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Participación Comunitaria En La Transferencia Tecnológica De Un Sistema Acuícola De Peces JAINA Costas Y Mares Ante El Cambio Climático, ÁTICO Nativos

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Participación Comunitaria En La Transferencia Tecnológica De Un Sistema Acuícola De Peces JAINA Costas Y Mares Ante El Cambio Climático, ÁTICO Nativos JAINA Costas y Mares ante el Cambio Climático 2(1), 2020 López Jiménez, L.N., Maldonado Romo, A., Álvarez-González, C.A., Peña Marín, E.S., Fernández-Montes de Oca, A., 2020. Participación comunitaria en la transferencia tecnológica de un sistema acuícola de peces JAINA Costas y Mares ante el Cambio Climático, ÁTICO nativos. 2(1): 31-46. JAINACOSTAS Y MARES ANTE EL CAMBIO CLIM doi 10.26359/52462.0320 Reporte de Investigación / Research Report Participación comunitaria en la transferencia tecnológica de un sistema acuícola de peces nativos Community involvement in technological transference ofLeonardo a native Noriel López fish Jiménez aquaculture1, Axel Maldonado Romo 2system, Carlos Alfonso Álvarez-González3, Emyr Saúl Peña Marín3,4 y Ana Fernández-Montes de Oca5 1 Centro del Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad, A.C. 2 Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. 3 Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBIOL, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. 4 Cátedra CONACyT- Laboratorio de Acuacultura, DACBIOL, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. 5 Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Instituto de Biología, UNAM. * autor de correspondencia: [email protected] doi 10.26359/52462.0320 Recibido 15/enero/2020. Aceptado 14/julio/2020 JAINA Costas y Mares ante el Cambio Climático Coordinación editorial de este número: Edgar Mendoza Franco Este es un artículo bajo licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND. 31 JAINA costas y mares ante el cambio climático 2(1): 31-46 López Jiménez et al. Resumen La acuacultura de baja escala puede ser un modelo exitoso en ambientes rurales porque puede atenuar la deman- da de productos y la generación de empleos, pero uno de los factores limitantes para establecer estos sistemas de acuicultura es la debilidad sobre el manejo de los procesos tecnológicos para la producción de peces por parte de los productores. Por ello es necesario promover capacitaciones y trasferencia de tecnología hacia el sector pro- ductivo para propiciar condiciones de auto-empleo, seguridad alimentaria e incluir a los beneficiarios en todo el proceso. La trasferencia tecnológica es un mecanismo que puede aumentar la productividad acuícola e impulsar sus beneficios. Con este escenario se buscó diseñar y construir un sistema acuícola para el cultivo de pejelagarto (Atractosteus tropicus) y castarrica (Mayaheros urophthalmus) con la participación de habitantes locales a través de la transferencia tecnológica de acuicultura. Este sistema se desarrolló en una localidad en los Pantanos de Centla en el sureste de México de 2017 a 2019 en cinco fases: diagnóstico, presentación, diseño y construcción, implementación y seguimiento. La transferencia de la tecnología para el cultivo de las especies fue posible gracias a la asesoría de los equipos de trabajo y el apoyo de los habitantes. Se identificó que los participantes tuvieron un cambio en su percepción sobre la acuicultura y adquirieron habilidades sobre esta actividad. La participación comunitaria es parte esencial en la transferencia tecnológica. Palabras clave: pejelagarto, castarrica, pesquería, capacidades, adaptación. Abstract Low-scale aquaculture can be a successful model in rural settings because it can reduce demand for products and job creation, but one of the limiting factors to establish these aquaculture systems is the weakness of the manage- ment of technological processes in fish production by farmers. It is therefore necessary to promote training and technology transfer to the productive sector in order to promote conditions of self-employment, food security and to include beneficiaries throughout the process. Technological transfer is a mechanism that can increase aquaculture productivity and boost its profits. This scenario sought to design and build an aquaculture system for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) and Mayan cichlid (Mayaheros urophthalmus) culture, with the participa- tion of local skilled people through the technological transfer of aquaculture. This system was developed in a locality in the Centla Swamps in southeastern México from 2017 to 2019 in five phases: diagnosis, presentation, design and construction, implementation and monitoring. The transfer of technology for the culture of species was made possible by the advice of the working teams and the support of the inhabitants. It was identified that the participants had a change in their perception of aquaculture and acquired skills in this activity. Community participation is an essential part of technology transfer. Keywords: Tropical gar, Mayan cichlid, fisheries, capacity, adaptation. 