in 2000-2001 and updated in 2010. A telemetry program is also planned for 2014-2015, to address habitat use. Global distribution of S. guinanensis has been addressed by a first study realized by a local NGO (Kwata) in 2002, the REMMOA project in 2008 and grey literature. Regarding other species of marine mammals, some data were produced by oil exploration surveys (MMOs) since 2006 onwards, the REMMOA Project, and a local NGO (GEPOG) project (boat-based surveys of marine mammals and seabirds) which allow general patterns of distribution to be defined for the main species.
Population structure: We have some information on manatee population structure from a study which indicates hybridization (from 3 genetics samples) between the Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis). More samples would be analyzed by the end of 2013. No data are available on the population structure of S. guianensis or other cetacean species. A stranding network and on-board fishery by-catches sampling are in progress, which will give more information on population structure of marine mammal species.
Health There is no data available at that time on marine mammals’ health in FG but the future stranding network and the on-board fishery by-catches sampling project would also bring new data on this issue.
Research groups
Page 17 Mamacocosea Project Several local NGO are working in FG on marine mammals: Kwata (scientific research) conducts studies on manatee since 2000, WWF and University of La Rochelle (UMR-PELAGIS) work on Sotalia guianensis, OSL, the Natural Reserve of Grand Connétable Island and the University of La Rochelle (UMR-PELAGIS) work on other species.
Species diversity 15 species (see table) have been identified in FG thanks to the REMMOA Project and the local NGO (GEPOG) project (boat-based surveys of marine mammals and seabirds).
Training need Abundance: short terms. Aerial surveys for Sotalia population status estimation: observers training and distance sampling data analysis training. GIS/habitat use: short terms. Analysis of aerial and boat surveys data.
FIGURE 2 : MAPPING GAPS AND RESEARCH AREAS (SOURCE: HELENE DELVAUX, 2013)
Suriname GHFS (Monique Pool, Ari Vreedzaam), WWF Guianas (Karin Bilo), Maritime Authority Suriname (Ryan Fung A Loi), Staatsolie (Joan Telgt), Tullow Oil (Marijke de Boer) Despite the fact that the Green Heritage Fund Suriname has been conducting baseline data collection on Sotalia in the past seven years, there is a backlog with data entry and data analysis and no papers have been published yet. For that reason there are still many gaps, and more focused efforts need to be developed also in a regional context. With regard to Manatees, all research is outdated and no recent data collection has been done, with the exception of some preliminary research by GHFS in late 2012, of which the data still needs to be processed.
Abundance and Distribution Sotalia: observations and data points are restricted to a specific area within the Suriname River Estuary, and some in the Coppename River Estuary. In addition, anecdotal sightings have been recorded for other rivers; however, no dedicated research has been done. Research conducted by GHFS. Manatee: there is some outdated research on abundance and some current research on distribution. Research is ongoing. Other species: use of platform of opportunity/seismic vessel. In addition, there is data from other surveys (opportunistic sightings).
Population Structure Sotalia: there is no active research being conducted on this topic.
Manatee: there is no active research being conducted on this topic.
Health
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Sotalia: Two local vets have already been trained by a another vet from Lenie't Hart Seal Centre in the Netherlands, and currently Marine Mammals Ashore Protocols are being used. Two necropsies have been carried out in the past year (2012-2013). Tests are conducted and data about these necropsies is forthcoming.
Training Needs: Abundance (Short term): Need of more systematic approach to data collection. GIS/habitat use (mid-term): There are local GIS experts that can provide training to stakeholders. But, there are specific needs in GIS for Marine Mammal Biology. Strandings: Expertise on strandings exists. However, public awareness on strandings needs to be raised, so that the chance of stranding events being reported will increase. Photo ID (short-term): Analysis of photo ID.
