DOCSLIB.ORG

Minerals and Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Minerals and Distribution Types of Iron Ore Magnetite • Black ore; 60 to 70 per cent metallic content. • Dharward and Cuddapah systems. • Magnetic quality. • Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Haematite • Reddish; 50-60 per cent metallic content. • Found in Dharwad and Cuddapah rock systems of the peninsular India. • 80 per cent of haematite reserves are in Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh • In the western section, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa have this kind of ore. Limonite • Inferior ores; yellowish in colour; 40 to 60 per cent iron metal. • Damuda series in Raniganj coal field- W.B, Garhwal in Uttarakhand, Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh and Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. Siderite • ‘Iron carbonate’; inferior quality; less than 40 per cent iron. • Contains many impurities; mining is not economically viable. • However, it is self-fluxing due to presence of lime. The major iron ore belts in India: 1) Odisha-Jharkhand belt: • Odisha - Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts; Jharkhand – Singbhum district 2) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: • Bailadila hill ranges of Bastar District(Chattisgarh) & Chandrapur(Maharashtra). 3) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka: • Kudremukh deposits one of the largest in the world. 4) Maharashtra-Goa belt: Goa and Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. Non-Ferrous Minerals Copper Reserves in India • Rajasthan (50%); Madhya Pradesh (24%); Jharkhand (19%) • The rest 7 per cent in AP, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka etc. Madhya Pradesh • 1st in production [60%]. • Malanjkhand copper mines of Balaghat district are the most important ones. Rajasthan • 2nd in production [28%] • Found along the Aravali range. • Ajmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jaipur districts. • Khetri-Singhana belt in Jhunjhunu district is the most important copper producing area. Jharkhand • 3rd in production [11 %]. • Singhbhum is the most important copper producing district. Gold Reserves in India • Gold usually occurs in auriferous(of rocks or minerals) containing gold rocks. It is also found in sands of several rivers. Resources in terms of the metal ore (primary) are located in • Bihar (45 %); Rajasthan (23 %); Karnataka (22 %) • Gold mines of Kolar were closed down in 2001 due to reducing deposits and increasing costs. • India has only 3 major working gold mines- Hutti and Uti (both in Karnataka) along with the Hirabuddini mines in Jharkhand. Diamonds in India • Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh; Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Anantapur district and gravels of the Krishna river basin in Andhra Pradesh. • Reserves have been estimated only in Panna belt and Krishna Gravels in Andhra Pradesh. Reserves of diamonds in India are not yet exhausted and modern methods are being applied for intensive prospecting and mining. • Cutting and polishing of diamonds is done by modem techniques at important centres like Surat, Navasari, Ahmedabad, Palampur etc. Mica Reserves in India • Andhra Pradesh (41 per cent) – Gudur mines, SPS Nellore Dist. • Rajasthan (21 %); Odisha (20 %); Maharashtra (15 %) • India has a near monopoly in the production of mica [60 % of world’s total].Production decreased in recent times due to fall in demand in the international market. Fall in demand is due to better synthetic alternatives that are available. Limestone • Limestone rocks are composed of either calcium carbonate, the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, or mixture of both. • 75 per cent Limestone is used in cement industry, 16 per cent in iron and steel industry and 4 per cent in the chemical industries. • Over three-fourths of the total limestone of India is produced by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu. Dolomite • Limestone with more than 10 per cent of magnesium is called dolomite. When the percentage rises to 45, it is true dolomite. • Dolomite is mainly used as blast furnace flux, as a source of magnesium salts and in fertilizer and glass industries. • Iron and Steel industry is the chief consumer of dolomite [90 per cent] followed by fertilizer, ferro-alloys and glass. • Odisha and Chhattisgarh together account for about 57 per cent dolomite of India. Coal • Also called black gold. • Found in sedimentary layers of soil. • Contains carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash [in some cases Sulphur and phosphorous] • Coal