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Negro Spirituals: the Pioneers of African-American Freedom Music

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Negro Spirituals: the Pioneers of African-American Freedom Music Negro Spirituals: The Pioneers of African-American Freedom Music Mikalei Miller Senior Division Individual Exhibit Process Paper:497 Student-Composed words: 470 Link to media: https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crhFbXVfCl2 https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crhFb2VfCl8 https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crhFbvVfCb2 https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crhFbhVfC6z I became interested in Negro spirituals when I was introduced to them as a member of a children’s theater group. I generally enjoy listening to music, and I specifically enjoy the melodies of Negro spirituals. This year’s theme, Communication in History, allowed me to explore this interest and expand my research to discover the connection between Negro Spirituals and newer African American musical forms. Negro Spirituals are particularly interesting to me for many reasons. First, I am an African-American female who felt drawn to connect this project to my African American history. Second, I am intrigued by the genius and creativity of my African American ancestors who were able to successfully communicate escape routes and hidden messages through music. Thus, I was led to learn more about the history of Negro spirituals and other African American musical genres--particularly how they have been used to communicate messages of freedom and empowerment. The 2021 National History Day theme, “Communication in History: The Key to Understanding,” is addressed as I demonstrate the influence that African American music has had on freedom movements. I describe how enslaved African Americans used Negro spirituals to communicate messages of freedom. Many of these songs had hidden messages related to escape routes or other information that helped enslaved Africans reach freedom. For example, the song Follow the Drinking Gourd was used to send secret messages to runaway slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 facilitated slave owners in their efforts to catch runaway slaves and deter slaves from escaping; the legislation mandated and incentivized their return to slavery. Slave owners even used dogs to hunt the fleeing slaves. Wade in the Water was used to warn slaves to get into the nearest water, so the hunting dogs couldn't trace their scent. Conductors of the underground railroad, like Harriet Tubman, utilized Negro spirituals to communicate messages about the path to freedom. Many enslaved Africans also used Negro spirituals to encourage themselves through arduous work days and to cope through the trauma they endured. Negro spirituals inspired African Americans to create other musical forms like Gospel, Blues, Soul, Jazz, R&B and Hip Hop which have also been utilized to communicate themes of freedom and empowerment. Sam Cooke’s A Change is Gonna Come, Nina Simone’s I Wish I Knew (How it Feels to be Free), and Billie Holiday’s Strange Fruit are all songs that sustained freedom movements. I used the internet to begin researching the origin of Negro spirituals and other African American forms of music. I expanded my research to include methods African American slaves used to escape slavery. I learned about the Underground Railroad, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Civil Rights and other protests during my historical background research. I listened to Negro spirituals and learned about the covert messages in these songs. I displayed my research through a digital exhibit, because I felt I could best convey the story of these influential African American musical genres upon freedom movements using an audio-visual platform. Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Images “Abolitionist Political Cartoon Attacking The Free States For Returning Fugitive Slaves To Their Owners. Before The Passage Of The Fugitive Slave Law Of 1850 History - Item # VAREVCHISL010EC060.” Posterazzi, www.posterazzi.com/abolitionist-political-cartoon-attacking-the-free-states-for-returning- Fugitive-slaves-to-their-owners-before-the-passage-of-the-fugitive-slave-law-of-1850- history-item-varevchisl010ec060/. This political cartoon gave me insight on the importance of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Fugitive slave act required that African slaves be returned to their owners and people that captured and returned fugitive slaves were compensated. This encouraged civilians to capture and punish runaway slaves. In order to avoid being captured, slaves sung Negro spirituals to guide one another to freedom. “Blues as Protest.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197401/. This image shows imprisoned African American males singing Blues to get through the arduous work they were forced to complete while incarcerated. Blues music originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860’s by African Americans from roots in African American work songs and spirituals. Prison laborers in the southern states replaced slave labor after the Civil War, and sang Blues songs while they worked not only to help get them through the day, but also to protest prison conditions. Blues as a genre of music is often thought of as expressing heartbreak and emotions about interpersonal relationships. However, many songs, like the men depicted in this photo from the 1930’s, used Blues to express their despair as well as social injustices. “Fisk Jubilee Singers.