Research Groups
FIGURE 3 : RESEARCH GROUP IN SURINAME (SOURCE: MONIQUE POOL, 2013)
TABLEAU 2: TABLEAU 1: RESEARCH GROUPS NAME, ORGANIZATION AND AREAS OF STUDY (SOURCE: MONIQUE POOL, 2013) Research Name Organization areas 1 Suriname River Estuary Abundance, distribution, health, Green Heritage Fund & Commewijne River population structure (Sotalia), Distribution & occurrence (Manatee) 2 Coppename River Distribution (Sotalia) Green Heritage Fund Estuary & Confluence with Saramacca River 3-5 Offshore Distribution, diversity, index of Tullow Oil Suriname, abundance (cetaceans) Staatsolie (PhD Study M de
Page 19 Mamacocosea Project Boer) 6 Corantijn River Estuary Distribution & Occurrence – Green Heritage Fund Manatee 7 Saramacca River Distribution & Occurrence – Green Heritage Fund Manatee 8 Commewijne River Distribution & Occurrence – Green Heritage Fund Manatee
Guyana
Species Diversity, Abundance & Population Structure
Marine Mammals – Sotalia and other species Little is known about the species diversity, abundance and distribution of marine mammals in Guyana. Historic and current literature focused on number of species sighted through opportunistic observations, rather than focused research on species diversity, richness and identification (see Smithsonian Institute, 2009). Other studies such as UNEP-CMS (2004) noted potential species occurrence based on sightings and research data from neighbouring countries such as Venezuela and Suriname.
Coastal Mammals – Manatees Two species of manatees are listed as occurring in Guyana, Trichechus manatus (West Indian Manatee), Trichechus inunguis (Amazonian Manatee). There is no recent information on population status and distribution of manatees in Guyana. In 1963, the manatee population was estimated at several thousands (Bertram and Bertram, 1963) but reduced from former levels due to increase in powerboats, entanglement in fishing nets (Lefebvre et al. 1989) and killings by community members due to fear of drowning of children and adults from overtopping of boats (see Stabroek News, 2008). During the 1960s – 1970s, manatees have been used as a means of control for aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichlornia crassipes), salvinia (Salvinia auriculata) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) due to their indiscriminating consumption of aquatic vegetation (National Science Research Council of Guyana and National Academy of Sciences 1973). This has led to their introduction in many canals and conservancies in Guyana such as Ruby/Boerasiri Distributary, Wales/ Georgia Distributary, Craig Dist., Black Bush Polder Channels, Three Friends Canal, Torani Canal, and Boerasiri/ East Demerara water conservancies. In 1916, manatees were used for weed clearing in sugar estates and were sighted near sluices by the outflow of drainage channels from plantations in sugar estates of Buxton, Leonora, Uitvulgt and Airy Hall. Manatees have also been reported in the Arapiako, Akawini, Waini, Barima, Sebai and Kiatuna rivers. Bertram and Bertram (1963, 1964, and 1973) have noted that manatees in the ocean are likely to be traveling between rivers. As such in the Northwest Guyana and the border with Suriname (Corentyne River region), they estimated a significant number of manatees (Bertram and Bertram 1963). They are sometimes seen in the Demerara River and occasionally at the river mouth in Georgetown (Bertram and Bertram 1973). There are no recent data on population status and distribution.
Health No research has been conducted on either marine or coastal mammals.
Research Groups Working There are no research groups currently working on coastal and marine mammals. Effort has been mainly concentrated on sea turtles within the last 40 years and is recommended for collaboration for engagement on marine mammals.