reserves are 6 times greater than oil and petroleum reserves. • Coals are classified into four main ranks, or types: Peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. These classifications are based on the amount of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen present in the coal. Bituminous Coal - most widely available and used coal and derives its name after a liquid called bitumen. Has 50 to 80 per cent carbon. • Does not have traces of original vegetable material. Calorific value is very high due to high proportion of carbon and low moisture. Used in production of coke and gas. Anthracite Coal - Best quality; hard coal. Has 80 to 95 per cent carbon. Ignites slowly and burns with a nice short blue flame. [Complete combustion with little or no pollutants.] • In India, it is found only in Jammu and Kashmir and that too in small quantity. Distribution of Coal in India Petroleum and Mineral Oil • Petra =rock; Oleum = oil. Petroleum or Mineral oil is obtained from sedimentary rocks of the earth. Petroleum fuels on burning gives little smoke and leaves no ash. So they are better than coal. • 90 to 95 per cent Hydrocarbons. 5 – 10% organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and traces of organometallic compounds. On-shore Oil Production In India • Brahmaputra valley, Assam of north-east India. - The Digboi field( Oldest oil field of India), The Naharkatiya field, Moran-Hugrijan fields. • Barmer area of Rajasthan; • Gujarat - Ankleshwar, Khambhat or Lunej, Ahmedabad and Kalol, Nawgam, Kosamba etc., • Cauvery on-shore basin in Tamil Nadu. • Andhra Pradesh has both on-shore and offshore oil reserves. Off-Shore Production in India • Mumbai High, Bassein and Aliabet(Gulf of Khambhat) • The basin and delta regions of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery rivers hold great potential for oil and gas production. Natural gas: Consists primarily of methane and • Propane, butane, pentane, and hexane are also present. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) = Mixture of butane and propane. Distribution: KG basin(A.P), Assam, Gulf of Khambhat, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, Barmer in Rajasthan etc. Unconventional Gas Reservoirs • Conventional reservoirs of oil and natural gas are found in permeable sandstone. • Unconventional Gas Reservoirs occur in relatively impermeable sandstones, in joints and fractures or absorbed into the matrix of shales (Shale is a Sedimentary Rock), and in coal. • Given current economic conditions and state of technology, they are more expensive to exploit. • Ex: Shale gas, and coalbed methane. Coal bed Methane • Considerable quantities of methane is trapped within coal seams. • A significant portion of this gas remains as free gas in the joints and fractures of the coal seam. • With one of the largest proven coal reserves, and one of the largest coal producers in the world, India holds significant prospects for commercial recovery of coal bed methane. • The country has an estimated 700-950 billion cubic metre of coal bed methane. • The state-run firms are holding mines in joint venture with private companies and the latter do not have rights to explore coal bed methane [private sector companies at present have no rights to extract unconventional gas reservoirs – coal bed methane and shale gas]. • CBM extraction falls under Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas whereas coal mining falls under Ministry of Coal. • Recently Cabinet approved framework for Coal Bed Methane extraction under which Coal India and its subsidiaries will now be able to extract Coal Bed Methane from its mines without seeking approvals under the Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules • The Gondwana sediments of eastern India host the bulk of India’s coal reserves and all the current CBM producing blocks. • The vast majority of the best prospective areas for CBM development are in eastern India, situated in Damodar Koel valley and Son valley. • CBM projects exist in Raniganj South, Raniganj East and Raniganj North areas in the Raniganj coalfield, the Parbatpur block in Jharia coalfield and the East and west Bokaro coalfields. • Son valley includes the Sonhat North and Sohagpur East and West blocks. • Currently, commercial production has commenced from Raniganj South CBM block. Shale Gas – Shale Gas Formation • Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed of organic-rich mud at the bottom of ancient seas. • Subsequent sedimentation and the resultant heat and pressure transformed the mud into shale. • Over long spans of geologic time, some of the gas migrated to adjacent