32 JAINA costas y mares ante el cambio climático 2(1): 31-46 López Jiménez et al. Introducción La acuacultura es un sector dinámico a nivel mun- y mantenimiento de sistemas acuícolas de pequeña dial con altas tasas de crecimiento, con un conti- escala es la debilidad sobre el manejo de los proce- nuo aumento en la producción de peces y otros sos tecnológicos para la producción de peces por organismos acuáticos (FAO, 2016) y la tendencia parte de los productores (Flores-Nava, 2013), es- mundial se dirige hacia la intensificación de estos pecialmente con especies nativas. En México y en sistemas (TWB, 2013). Por otro lado, el potencial el resto de América Latina, se necesita promover real de la acuicultura se encuentra en la acuicultura capacitaciones y transferencia de tecnología hacia de pequeña y mediana escala (Ponce-Palafox et al., el sector productivo y para los productores (Ama- 2006), o también conocida como acuicultura rural dor del Ángel et al., 2006; Magallón-Barajas et al., que se practica a nivel de subsistencia o semi-co- 2007; Santos-Martínez et al., 2009; Platas-Rosado mercial. Los sistemas de cultivo de peces de baja es- y Vilaboa-Arroniz, 2014), en especial para el uso cala son una alternativa capaz de atenuar la deman- de peces nativos que permitan además de su uso, da de los productos y la generación de empleos, su conservación por medio del fomento de la acti- así como contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y a vidad acuícola. generar un arraigo de las comunidades, además de El fortalecimiento de las capacidades de los acui- que poseen un alto valor social (Martínez-Espino- cultores comunitarios en América Latina y el Ca- sa, 2001; Vega-Villasante et al., 2010). ribe es de suma importancia para propiciar condi- En países de América Latina y el Caribe, los pro- ciones de auto-empleo, sistemas de bajo impacto ductores de pequeña escala y recursos limitados ambiental, ingresos económicos y seguridad ali- contribuyen al fortalecimiento de la seguridad ali- mentaria (FAO, 2017). Para ello es necesario con- mentaria y la pobreza (Flores-Nava, 2013). Es así siderar el conocimiento horizontal e incluir a los que la acuacultura de pequeña escala puede resultar beneficiarios en todo el proceso (FAO, 2017). La en un modelo exitoso en ambientes rurales (San- transferencia de tecnología en el sector agropecua- tos-Martínez et al., 2009). rio, incluida la acuicultura, es uno de los mecanis- México se caracteriza por tener potencial para de- mos para aumentar la productividad de este sector sarrollar la acuicultura por su amplia biodiversidad impulsando sus beneficios (Flores-Nava y Estra- y recursos acuáticos (Magallón-Barajas et al., 2007; da-Münzemayer, 2011). De esta forma es necesario Platas-Rosado y Vilaboa-Arroniz, 2014), y aunque que los productores tengan un acompañamiento aún está en fase de desarrollo (Mártir-Mendoza, técnico que les provea los nuevos conocimientos y 2006), se le ha dado impulso a través de esfuerzos así mejorar sus capacidades para resolver sus pro- para generar un sector productivo, competitivo y pios problemas por medio de la diversificación sustentable (SAGARPA, 2013, 2017). La acuacul- productiva (MAG, 2011). Esto conlleva a utilizar tura rural en México está enfocada en el autocon- enfoques participativos en los sistemas acuícolas y sumo y es una actividad complementaria donde los fortalecer el papel de las comunidades locales en el excedentes pueden ser objeto de comercialización a desarrollo de esta actividad y sus beneficios sociales pequeña escala (Álvarez-Torres et al., 1999), auna- y ambientales (Edwards, 2000). do a la generación de empleos (Amador del Ángel Los Pantanos de Centla en el sureste de México et al., 2006) y para acceder a una mejor alimenta- se ubican en una región que posee una alta bio- ción (Santos-Martínez et al., 2009). diversidad y de gran importancia por ser uno de A pesar de los beneficios que trae consigo la acui- los humedales más grandes de Mesoamérica (No- cultura y de los esfuerzos para detonar la actividad, velo-Retana, 2006). Es una región ampliamente uno de los factores limitantes en el establecimiento utilizada por las pesquerías locales, sin embargo 33 JAINA costas y mares ante el cambio climático 2(1): 31-46 López Jiménez et al. la producción de dicho sector va en disminución ther, 1862) y pejelargarto (Atractosteus tropicus, (Barba-Macías et al., 2014). La población de esta Gill, 1863). A largo plazo se espera que el siste- región basa su alimentación y economía en pro- ma acuícola aminore la presión sobre los recursos ductos de ríos, lagos y lagunas, no obstante, la pro- pesqueros e incida en su conservación, además de ducción comienza a decaer y la demanda sigue en contribuir con la seguridad alimentaria y la econo- aumento (Sánchez-Henkel et al., 2017). mía familiar. Cabe resaltar que se conocen todos Con este escenario, la presente investigación los aspectos para la producción de ambas especies, buscó diseñar y construir un sistema
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