Page 20 Mamacocosea Project Training Needs Abundance: Due to a lack of data, training is required in species identification, diversity and abundance of marine mammals key species, mensuration methodologies, and links to reference scientists. Baseline is also needed. GIS/habitat use: Due to a lack of data, training is required in identification of species habitat and characterization. Will help in establishing baseline information. Strandings: Not an immediate need because strandings are rare. However, training would be needed on handling protocols by type of marine mammals and institutional responsibilities depending on mandate. Genetics: Institutional and human capacity is low; would require an investment in capacity development at institutional and individual levels. Photo ID: It is important to gather data. Capacity is required in handling of equipment, collection techniques, use of software and interpretation of images and data. Development of photo ID specific to Guyana can be done. Whale/Dolphin watching: Tourism in Guyana revolves around eco-tourism and birding. Whale/dolphin watching is not a priority. An evaluation of feasibility is required. Telemetry: It is important to gather data. Capacity is required in handling of equipment, use of software and interpretation of images and data. Acoustic sampling: It is important to gather data giving the increasing FDI in off-shore oil & gas. Capacity is required in handling of equipment, use of software and interpretation of images and data. Educational approaches: Formal training in academic institutions could help create awareness, build up a body of knowledge, and develop a critical mass of skills. Training at community level could also help the engagement in potential Citizen Science Initiative. Health: Not an immediate need because little is known about the occurrence and habits of MM and little institutional and human capacity exists. Policy Engagement: It is important to enable Guyana to participate meaningfully in the conventions to which it is a signatory and to boost negotiation skills, articulating good public policies for the protection and sustainable use of MM Observer program: Fisheries are very important to the economy and also, given the increasing FDI in off-shore oil & gas, toolkits for observer programmes will become critical in the medium term. Other capacities are needed first. Socio economic Assessment: Skilled personnel already exists in country
Trinidad and Tobago On Sotalia, there is no knowledge due to the lack of research on marine mammals (including Sotalia) there is an immediate need for scientific study at all levels. Manatee has been reasonably well studied since there is a single population in the Nariva Swamp, a RAMSAR designated site.
Training needs Due to the lack of research on marine mammals (including Sotalia) there is an immediate need for scientific study at all levels to gather critical at shorter term.
Page 21 Mamacocosea Project Abundance: In terms of priority, these are deemed vital, but in the medium term, if we are to ensure sustainability of any programme. GIS/habitat use: Though potential exists for a niche in whale/dolphin watching, currently this is not priority as a tourism product. However when the baseline and other studies will be completed, this information could be used to devise and market whale/dolphin watching as an attraction.
Aruba
Research Groups In Aruba, only one research group is involved in marine mammals biodiversity in Punta Brabo : George Mason University. They are working on Stenella coeruleoalba, S., S.attenuata, S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus capensis, Grampus griseus, Pseudorca and Orcinus orca.
FIGURE 4 : OPPORUNISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC DATA AVAILABLE IN ARUBA (SOURCE: ANGIOLINA HENRIQUEZ, 2013)
Venezuela Most of the studies on marine mammals have focused on cetaceans in specific areas. Recently, several workgroups have been established, mainly in the Maracaibo System, Central Venezuela, northeastern Venezuela and Orinoco River. There is a program for stranding response coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, but no formal stranding network. Medium-long term studies are being conducted in Maracaibo System, Aragua, Miranda, Nueva Esparta and Orinoco. Additional information has been produced by graduate/undergraduate students as part of their thesis projects.
Page 22 Mamacocosea Project Population structure No information is available so far. In the medium term, Sea Vida will work on this topic as part of a photo-ID project being developed.
Health In some cases of strandings, samples have been sent to laboratories for analysis.
Species diversity Species diversity is well known both for field studies and stranding response. Most of the species so far recorded for the Caribbean Sea have been confirmed in Venezuela.
Research Groups
FIGURE 5 : RESEARCH GROUP IN VENEZUELA (SOURCE: JAIME BOLANOS, 2013) 1. Laboratorio de Ecología, La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ), Prof. Héctor Barrios- Garrido and Biol. Mrs. Daria Pirela. Stranding response and ecology of the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis. 2. Sea Vida and partners. Bio-ecology and population status of cetaceans, dolphinwatching in the State of Aragua. 3. Lenin Oviedo and partners. Ecology of cetaceans, critical habitats, Delphinus sp. and Sotalia guianensis. Msc. Ms Alimar Molero. 4. Stranding response, Prof. Luis Bermudez, Ministry of Environment. Proyecto Delphinus, Biol. Ms. Maria Alejandra Esteves.
