DOCSLIB.ORG

Disturbance OHV Citations to 2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disturbance OHV Citations to 2008 Disturbance Effects Related to OHV Use and Roads References, last update June 1, 2008 (keywords searched: disturbance, habitat disturbance, human disturbance, proximity, human proximity, avoidance, habitat degradation, trampling, effect; impact, human impact) 1184. Abele, G., J. K. Brown, and M. C. Brewer. 1984. Long-term effects of off-road vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 21(3): 283-294. 1244. Adams, J. A., A. S. Endo, L. H. Stolzy, P. G. Rowlands, and H. B. Johnson. 1982. Controlled experiments on soil compaction produced by off-road vehicles in the Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology 19: 167-175. 1285. Adams, L. W., and A. D. Geis. 1983. Effects of roads on small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 403-415. 1117. Ahlstrand, G. M., and C. H. Racine. 1993. Response of an Alaska, USA, shrub- tussock community to selected all-terrain vehicle use. Arctic and Alpine research 25(2): 142-149. 1137. Albrecht, J., and T. B. Knopp. 1985. Off Road Vehicles - Environmental Impact - Management Response: A Bibliography. Miscellaneous Publication No. 35. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 1286. Alexander, S., and N. Waters. 2000. The effects of highway transportation corridors on wildlife: A case study of Banff National Park. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 8: 307-320. 1026. Allaback, Mark L., and David M. Laabs. 2002/2003. Effectiveness of road tunnels for the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 38/39: 5-8. 113. Allan, B. F., F. Keesing, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology 17(1): 267-272. 707. Allen, C. D., M. Savage, D. A. Falk, K. F. Suckling, T. W. Swetnam, T. Schulke, P. B. Stacey, P. Morgan, M. Hoffman, and J. T. Klingel. 2002. Ecological restoration of Southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective. Ecological Applications 12(5): 1418-1433. 1287. Allen, R. E. , and D. R. McCullough. 1976. Deer-car accidents in southern Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Management 8: 44-49. 496. Amaranthus, M. P., R. M. Rice, N. R. Barr, and R. R. Ziemer. 1985. Logging and forest roads related to increased debris slides in southwestern Oregon. Journal of Forestry 83(4): 229-233. 1541. AMEC Americas Limited. 2005. Mackenzie gas project effects of noise on wildlife. Prepared for Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited, 74 p. 1021. American Ornithologists' Union Committee For The Conservation Of The Red- Cockaded Woodpecker. 1991. The conservation crisis: The red-cockaded woodpecker: on the road to oblivion? The Auk 108(1): 200-201. 1245. Anders, F. J., and S. P. Leatherman. 1987. Disturbance of beach sediment by off- road vehicles. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 93: 183-189. 708. Andersen, A. N., and A. Y. Yen. 1992. Canopy Ant Communities in the Semiarid Mallee Region of North- Western Victoria. Australian Journal of Zoology 40(2): 205-214. 710. Anderson, L. M., D. J. Levi, T. C. Daniel, and J. H. Dieterich. 1982. The esthetic effects of prescribed burning: a case study. Research Note RM-413. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, CO. 114. Andren, H. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71: 355-366. 1133. Andrews, A. 1990. Fragmentation of habitat by roads and utility corridors: a review. Australian Zoologist 26: 130-141. 1412. Andrews, R. N. L., and P. Nowak. 1980. Off-road vehicle use: a management challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental Quality, Washington D.C. 431. Anonymous. 1992. The role of wildlife management in conserving biodiversity. [Position statement.]. The Wildlifer(252): 21 &23. 421. Apps, Clayton D., B. N. McLellan, T. A. Kinley, and J. P. Flaa. 2001. Scale- dependent habitat selection by mountain caribou, Columbia Mountains, British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 65(1): 65-77. 1067. Arens, Paul, Theo van der Sluis, Wendy P. C. van't Westende, Ben Vosman, Claire C. Vos, and Marinus J. M. Smulders. 2007. Genetic population differentiation and connectivity among fragmented Moor frog (Rana arvalis) populations in The Netherlands. Landscape Ecology 22(10): 1489-1500. 534. Aresco, Mathew J. 2005. The effect of sex-specific terrestrial movements and roads on the sex ratio of freshwater turtles. Biological Conservation 123: 37-44. 99. Ascensao, F., and A. Mira. 2007. Factors affecting culvert use by vertebrates along two stretches of road in southern Portugal. Ecological Research 22(1): 57-66. 713. Atzet, T. 1996. Fire regimes and restoration needs in southwestern Oregon in The use of fire in forest restoration: a general session at the annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration. Pp. 74-76 in: C. C. Hardy and S. F. Arno (editors). General Technical Report INT-GTR-341. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 424. Atzet, Thomas, and Robert E. Martin. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in the Klamath Province. Pp. 40-48 in: R. Harris, D. C. Erman and H. M. Kerner (editors), Wildland Resources Center Report 29. Wildland Resources Center, Santa Rosa, CA. 465. Austen, Madeline J. W., Charles M. Francis, Dawn M. Burke, and Michael S. W. Bradstreet. 2001. Landscape context and fragmentation effects on forest birds in southern Ontario. The Condor 103: 701-714. 714. Baker Jr., M. B. 1990. Hydrologic and water quality effects of fire in Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources: Proceedings of the Symposium. Pp. 31-42 in: J. S. Krammes (editor). General Technical Report GTR-RM-191. USDA Forest Service, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 1088. Baker, Philip J., Claire V. Dowding, Susie E. Molony, Piran C. L. White, and Stephen Harris. 2007. Activity patterns of urban red-foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce the risk of traffic-induced mortality. Behavioral Ecology 18(4): 716-724. 1289. Baker, R. H. 1998. Are man-made barriers influencing mammalian speciations? Journal of Mammalogy 79: 370-371. 715. Baker, W. L., and D. Ehle. 2001. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(7): 1205-1226. 1526. Baker, W. L., and R. L. Knight. 2000. Roads and forest fragmentation in the southern Rocky Mountains. Pp. 97-122 in: R. L. Knight, F. W. Smith, S. W. Buskirk, W. H. Romme and W. L. Baker (editors), Forest fragmentation in the southern Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. 1290. Bakowski, C., and M. Kozakiewicz. 1988. The effect of forest roads on bank vole and yellow-necked mouse populations. Acta Theriologica 33: 345-353. 1185. Baldwin, M. F., and D. H. Stoddard Jr. 1973. The off-road vehicle and environmental quality, 2nd edition. The Conservation Foundation, Washington D. C. 1291. Bangs, E. E. , T. N. Bailey, and M. F. Portner. 1989. Survival rates of adult female moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 53: 557-563. 117. Banks, S. C., G. R. Finlayson, S. J. Lawson, D. B. Lindenmayer, D. Paetkau, S. J. Ward, and A. C. Taylor. 2005. The effects of habitat fragmentation due to forestry plantation establishment on the demography and genetic variation of a marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis. Biological Conservation 122: 581-597. 1292. Barbour, E. H. 1895. Bird fatality along Nebraska railroads. Auk 12: 187. 1209. Barnum, S. A. 2003. Identifying the best locations along highways to provide safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. Pp. 246-252 in, Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, August 24-29, Lake Placid, New York. 1247. Barros, F. 2001. Ghost crabs as a tool for rapid assessment of human impacts on exposed sandy beaches. Biological Conservation 97: 339-404. 1054. Barton, Daniel C., and Aaron L. Holmes. 2007. Off-highway vehicle trail impacts on breeding songbirds in northeastern California. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 1617-1620. 1293. Bashore, T. L., W. M. Tzilkowski, and E. D. Bellis. 1985. Analysis of deer-vehicle collision sites in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 769-774. 1294. Baumgartner, F. M. 1934. Bird mortality on the highways. Auk 51: 537-538. 1295. Baur, A., and B. Baur. 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 613-617. 2. Bautista, L. M., J. T. Garcia, R. G. Calmaestra, C. Palacin, C. A. Martin, M. B. Morales, R. Bonal, and J. Vinuela. 2004. Effect of weekend road traffic on the use of space by raptors. Conservation Biology 18(3). 1248. Bayfield, N. G. 1986. Penetration of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by vehicle tracks and footpaths: impacts and recovery. Pp. 121-128 in, Proceedings - National Wildlerness Research Conference: Current Research. General Technical Report GTR-INT-212. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 1060. Bee, Mark A., and Eli M. Swanson. 2007. Auditory masking of anuran advertisement calls by road traffic noise. Animal Behaviour 74(6): 1765-1776. 1449. Behan, J. R., M. T. Richards, and M. E. Lee. 2001. Effects of tour jeeps in a wildland setting on non-motorized recreationist benefits. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19(2): 1-19. 1297. Beier, P., and S. Loe. 1992. A checklist for evaluating impacts to wildlife movement corridors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 434-440. 1249. Bellamy, D., J. Radforth, and N. W. Radforth. 1971. Terrain, traffic and tundra. Nature 231: 429-432. 1299. Bellis, E. D., and H. B. Graves. 1971. Deer mortality on a Pennsylvania interstate highway. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 232-237. 1250. Belnap, J. 1995. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Does Habitat Fragmentation Affect Biodiversity? a Controversial Question at the Coreof Conservation Biology