sandstones and was trapped in them, forming conventional gas accumulations. Shale Gas Reserves in India • Basins of preliminary interest identified by Indian geologists are the Cambay Basin in Gujarat, the Assam-Arakan basin in northeast India, and the Gondwana Basin. • Fracking technology sends high pressure streams of water, sand and chemicals into shale formations to bring up the oil and gas. Guar gum The guar bean is grown mainly by farmers in Rajasthan and Haryana • Can quickly turn water into a very thick gel. • Adding guar gum increases viscosity of water and makes high-pressure pumping and the fracturing process more efficient. • High viscosity water is much more effective at suspending sand grains and carrying them into the fractures. Problems Associated With Shale Gas Exploitation: • Environmentalists have objected to fracking because of the damage to forest cover and possible contamination of ground water. • However, industry officials say that the treated water can be re- used for further fracking and need not be disposed of at all. Uranium • In India, Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. The first ever uranium deposit to be discovered in India was Jaduguda in Singhbhum Belt (Jharkhand) in 1951. • Uranium occurs along the Singbhum belt (Jharkhand); Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deltas in the Anthropocene Edited by Robert J
    Deltas in the Anthropocene Edited by Robert J. Nicholls · W. Neil Adger Craig W. Hutton · Susan E. Hanson Deltas in the Anthropocene Robert J. Nicholls · W. Neil Adger · Craig W. Hutton · Susan E. Hanson Editors Deltas in the Anthropocene Editors Robert J. Nicholls W. Neil Adger School of Engineering Geography, College of Life University of Southampton and Environmental Sciences Southampton, UK University of Exeter Exeter, UK Craig W. Hutton GeoData Institute, Geography Susan E. Hanson and Environmental Science School of Engineering University of Southampton University of Southampton Southampton, UK Southampton, UK ISBN 978-3-030-23516-1 ISBN 978-3-030-23517-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23517-8 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2020. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. Te images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • “Major World Deltas: a Perspective from Space
    “MAJOR WORLD DELTAS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM SPACE” James M. Coleman Oscar K. Huh Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………4 Major River Systems and their Subsystem Components……………………..4 Drainage Basin………………………………………………………..7 Alluvial Valley………………………………………………………15 Receiving Basin……………………………………………………..15 Delta Plain…………………………………………………………...22 Deltaic Process-Form Variability: A Brief Summary……………………….29 The Drainage Basin and The Discharge Regime…………………....29 Nearshore Marine Energy Climate And Discharge Effectiveness…..29 River-Mouth Process-Form Variability……………………………..36 DELTA DESCRIPTIONS…………………………………………………………..37 Amu Darya River System………………………………………………...…45 Baram River System………………………………………………………...49 Burdekin River System……………………………………………………...53 Chao Phraya River System……………………………………….…………57 Colville River System………………………………………………….……62 Danube River System…………………………………………………….…66 Dneiper River System………………………………………………….……74 Ebro River System……………………………………………………..……77 Fly River System………………………………………………………...…..79 Ganges-Brahmaputra River System…………………………………………83 Girjalva River System…………………………………………………….…91 Krishna-Godavari River System…………………………………………… 94 Huang He River System………………………………………………..……99 Indus River System…………………………………………………………105 Irrawaddy River System……………………………………………………113 Klang River System……………………………………………………...…117 Lena River System……………………………………………………….…121 MacKenzie River System………………………………………………..…126 Magdelena River System……………………………………………..….…130
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Matter Depositional Microenvironment in Deltaic Channel Deposits of Mahanadi River, Andhra Pradesh