Page 23 Mamacocosea Project 5. Orinoco river basin, Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales and Fundación Omacha. Census of river dolphins, Action Plan for South American river dolphins. 6.7. National database on strandings, Biol. Mr. Clemente Balladares and others. Provita, Cetacean chapter for the Venezuelan Wildlife Red Data Book, to be published online by the end of 2013 Gaps: Mainly in offshore areas because of logistical and budgetary constraints.
Training needs Research groups/teams in Venezuela count on expertise in topics such as strandings, abundance- distribution, photo-ID and GIS. Our training needs include all of the rest of conservation topics. We also count on experience organizing and conducting training seminar of up to 6-7 days and some of them have been credited by universities (LUZ and UCV). In the short term, training seminars to be presented with participation of international partners should include:
Biology and conservation of marine mammals. Since 2001, Sea Vida has conducted four of these seminars, with international participation, in Maracaibo, Maracay and Margarita Island.
Research methods and techniques for MM conservation and research.
Colombia Despite the fact there are long-term research in Colombia with Sotalia and manatees, they refer only to specific areas of the Caribbean, for this reason the level of knowledge is low regarding abundance and distribution. In the case of Sotalia there are accounts of presence of this species in Uraba Gulf and in the Guajira region. The distribution is very patchy and associated to the mouth of rivers.
Population structure We do have some information for Sotalia in the Gulf of Morrosquillo and Cispatá Bay but focused on group size and not sex ratios. For manatees the level of knowledge is very low.
Health During the last years we have gained more expertise in animal husbandry and health especially with manatees and others. We also have a partnership with the Caribbean stranding network in Puerto Rico and vets from Florida (USA). In the case of cetaceans, our knowledge and capacities to attend alive stranding is limited.
Species diversity After more than 20 years of opportunistic and dedicated surveys we almost know the cetacean diversity in the region. However, more efforts need to be done in specific regions of the country like the Guajira where during the last two years we are reporting new findings. Also we should improve the knowledge in the San Andres Sea flower Biosphere Reserve. We have no information about the abundance of most of these species with the exception of Tursiops truncatus in Morrosquillo Gulf and Cispatá Bay.
Research Groups In the Caribbean region of Colombia, the Omacha Foundation has been working for more than 20 years with Sotalia guianensis, Trichechus manatus, Lontra longicaudis and other cetacean species. There are also other groups like BIOMUNICIPIOS working in Uraba Gulf and the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University working in Tayrona National Park. These two initiatives are relatively recent (<3 years) and are not permanent because of lack of funding.
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FIGURE 6 : RESARCH GROUPE LOCALISATION IN COLOMBIA (SOURCE: FERNANDO TRUJILLO, 2013)
TABLEAU 3: RESEARCH GROUPS NAME, ORGANIZATION AND AREAS OF STUDY (SOURCE: FERNANADO TRUJILLO, 2013) Research Name Organization areas 1 Morrosquillo Abundance, distribution, Omacha Gulf/Cispata Bay population structure (Sotalia, manatee, Tursiops) 2 Uraba Gulf Distribution (Sotalia) Biomunicipios 3 Tayrona National Park Distribution, abundance (B. edeni, University Jorge Tadeo Tursiops) Lozano 4 Guajira Distribution (D. capensis, T. Omacha truncatus, S. guianensis) 5 San Andres Islands Distribution (Stenella, Tursiops) Omacha/Invemar
Training needs In order to build capacities, we identify the need for abundance estimation courses in a short term, especially to encourage other research groups in the area to undertake this initiative in different geographic areas. These courses should focus on survey design, collection of data, statistic analysis and mapping results. Also should cover distance sampling, mark and recapture and boat, aerial and shore surveys. At short term, we also need more training for observers as a part of a national initiative. We should train more people and standardize the methods and datasheets. Also we think it is important to design workshops for policy makers in order to give them the key information about species and habitat
Page 25 Mamacocosea Project conservation. This will help to address human and financial resources along the area with regional authorities. In the medium term, we need to train guides, fishermen and other actors in good dolphin watching activities.