    Biological Conservation xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Editorial How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity? A controversial question at the coreof conservation biology Does habitat fragmentation harm biodiversity? For many years, production based in part on concerns about the negative effects of most conservation biologists would say “yes.” It seems intuitive that fragmentation (OMNR, 2002; Fahrig, 2017). fragmentation divides habitats into smaller patches, which support Fahrig (2017) recently argued that the evidence base for these be- fewer species (Haddad et al., 2015). Edge effects further erode the liefs, recommendations, and actions is not as strong as many think, ability of small patches to support some species. This reasoning has largely due to the confounding effects of scale, habitat amount, and been invoked, for example, when interpreting the results of iconic fragmentation. In a separate essay, Fahrig (2018) described the history conservation experiments and studies, such as the large forest frag- of research that led to the current understanding (or misunderstanding) ments experiment in the Brazilian Amazon (Laurance et al., 2011), and regarding the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. Processes that has been supported by meta-analyses of the findings of fragmentation occur at local patch scales—the scale of the vast majority of fragmen- experiments (Haddad et al., 2015). The negative effects of fragmenta- tation studies—may not be the dominant processes that affect biodi- tion are taught to students in introductory biology, ecology, and con- versity at larger landscape scales. Moreover, in practice, landscapes servation courses and featured in textbooks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Habitat Amount Hypothesis Lenore Fahrig
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2013) 40, 1649–1663 SYNTHESIS Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: the habitat amount hypothesis Lenore Fahrig Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research ABSTRACT Laboratory (GLEL), Department of Biology, I challenge (1) the assumption that habitat patches are natural units of mea- Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, surement for species richness, and (2) the assumption of distinct effects of hab- Canada itat patch size and isolation on species richness. I propose a simpler view of the relationship between habitat distribution and species richness, the ‘habitat amount hypothesis’, and I suggest ways of testing it. The habitat amount hypothesis posits that, for habitat patches in a matrix of non-habitat, the patch size effect and the patch isolation effect are driven mainly by a single underly- ing process, the sample area effect. The hypothesis predicts that species richness in equal-sized sample sites should increase with the total amount of habitat in the ‘local landscape’ of the sample site, where the local landscape is the area within an appropriate distance of the sample site. It also predicts that species richness in a sample site is independent of the area of the particular patch in which the sample site is located (its ‘local patch’), except insofar as the area of that patch contributes to the amount of habitat in the local landscape of the sample site. The habitat amount hypothesis replaces two predictor variables, patch size and isolation, with a single predictor variable, habitat amount, when species richness is analysed for equal-sized sample sites rather than for unequal-sized habitat patches.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Landscape Ecology Into Natural Resource Management
    edited by jianguo liu michigan state university william w. taylor michigan state university Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building,Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207,Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House,The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Lexicon (The Enschedé Font Foundry) 10/14 pt System QuarkXPress™ [se] Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Integrating landscape ecology into natural resource management / edited by Jianguo Lui and William W.Taylor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0 521 78015 2 – ISBN 0 521 78433 6 (pb.) 1. Landscape ecology. 2. Natural resources. I. Liu, Jianguo, 1963– II. Taylor,William W. QH541.15.L35 I56 2002 333.7 – dc21 2001052879 ISBN 0 521 78015 2 hardback ISBN 0 521 78433 6 paperback Contents List of contributors x Foreword xiv eugene p.odum Preface xvi Acknowledgments xviii part i Introduction and concepts 1 1 Coupling landscape ecology with natural resource management: Paradigm shifts and new approaches 3 jianguo liu and william w.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity
    30 Sep 2003 15:53 AR AR200-ES34-18.tex AR200-ES34-18.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GCE 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2003. 34:487–515 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on August 14, 2003 EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON BIODIVERSITY Lenore Fahrig Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; email: Lenore [email protected] Key Words habitat loss, landscape scale, habitat configuration, patch size, patch isolation, extinction threshold, landscape complementation ■ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in dif- ferent ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction of its effects. Habitat fragmentation is usually defined as a landscape-scale process involving both habitat loss and the breaking apart of habi- tat. Results of empirical studies of habitat fragmentation are often difficult to inter- pret because (a) many researchers measure fragmentation at the patch scale, not the landscape scale and (b) most researchers measure fragmentation in ways that do not distinguish between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se, i.e., the breaking apart of habitat after controlling for habitat loss. Empirical studies to date suggest that habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity. Habitat frag- mentation per se has much weaker effects on biodiversity that are at least as likely to be positive as negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Form
    Carleton University – SSHRC Exchange Program Knowledge Mobilization (KM) Grant Application Form Please complete the table below. Full Name Faculty and Department Position Title of Project Please answer the following questions: Eligibility 1) Do you currently hold a CU Research Development Grant (SSHRC Explore, NSE or Health) Y |N or a Carleton International Seed Research Grant? 2) Have you held a CU SSHRC Exchange KM grant in the last three years? Y |N Funding Priorities 1) Does your proposed activity (ies) engage participants across multiple sectors and disciplinary Y |N fields? 2) Do you currently hold or have held within the last two years a SSHRC grant? Y |N 3) Do you intend to submit a competitive proposal to SSHRC within the next 12-18 months? Y |N Please complete the following sections in the space provided, ensuring that you have followed the guidelines. NOTE: Each text box will allow a maximum number of words. ✓ Incomplete applications will not be accepted ✓ Avoid using acronyms and abbreviations or explain them fully ✓ Failure to provide the required information could render your application ineligible ✓ The applicant’s faculty must review and approve the application via electronic routing in cuResearch Note: The degree of conciseness and clarity in the description of the proposed research project or program may have a significant influence on the outcome of the application. Please ensure to write in lay terms, for a multi-disciplinary review committee. Carleton University SSHRC Exchange – KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION Grant Background (250 words max): provide a brief lay summary of the research results that are being mobilized.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity
    30 Sep 2003 15:53 AR AR200-ES34-18.tex AR200-ES34-18.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GCE 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2003. 34:487–515 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on August 14, 2003 EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON BIODIVERSITY Lenore Fahrig Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; email: Lenore [email protected] Key Words habitat loss, landscape scale, habitat configuration, patch size, patch isolation, extinction threshold, landscape complementation ■ Abstract The literature on effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity is huge. It is also very diverse, with different authors measuring fragmentation in dif- ferent ways and, as a consequence, drawing different conclusions regarding both the magnitude and direction of its effects. Habitat fragmentation is usually defined as a landscape-scale process involving both habitat loss and the breaking apart of habi- tat. Results of empirical studies of habitat fragmentation are often difficult to inter- pret because (a) many researchers measure fragmentation at the patch scale, not the landscape scale and (b) most researchers measure fragmentation in ways that do not distinguish between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation per se, i.e., the breaking apart of habitat after controlling for habitat loss. Empirical studies to date suggest that habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity. Habitat frag- mentation per se has much weaker effects on biodiversity that are at least as likely to be positive as negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sessions