    AL SC R IEN 180 TU C A E N F D O N U A N D D A E I T Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1(2): 180-190 (2009) L I O P N P JANS A ANSF 2008 Organic matter depositional microenvironment in deltaic channel deposits of Mahanadi river, Andhra Pradesh Anjum Farooqui*, T. Karuna Karudu1, D. Rajasekhara Reddy1 and Ravi Mishra2 Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53, University Road, Lucknow, INDIA 1Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Sivajipalem, Visakhapatnam-17, INDIA 2ONGC, 9, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra dun, INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative variations in microscopic plant organic matter assemblages and its preservation state in deltaic channel deposits of Mahanadi River was correlated with the depositional environment in the ecosystem in order to prepare a modern analogue for use in palaeoenvironment studies. For this, palynological and palynofacies study was carried out in 57 surface sediment samples from Birupa river System, Kathjodi-Debi River system and Kuakhai River System constituting Upper, Middle and Lower Deltaic part of Mahanadi river. The apex of the delta shows dominance of Spirogyra algae indicating high nutrient, low energy shallow ecosystem during most of the year and recharged only during monsoons. The depositional environment is anoxic to dysoxic in the central and south-eastern part of the Middle Deltaic Plain (MDP) and Lower Deltaic Plain (LDP) indicated by high percentage of nearby palynomorphs, Particulate Organic Matter (POM) and algal or fungal spores. The northern part of the delta show high POM preservation only in the estuarine area in LDP but high Amorphous Organic Matter (MOA) in MDP.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Physical Features
    Middle Kolab Multipurpose Project Detailed Project Report CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL FEATURES 2.1 GENERAL There are few places on earth that are special and Odisha is one of them. It is a fascinating land filled with exquisite temples, monuments and possessing beaches, wild life, sanctuaries and natural landscape of enchanting beauty. The project area falls in Koraput and Malkangiri district of Odisha having its geographical area as 5294.5 Sq. Km. The district is bounded by Rayagada and Srikaklam district on its East side, Bastar district on the west, Malkangiri district on South-west side, Nabarangpur district on north and Vishakhapatnam on south. Malkangiri and Koraput districts are situated at 18°35’ Latitude and 82°72’ Longitude at an average elevation of 170 and 870 m respectively from mean sea level. The district’s demographic profile makes it clear that it is a predominantly tribal and backward district with 56% tribal and 78% of the rural families below poverty line (BPL). The region is characterised by high temperature and humidity in most parts of the year and medium to high annual rainfall. There is a considerable extent of natural vegetation in this region. The hydrographical features also reflect these effects. The chapter describes the general topographical and physical features of the Kolab basin and the project command area. 2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY Odisha State lies within latitude 17° 48 to 23° 34 and longitude 81° 24 to 87°29 and is bounded on the north by Jharkhand, on the west by Chhattisgarh, on the south by Andhra Pradesh and on the north-east by West Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Dpr – Chapora River (25.00Km) Nw-25
    Comments: Subject: Project: Client: [email protected] 86 85 469 124 +91 fax - 00 85 469 124 +91 tel. Gurgaon 122 002 (Haryana) – INDIA 37, Institutional Area, Sector 44 Intec House Ltd. Pvt. ENGINEERING TRACTEBEL CIN: U74899DL2000PTC104134 CIN: TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING pvt. ltd. - Registered office: A-3 (2nd Floor), Neeti Bagh - New Delhi - 110049 - INDIA tractebel-engie.com REV. 01 YY/MM/DD 19/05/13 DETAILED PROJECT REPORT – CHAPORA RIVER (25 KM) NW-25 KM) (25 RIVER CHAPORA – REPORT PROJECT DETAILED WATERWAYS CONSULTANCY SERVICES FORPREPARATION OF SECONDSTAGEOF DPR CLUSTER – 7 OF NATIONAL INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITYINDIA OF Revision No. Imputation: P.010257 TS: Our ref.: 01 STAT. Active P.010257-W-10305-01 WRITTEN SARIKA KUMARI 2019 05 13 Date Bidhan Chandra JHA VERIFIED Prepared / Revision By ARUN KUMAR APPROVED Final Submission DPR N SIVARAMAN N – CHAPORA RIVER CHAPORA (25.00KM) NW Description VALIDATED RESTRICTED B.C.JHA - 25 This document is the property of Tractebel Engineering pvt. ltd. Any duplication or transmission to third parties is forbidden without prior written approval Member, Technical & Sr Consultant); Vice Admiral (Retd.) S. K. Jha (Sr. Advisor); Mr. S. V. K. V. S. Mr. Advisor); from time to (Sr. time to make thisJha report success.K. S. (Retd.) Admiral Vice Reddy (Chief Engineer) and Mr Rajeev SinghalConsultant); (AHS)Sr who& provided their valuable guidanceTechnical Member, The consultants are grateful to Mr. S. K. Gangwar, Member (Technical), Mr. R. P. Khare (Ex. access to information and advice rendered by IWAI. The consultant would like toput on record their deep appreciation of cooperation and ready study.