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SESSION 6: SECOND BREAKOUT-GROUP ABOUT THREATS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK Establish current threats, current legal management framework (country by country) and identify common stakes to be addressed jointly as well as possible priority actions/issues Hélène DELVAUX, Michelle KALAMAANDEN (facilitators)
Threats/issues common to all countries 1. Oil spills 2. Seismic (airguns) 3. Pollution (litters, debris) 4. Deliberate killing 5. Bycatch 6. Boat traffic/ship strike 7. Habitat degradation 8. Coastal development/infrastructure 9. Tourism impacts 10. Chemical pollution 11. Drilling activities 12. Acoustic pollution 13. Untreated waste water 14. Overharvesting of fisheries and related resources 15. Natural threats 16. Climate change 17. Lack of political will 18. Mercury pollution3 19. Ocean renewable projects4
Brazil Guyana FG Surinam Trinidad Aruba Venezuela Colombia
S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O S M O
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Oil spills 2 2 2 Seismic 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 (airguns) 1 1 1 Pollution (litters, 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 debris) 1 1 2 Deliberate 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 killing 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 Bycatch 1 3 1 Boat traffic/ship 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 strike Habitat 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 degradation 1 1 2 Coastal 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 development/i 2 2 3
3 Mercury Pollution only for Suriname and French Guiana 4 Ocean renewable projects for Aruba
Page 27 Mamacocosea Project nfrastructure 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tourism impacts 2 3 3 Chemical 3 3 2 3 3 3 pollution 1 3 3 Drilling 3 3 1 2 3 2 activities 3 3 3 Acoustic 2 2 1 1 2 2 pollution Untreated waste water Overharvesting of fisheries and related resources Natural threats
Climate change
Lack of political will Mercury pollution Ocean renewable projects
All these threats need to be defined and to be rationalized to explain why we are looking at these specific threats. And Anjiolina and Joan have proposed to do the job! Need explanation by country
Current legal management framework
International regulation Venezuel Colombia Brazil Guyana FG Surinam T&T Aruba a CITES 1975 by 1977 by 1998 by 1980 by 1984 by 1984 by 1977 by 1981 by ratificatio accession approval accession accession ratificatio ratificatio ratificatio n n n n CMS / / 1990 / / 1983 / / SPAW 2010 2002 / 1999 1992 1997 1998 RAC (ratified/ acceded) CBD 1994 by 1994 by 1994 by 1996 by 1996 by 1994 by 1994 by 1994 by ratificatio ratificatio ratificatio ratificatio ratificatio acceptan ratificatio ratificatio n n n n n ce n n RAMSAR 1993 / 1986 1985 1993 1980 1988 1998 IWC 1974 / 1948 2004 / 1977 / 2011 UNCLOS 1988 1993 1996 1998 1986 1996 / / IMO 1963 1980 1952 1976 1965 1949 1975 1974 UNESCO 1977 by 1977 by 1975 by 1977 by 2005 BY 1982 by 1990 by 1993 by acceptanc acceptanc acceptanc acceptanc ratificatio acceptanc acceptanc acceptanc e e e e n e e e MOU 1978 1978 1978 1978 1978 Amazon
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Cooperat ion Treaty Organiza tion
....To be completed....