    MODELING THE EFFECTS OF ROAD NETWORK PATTERNS ON POPULATION PERSISTENCE: RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC MORTALITY AND 'FENCE EFFECT' Jochen A.G. Jaeger (E-mail: [email protected], phone: 613-520-2600 - ext 8764, fax: 613-520-2569); Lenore Fahrig (E-mail: [email protected], phone: 613-520-2600 - ext 3856, fax: 613-520-2569); Carleton University, Department of Biology, Landscape Ecology Laboratory, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada Abstract: Roads affect animals in three adverse ways. They act as barriers to movement ('fence effect'), enhance mortality due to collisions with traffic, and decrease habitat size. We study the relative importance of the first two effects using a spatially explicit individual-based model of population dynamics. We discuss our results with respect to the suitability of fences along roads as a measure to reduce road mortality. The results reveal a much stronger effect of road mortality than of the 'fence effect'; the influence of traffic mortality is always much more significant when the proportions of individuals avoiding the road and those that are killed on the road (in relation to the number of individuals encountering roads) in the two situations compared are the same. The results indicate that putting up fences along roads might be a useful interim mitigation measure until more suitable measures will be applied. However, fences must be used with caution because they could increase extinction risk for species that have large area requirements and small population sizes. In the second part of this paper, we outline a comparison of different configurations of road networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Habitat Fragmentation
    Wildlife Habitat Fragmentation Natural habitat is quickly disappearing across the North Ameri- can landscape, largely due to habitat fragmentation. Fragmen- tation occurs when connected natural areas are disjointed by habitat removal, converted to urban or agricultural land, or physical barriers such as fences and roadways are con- structed. Habitat fragmentation bisects the landscape and leaves smaller, more isolated land for wildlife, causing local and population level changes to native flora and fauna. Frag- mentation can shift habitat use and provide opportunity for invasions of non-native species.1, 2 EFFECTS OF CAUSES OF FRAGMENTATION ON WILDLIFE FRAGMENTATION Patch-Size Effects Agriculture and Livestock Fragmentation can negatively im- Management pact large-bodied or wide-ranging Large tracts of land are increasingly species that depend on large areas at risk of conversion from natural Edge Effect: When the habitat of the black-capped of favorable habitat to survive by ecosystems to agriculture fields as vireo (Vireo atricapilla) is fragmented, this avian spe- reducing landscape patch-size and global human population increases cies is exposed to the danger of brood parasitism on increasing movement barriers.3 and the demand for food rises.6 The the habitat’s edge by the brown-headed cowbird impacts of fragmentation can be 17 Edge Effects (Molothrus alter). This photo shows a black-capped reduced by the development of Fragmentation increases the vireo feeding a cowbird chick (Credit: Gil Eckrich). buffer zones around fragmented amount of “edge” in a landscape, habitats in order to protect those which can negatively impact wildlife natural habitats from agricultural by causing changes in abiotic disturbances on neighboring land.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Responses to Habitat Fragmentation Per Se
    ES48CH01-Fahrig ARI 18 September 2017 16:55 Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Ecological Responses to Habitat Fragmentation Per Se Lenore Fahrig Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2017. 48:1–23 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on landscape pattern, landscape structure, landscape configuration, landscape May 31, 2017 complementation, landscape connectivity, landscape heterogeneity, patch The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and area, patch isolation, edge effect, SLOSS Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316- Abstract 022612 For this article, I reviewed empirical studies finding significant ecological Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. responses to habitat fragmentation per se—in other words, significant re- All rights reserved sponses to fragmentation independent of the effects of habitat amount (here- after referred to as habitat fragmentation). I asked these two questions: Are most significant responses to habitat fragmentation negative or positive? And do particular attributes of species or landscapes lead to a predominance of negative or positive significant responses? I found 118 studies reporting ANNUAL REVIEWS Further 381 significant responses to habitat fragmentation independent of habitat Click here to view this article's amount. Of these responses, 76% were positive. Most significant fragmen- online features: • Download figures as PPT slides tation effects were positive, irrespective of how the authors controlled for • Navigate linked references • Download citations habitat amount, the measure of fragmentation, the taxonomic group, the type • Explore related articles • Search keywords of response variable, or the degree of specialization or conservation status of the species or species group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Road Density and Proximity on Predation Attempts on the White Footed Mouse (Peromyscus Leucopus)