    [Show full text]
  • MINERAL and Energy Resources in the Country
    Unit IIIIIIUnit India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure. Chapter 7 Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI, Textbook: “Fundamentals of Physical Geography” and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use. The mineral resources provide the country with the necessary base for industrial development. In this chapter, we shall discuss the availability of various types of mineral and MINERAL AND energy resources in the country. ENERGY A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and RESOURCES physical properties. TTT ypes ofofypes Mineral RRal esouresouresourcescesces On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallics and non-metallics which may further be classified as follows : Fig. 7.1 : Classification of Minerals 2021-22 As, it is clear from the Fig. 7.1 metallic The North-Eastern Plateau Region minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), copper, gold produce metal and are included Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of in this category. Metallic minerals are further Chhattisgarh. Have you ever thought about divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic the reason of major iron and steel industry minerals. Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron. being located in this region? It has variety of All those minerals which have iron content are minerals viz.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mega-Deltas of Asia: a Conceptual Model and Its Application to Future Delta Vulnerability
    Asia‐Pacific Network for Global Change Research TThhee MMeeggaa--DDeellttaass ooff AAssiiaa:: AA CCoonncceeppttuuaall MMooddeell aanndd iittss AApppplliiccaattiioonn ttoo FFuuttuurree DDeellttaa VVuullnneerraabbiilliittyy Final report for APN project 2004-06-CMY PI: Prof. Zhongyuan Chen, Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. Tel: 86-21-62232706; Fax: 86-21-62232416; E-mail: [email protected] Co-leader: Dr. Yoshiki Saito, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), AIST. Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan Phone: +81-29-861-3895, or 861-3772 (office); Fax: +81-29-861-3747 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Steve Goodbred, Jr. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA; (current address: Earth & Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351805, Nashville, TN 37235-1805, Tel: 631-632-8676, Fax: 631-632-8820 E-mail: [email protected]) Dr. Tran Duc Thanh, Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, VAST. 246 Danang Street, Hai Phong City, Viet Nam Tel: 84-31-761523, Fax: 84-31-761521 E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Md Badrul Islam Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. Tel: +880 721 750 041-411, Fax: +880 721 750064; E-mail: [email protected] 1 The Mega-Deltas of Asia: A Conceptual Model and its Application to Future Delta Vulnerability 2004-06-CMY-Chen Final Report submitted to APN ©Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research 2 Overview of project work and outcomes Non-technical summary This is 2-years APN-project entitled ‘The Mega-deltas of Asia: A Conceptual Model and its Application for Future Delta Vulnerability’.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Study Report for 300 Mt Steel by 2025
    DRAFT INFRASTRUCTURE STUDY REPORT FOR 300 MT STEEL BY 2025 MECON LIMITED RANCHI- 834002 JULY, 2014 (R0) No. 11.14.2014.PP 2151 JUNE, 2015 (R1) DRAFT JOINT PLANT COMMITTEE Ministry of Steel, GOI INFRASTRUCTURE STUDY REPORT FOR 300 MT STEEL BY 2025 MECON LIMITED Ranchi – 834002 No. : 11.14.2014.PP 2151 JULY , 2014 (R0) JUNE, 2015 (R1) INFRASTRUCTURE STUDY REPORT FOR 300 MT STEEL BY 2025 GOVT. OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF STEEL PREFACE It is largely being felt now by Country’s policy makers that manufacturing has to be the backbone of future growth strategy of India over the next decade. Accordingly, the new manufacturing policy aims at increasing manufacturing growth rate to 11-12% by 2016-17 and raising its share in GDP from current 16% to 25% by 2025. The policy envisages creation of National Investment & Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) equipped with world class infrastructure facilities to promote manufacturing activities in the country. To achieve the manufacturing growth of GDP’s share from 16% to 25% by 2025, there will be substantial increase in steel demand. Some of the NMIZs are being planned in mineral rich states offering excellent potential location for setting up new steel plants. Draft National Steel Policy 2012 targets crude steel capacity of 300 Mt in the country by the middle of the next decade (2025-26). A High Level Committee on Manufacturing (HLCM) in its meeting held on 9th July 2013 which was chaired by the then Hon’ble Prime Minister endorsed the growth strategy targeting National Mission of 300 Mt crude steel output by 2025-26.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Water Level Along Kharsua River Using MIKE11
    International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research www.ijmter.com e-ISSN No.:2349-9745, Date: 2-4 July, 2015 A mathematical model for the prediction of water level along Kharsua River using MIKE11 Mayuresh Padalka r1, D.V.S. Murthy 2, Dr. Shreenivas Londhe 3 1PG Student, Civil Engineering Department, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, [email protected] 2Regional Manager, South Region, W ater & Power Consultancy Services (WAPCOS), Chennai, [email protected] 3Professor, C ivil Engineering Department, Vishw akarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, [email protected] Abstract - A hydrodynamic 1D model is used to predict flow conditions in support of a navigation study. The hydrodynamic model uses the cross-section data of Kharsua , Kani and Hansua rivers pertaining to development of National Waterway No. 5 (NW 5) along Brahmani river and Mahanadi river delta in Orissa. The gauge discharge data for Brahmani river at Jenapur gauge site of CWC is available for the period of 3 3 years. This data is used to provide appropriate boundary conditions at upstream of the model. The downstream boundary conditions will be tidal water levels at Dhamra Port . The topography of Brahmani river delta network in the form of cross-sections is developed using Danish Hydrau lic Institute’s (DHI) MIKE 11 software to predict the water levels along the river reach under consideration. These predicted flow conditions will be useful for design/planning of waterway for inland navigation and for design of protection works along the reach . The scope of this paper is restricted to calibration and validation of the model.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Cuttack City