Brazil
International Agreement for Conservation of Flora and Fauna of Amazonian Territories in Brazil and Colombia
National regulation Prohibition to Cetacean Culling in Jurisdictional Brazilian Waters (L 7643 of 18Dec1987) Law of Environmental Crimes (l. 9605 of 12Feb1998) federal and its regulations (decree 3.179 of 21Oct1999 Prohibition to Cetacean Culling in Jurisdictional Brazilian Waters (L 7643 of 18Dec1987) federal Law of Environmental Crimes (l. 9605 of 12Feb1998) federal - and its regulations (decree 3.179 of 21Oct1999; Declaration of Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters as Whale and Dolphin Sanctuaries, decree 6.698 of 17Dec2008 Wildlife Protection Law (5.197 of 03Jan1967) federal National Biodiversity Policy: Official National Lists of Threatened species Red Data Books of Threatened Species Action Plans for Conservation of Threatened Species Strategic Groups for Conservation and Management of Threatened Species National System of Protected Areas (SNUC) federal law 9.985 of 18Jul2000, state systems of protected areas Prohibition of pursue, hunting, fishing or capturing small cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians (SUDEPE portaria nbr 11, of 21Feb1986) Ruling for the prohibition of harassment of cetaceans in Brazilian jurisdictional waters (IBAMA portaria nbr 117, of 26Dec1996) Rules for maintenance, management and use of aquatic mammals of the Brazilian wildlife or exotic wildlife in captivity (MMA portaria nbr 98 of 14Apr2000) Regulation for procedures of maintenance and management of aquatic mammals in captivity (IN 3, of 08Feb2002) Establishment of Brazilian Stranding Network (REMAB) (ICMBio portaria nbr 43 of 29Jun2011), which includes the Northern Stranding Network (REMANOR)
Page 29 Mamacocosea Project French Guiana ....To be completed....
Suriname ....To be completed....
Guyana
National regulation Fisheries Act 2002: Refers to marine mammals as bycatch Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Act, 1996: General protection of wildlife DRAFT Wildlife & Conservation Regulations: General protection of wildlife
Trinidad and Tobago
National regulation Conservation of Wildlife Act of Trinidad and Tobago The Fisheries Act (1916) Conservation of Marine Turtles Regulations Environmental Management Act’s Environmentally Sensitive Species Rules
Aruba
International Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA).
National regulation Currently: Marine Environment legislation AB 1980 NO18, AB1987NO52, AB1988NO52. Nature Protection legislation 1995
Venezuela
National regulation National Coastal development plan being developed by the Ministry of Environment Wildlife Protection Act Environment Organic Act Penal Environmental Act National Strategy for Biological Diversity and its Action Plan National Congress on Biological Diversity
Page 30 Mamacocosea Project Colombia
National regulation Fisheries Act Environmental management act, 2001 (sensitive species are rules)
Actions plans Brazil Guyana FG Surinam Trinidad Aruba Venezuela Colombia / / / / National biodiversity Action action plan, plan for ICZM(IN aquatic National PROGRESS) / / mammals / / / / South American Caribbean River fisheries Dolphin action plan, Action Regional CLME / / Plan
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SESSION 7 Formulation of an action plan (including inter alia capacity building through training courses, regional surveys, stranding network). Patrick CHESNEY - Ryan FUNG A LOI 1. Diagnosis Thanks to the first overview by countries concerning: - data gaps on the distribution and abundance of marine mammals, - research groups involved on marine mammals studies and Current projects, activities and monitoring programmes currently ongoing, - current threats, - current legal management framework, Many common stakes and priorities actions and issues have been proposed by participants. Cf. session 3, 5 et 6
2. Cooperation framework
2.1. Constitute a network/interface and have a consortium of all organization – (Steering Committee) One representative/focal point by country (implement a consortium):
Brazil: Miriam Marmontel, Instituto Mamiraua French Guiana: Helene Delvaux, DEAL Suriname: Monique Pool, GHF Surinam Guyana: Michelle Kalamandeen, University of Guyana Trinidad and Tobago: Judith Gobin, University of WI W Venezuela: Jaime Bolanos, Sea Vida Colombia: Fernando Trujillo, Omacha Foundation Aruba: Angiolina Henriquez, AMMF + SPAW-RAC
Impacts indicators could be set up to follow the network (nb of involved people, nb of new projects, nb of common publications, etc.)