    The effect of road density and proximity on predation attempts on the white footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) By Richard Downing A thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario August 2013 ©, Richard J. Downing ABSTRACT Some authors have hypothesized that observed increases in small mammal populations with increasing road density (after controlling for habitat effects) may be due to predation release. Predation, especially predation by birds, could be reduced in areas with high road density, because of negative effects of roads on predator numbers and/or hunting activity. However, there are no studies testing the relationship between road density and predation rate on small mammals. Based on the predation release hypothesis, I predicted that Peromyscus leucopus placed in sites with higher surrounding paved road density and/or closer to a paved road would experience fewer predation attempts than P. leucopus placed in sites with lower surrounding paved road density and/or farther from a paved road. Considering all predators, there was no evidence of any decrease in predation attempts in relation to paved road density, but the credible interval was wide, and the possibility of a biologically relevant increase could not be ruled out. Considering only raptorial birds there was evidence of a decrease in predation attempts with paved road density, and an increase with increasing distance from the road, as predicted. However, the number of raptors was small and this change was not observed for the more numerous specialist mammalian predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Road Fencing on Population Persistence
    Effects of Road Fencing on Population Persistence JOCHEN A. G. JAEGER∗ AND LENORE FAHRIG Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada Abstract: Roads affect animal populations in three adverse ways. They act as barriers to movement, enhance mortality due to collisions with vehicles, and reduce the amount and quality of habitat. Putting fences along roads removes the problem of road mortality but increases the barrier effect. We studied this trade-off through a stochastic, spatially explicit, individual-based model of population dynamics. We investigated the conditions under which fences reduce the impact of roads on population persistence. Our results showed that a fence may or may not reduce the effect of the road on population persistence, depending on the degree of road avoidance by the animal and the probability that an animal that enters the road is killed by a vehicle. Our model predicted a lower value of traffic mortality below which a fence was always harmful and an upper value of traffic mortality above which a fence was always beneficial. Between these two values the suitability of fences depended on the degree of road avoidance. Fences were more likely to be beneficial the lower the degree of road avoidance and the higher the probability of an animal being killed on the road. We recommend the use of fences when traffic is so high that animals almost never succeed in their attempts to cross the road or the population of the species of concern is declining and high traffic mortality is known to contribute to the decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sessions
    ANIMAL POPULATIONS AND ROADS Lenore Fahrig Ottawa-Carleton, Institute of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Phone: 613-520-2600 x 3853, Fax: 613-520-2569, Email: [email protected] Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to summarize what is known about the effects of roads on persistence of wildlife populations and to highlight areas requiring further research. By definition, populations decline before they go extinct. Small populations are known to be more susceptible to extinction (Wilcox and Murphy 1985). Therefore, the question "how do roads affect persistence of wildlife populations?" is equivalent to the more tractable question "how do roads reduce wildlife populations?" Figure 1 summarizes the ways in which roads reduce wildlife population sizes and thereby reduce population persistence. Roads directly reduce population size through mortality (Fahrig et al. 1995) and habitat loss (Forman 2000). Habitat loss is further reduced for species that avoid habitats near roads (Reijnen et al. 1996). In addition to these direct effects on population size, roads reduce movement of animals through the landscape, which can fragment populations, thus reducing their sizes. Reduced movement can also restrict access of individuals to required resources. This limited access may result in death (e.g., through starvation) or lack of reproduction (e.g., inability to access a mate), both of which can ultimately reduce population sizes. An important question is "what is the relative importance of habitat loss, resource inaccessibility, habitat fragmentation, and road mortality on population persistence?" This question has important implications for determining what mitigation measures should have priority.
    [Show full text]