    Odisha Review ISSN 0970-8669 History of Cuttack City Dr. Sudarsan Pradhan The word Cuttack is an anglicized form of the are the two other townships in the city. Mahanadi Sanskrit word KATAKA that assumes two Vihar is the first satellite city project in Odisha. different meanings namely “military camp” and Cuttack an unplanned city is characterized by a secondly, the capital fort of the Government maze of streets, lanes and by-lanes which has protected by the army. Cuttack is one of the given it the nick name of a city with Baban Bazar, oldest cities of India and was the capital of Odisha Tepan Galee and i.e.52 markets and 53 streets. for almost nine centuries. It is situated at the The city experiences a tropical wet and dry separation of the Mahanadi and its main branch climate. Due to the closeness to the coast, the the Kathajodi. The city located in latitude, north city is prone to cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. 20o29’ and longitude East, 85o50’ and spread The word “KATAKA” etymologically means across an area of nearly 74 square miles. The army cantonment and also capital city. The history Cuttack city stretches from Phulnakhara across of Cuttack amply justifies its name. It started as a the Kathajodi in the south to Choudwar in the military cantonment because of its impregnable north across the Birupa River , while in the east it situation and later on developed to be the capital begins at Kandarpur and runs west as far as Naraj of the state of Odisha.
    [Show full text]
  • MINERAL and Energy Resources in the Country
    Unit IIIIIIUnit India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral Unit IIIIIIUnit resources due to its varied geological structure. Chapter 7 Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age (Refer: Chapter 2 of Class XI, Textbook: “Fundamentals of Physical Geography” and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India. The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use. The mineral resources provide the country with the necessary base for industrial development. In this chapter, we shall discuss the availability of various types of mineral and MINERAL AND energy resources in the country. ENERGY A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and RESOURCES physical properties. TTTypes ofofypes Mineral RRal esouresouresourcescesces On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallics and non-metallics which may further be classified as follows : Fig. 7.1 : Classification of Minerals 2015-16 As, it is clear from the Fig. 7.1 metallic crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, copper, gold produce metal and are included Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves in this category. Metallic minerals are further are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region minerals. Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron. in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been All those minerals which have iron content are located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which basins.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Forecasting and Inundation Mapping in the Mahanadi River Basin: a Collaborative Effort Between India and the United States S.K
    Flood Forecasting and Inundation Mapping in the Mahanadi River Basin: A Collaborative Effort between India and the United States S.K. Sengupta1, J.D. Bales2, R. Jubach3, A.C. Scott4, and M.D. Kane5 1S.K. Sengupta: Central Water Commission, Plot No. A/13&14, Mahanadi Bhawan Bhoi Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 751022; email: [email protected]; phone: 0674-2545536; fax: 0674- 2545537. 2J.D. Bales: U.S. Geological Survey, 3916 Sunset Ridge Road, Raleigh, NC, USA 27607; email: [email protected]; phone: 919-571-4048; fax: 919-571-4041 (corresponding author). 3R. Jubach: Hydrologic Research Center, 12780 High Bluff Drive, Suite 250, San Diego, CA USA 92130-2069; email: [email protected]; phone: 858-794-2726; fax: 858-792-2519. 4A.C. Scott: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, 85719; email: [email protected]; phone: 520-626-4393. 5M.D. Kane, Riverside Technology, 2290 East Prospect Road, Suite 1, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80525-9768; email [email protected]; phone: 970-484-7573. ABSTRACT Through a collaborative effort of several governmental agencies in India and the United States, a flood-forecasting and flood-inundation mapping system is being implemented for the flood-prone Mahanadi River basin on the east coast of India. The National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) is being implemented and calibrated using hydrologic records for the Mahanadi basin. Central Water Commission (CWC) engineers in India are receiving training on the implementation, initialization, operation and calibration of the NWSRFS. Data-collection and telemetry are being enhanced through the efforts of Indian agencies. Flood-inundation maps are being developed through the collection of detailed topographic data and application of two-dimensional steady-flow models.
    [Show full text]