3. Priority actions
3.1. Start with priority actions and opportunities for collaboration at the regional scale … to be completed… Commonness/Collaborations Priority Development of tools (website/mailing list/bibliography/mapbase/using social media) 1 Development of regional stranding network and database (including sharing of genetic material), immediate benefits are more about networking and long term benefits are more scientific exchange 1 National Workshops for policy makers lead by a regional reflection on developing guidelines for corporate social responsibility and seismic surveys with recommendations at the Regional level at short term 1 Regional Workshop on developing guidelines for oil and gas exploration the entire process at long term (guideline for the all region to force companies to follow them) 2
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Recommendations for Marine Issues to be included at Periodic Congress of the Guiana Shield 2 Regional aerial surveys 2 Ocean observatory 2 Mamacocosea Award for best marine progress (e.g. dolphin/whale-watching, marine progress) (like Caribbean Tourism Award to promote sustainable action and others sustainable activities (research, conservation activities with a steering committee ) 2 Observer programs on bycatch 2 Developing model regulations that is adaptable by country Purpose: inventory all texts/instruments existing about marine mammals and offer guidelines to countries to help them to formulate regulations and legislations 3
Proposed Geographic Objective Participant Budget Priority action location 1 Funding Write proposal Regional Patrick GEF VI 1 Chesney (Coord) 2 Development Sharing/networking Regional SPAW-RAC SPAW- 1 of Tools RAC 3 Workshop National 1 for policy makers 4 Workshop Regional Miriam TBD 1 on CSR Marmontel, Guidelines Asha Singh and Joan Telgt 5 Stranding Regional Claire Pusineri, 1 network Miriam Marmontel 7 GS Congress 2 8 Aerial Regional Adrian Levrel, 2 surveys Vincent Ridoux, Joao Borges 9 MaMa CoCo Regional Michelle 2 Sea Award Kalamandeen, Fernando Trujillo and Monique Pool 11 Ocean Regional 2 Observatory 10 Model express Regional Ryan Fung A. 3 framework & concerns/Develop Loi, Fernando guidelines Trujillo, Asha for Singh, Joan regulations Telgt and Jaime Bolaños
Page 33 Mamacocosea Project 3.2. Implement an action Plan for a regional cooperation on marine mammals conservation need to broad to make sure to have an efficient tool Sotalia and manatee as key species and work about all species, but Sotalia is a starting point to begin this action plan because it is there we have more information and research available. Sotalia could be the emblematic specie/flagship Examples of topics* outlines : Scientific research and conservation Legislation and policy Communications Administration and institutional strengthening Education and community participation
* Topics come from The Action Plan for South American River Dolphins 2010 – 2020
Proposed Participating Countries Priority Major outputs expected actions BR Gy FG Sur TT ABC VE CO Scientific 1 Distribution and abundance 1 bases of estimation conservation 1 Mortality and bycatch 1 Population structure 2 Habitat quality 1* Health 2 Genetics of the species Legal bases 1* Legislation and policy about 1 for 2 of dolphin watching sotalie conservation need regulation for watching dolphins activities 1 Administration and institutional strengthening Ways to work together at regional level with fisheries and environment minister, need to create some specific policy between different minister Build capacities for NGO’s or university, some recommendation how to do better cooperation research and initiative Inform the Government other org. On MM
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Information 1 General public and communicati 2 Education and community on participation Awareness, community participation (fishermen)
A group have been offered to write this regional action Plan: Claire PUSINERI, Adrian LEVREL, Fernando TRUJILLO, Jaime BOLANOS and Monique POOL.