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 May 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_Jubilee_Singers. This image of the Fisk Jubilee Singers is from 1875. This image is important to my exhibit because after slavery ended, many African Americans no longer wanted to associate with Negro spirituals. However, these singers traveled the country and Europe singing Negro spirituals. They are responsible for keeping the history alive, since most of these songs were passed on by oral history. As we know, Negro spirituals would go on to influence the formation of many other African American music genres whose songs have been used to protest unfair treatment of African Americans “Harriet Tubman.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Mar. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman#/media/File:Harriet_Tubman_1895.jpg This photograph of Harriet Tubman shows me what she looked like and gives me insight into her lifestyle. Harriet Tubman was a courageous woman and helped dozens of slaves escape from slavery. She is a role model in the African-American community and her legacy will live on forever. Margolick, David. “STRANGE FRUIT: Vanity Fair: September 1998.” Vanity Fair | The Complete Archive, Vanity Fair, 1 Sept. 1998, archive.vanityfair.com/article/share/de28935c-4e4c-40fa-bf06-b7a583ac9777?itm_ content=footer-recirc. This is an image of Jazz great Billie Holiday singing her song “Strange Fruit” which was released in 1939. Although Billie Holiday is regarded as one of the best Jazz artists, as a Baltimore, MD native, she was also heavily influenced by Blues music. This chilling image of her singing with a lynched man hanging from the tree speaks to her use of music as a protest. Strange Fruit protested the lynching and unfair treatment of African Americans. Ms. Holiday’s refusal to stop singing the song led to her being persecuted by Federal Agents until her death. Morgan, Thad. “11 Anthems of Black Pride and Protest Through American History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 23 June 2020, www.history.com/news/black-music-slavery-protest. This site was used for an image to display that even Hip Hop has been influenced by the spirit of protest found in Negro Spirituals. Hip Hop was inspired by traditional African music, and emerged in the 1970’s as an underground urban movement. Hip Hop artists were profiled, targeted and vilified for broadcasting systemic injustices that plagued Black America. This is an image of the rap group N.W.A. who rose to fame in the 1980’s with the song F*** Tha Police. It became a protest anthem for many members of the inner city regarding police brutality. Although the message of this song is overt, Hip Hop artists often use slang, code words, and metaphors to describe their plight similar to covert messages in Negro Spirituals. Project, Zinn Education, and Zinn Education Project Email. “Claiming and Teaching the 1963 March on Washington.” Facing South, 1 June 2016, www.facingsouth.org/2013/08/claiming-and-teaching-the-1963-march-on-washington.htm This image shows African-Americans at the March on Washington during the Civil Rights Movement in 1963. It is estimated that more than 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC to protest against economic inequalities and racial discrimination in the United States. Spirituals played a major role in buoying the spirits of protesters during the Civil Rights Era of the 1950’s and 1960’s. “Underground Railroad.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Mar. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad#/media/File:Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg. This image shows me different routes that Underground railroad conductors used to help runaway slaves reach freedom. Many of these routes led to Canada. Songs Brown, James. “Say It Loud (I'm Black And I'm Proud).” Youtube, uploaded by 1950sEnglishMusic, 22 Jul 2016,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY2N8BAmkTM. This song is an example of Soul music being used in protest. Soul music originated in the African American community in the 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm, blues and jazz. Many Soul Singers made popular protest songs including Nena Simone, Sam Cooke, and Marvin Gaye. This Soul song, by James Brown, is an example of music being used to empower and uplift the Black community. The song promoted racial pride and confidence, it became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. “Follow the Drinking Gourd.” Youtube, uploaded by, SingAnAmericanStory,24 Feb 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pw6N_eTZP2U. This song taught runaway slaves to follow the North Star in the Big Dipper constellation to reach freedom. This song is an example of a popular Negro spiritual. “Go down Moses.” Youtube, uploaded by Blues, 5 Jan 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_vhBMWWnBE&list=PLeSjQNUK_kinZyzXeZhd zcdeaK4YxYNsX&index=2.
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