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WORKSHOP OUTPUTS RESUME
1. Diagnosis first overview and priorities issues a) Knowledge gaps and research groups b) Training needs and priority actions c) Threats (to be completed with explanations of each country d) Legal management framework (to be completed ) e) Priority areas and national action plans
2. Cooperation framework: a) Constitution of the network with a steering committee : Miriam Marmontel /Instituto Mamiraua, Helene Delvaux/DEAL, Monique Pool/GHF, Michelle Kalamandeen/University of Guyana, Judith Gobin/University of WI, Jaime Bolanos/Sea Vida, Fernando Trujillo/Omacha Foundation, Angiolina Henriquez/AMMF + SPAW-RAC
Steering committee role: To manage action plan formally for next steps, To support working groups on collaborative projects, To encourage formation of national networks, To set deadlines on activities, To design a format for reporting,
SPAW RAC transfer information to SC about marine mammals
Co-Facilitator: SPAW-RAC/AAMP Support letter from Steering committee to formalize this nomination. b) First listing of priority actions and opportunities for collaboration at the regional scale (objective, participating countries, budget, geographic location)
c) Implementation of an action Plan for a regional cooperation on marine mammals conservation focused on Sotalia and manatee as a start d) First priority actions for Sotalia Budget available: 10 000€ (SPAW-RAC) Next steps Draft report timetable (need additional information by the 22th march) and draft by the 19th of April, participants comments by the 3th of May 2013 Next workshop: maybe during SOLAMAC meeting in September 2014 in Colombia When: June/September 2014, where: maybe Aruba, focus: regulatory framework for marine mammals conservation/combined with a training
Page 36 Mamacocosea Project PARTICIPANTS LIST NAME COUNTRY INSTITUTION E-MAIL Angiolina Aruba Aruba marine mammal [email protected] HENRIQUEZ foundation João Carlos Brazil Fundação Mamíferos [email protected] GOMES BORGES Aquáticos Miriam Brazil Instituto Mamiraua [email protected] MARMONTEL Susana Colombia Universidad de los [email protected] CABALLERO Andes Fernando TRUJILLO Colombia Foundation Omacha [email protected] Marion BRICHET France AAMP [email protected] Vincent RIDOUX France CRMM, Université La [email protected] Rochelle Adrian LEVREL French Guiana WWF Guyane [email protected] Française Hélène DELVAUX French Guiana DEAL Guyane helene.delvaux@developpement- durable.gouv.fr Antoine French Guiana GEPOG, RN des îles du [email protected] HAUSELMANN Grand Connétable Claire PUSINERI French Guiana [email protected] Gael HUBERT Guadeloupe CAR-SPAW gael.hubert.carspaw@guadeloupe- parcnational.fr Michelle Guyana University of Guyana, [email protected] KALAMANDEEN Department of Biology Patrick CHESNEY Guyana Guiana Shield Facility, [email protected] UNDP Monique POOL Suriname Green Heritage Fund [email protected] Suriname Karin BILO Suriname WWF Guianas, [email protected] Suriname office Marijke DE BOER Suriname Tullow Oil [email protected] Ryan FUNG A LOI Suriname University of Suriname, [email protected] Maritime Authority of Suriname Soekirman Suriname Suriname University of [email protected] MOELJOREDJO Suriname Ellen Suriname Environmental Advisor [email protected] NAARENDORP President of Suriname Joan TELGT Suriname Staatsolie, HSEQ [email protected] division Judith GOBIN Trinidad and Department of Life [email protected] Tobago Sciences, University of West Indies Asha SINGH Trinidad and Institute of marine [email protected] Tobago affairs Tundy AGARDY United States MARE [email protected] Jaime BOLANOS Venezuela MM expert [email protected]
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Page 40 Mamacocosea Project Castelblanco-Martínez, N. (2012). Ecology, genetics and conservation of manatees in french guiana: Proposal. Parc National de la Guadeloupe
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Flores, P.A.C., Bazzalo, M., Caballero, S., De O. Santos, M.C., Rossi-Santos, M.R., Trujillo, F., Bolaños- Jimenez, J., Cremer, M.J., May-Collado, L.J., Silva, F.J.L., Montiel-Villalobos, M.G., Azevedo, A.F., Meirelles, A.C.O., Flach, L., Barrios-Garrido, H., Simões-Lopes, P.C., Cunha, H.A. & Van Waerebeek, K. (2010). Proposed English common name for the neotropical delphinid Sotalia guianensis (P.-J. Van Beneden, 1864). LAJAM, 8(1-2): 179-181
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